Strength of Materials – I

Chapter – VI

Multidimensional
Stress-Strain Relations

by

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Apalak

2020
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Erciyes University

https://www.facebook.com/MKACOURSES
 Strength of Materials - I

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Apalak 1

 Strength of Materials - I

axial strain along x-axis if this is elongation

Let's assume a 3D-elastic bar

lateral strain axial strain due to
Poisson's effect
axial strain these are lateral contractions
axial strain due to due to only application of normal stress along x-axis
Poisson's effect

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 Strength of Materials - I

axial strain due to only normal stress

lateral Poisson's effects along x and z-axes

axial strain due to only normal stress

lateral Poisson's effects along y and z-axes

Let's take the summation of individual contributions of normal stresses along each of coordinate axes

along x-axis

right-hand side are in terms of normal stresses

left-hand side are normal strains

these relations are elastis and derived from inndividual tensile tests

where is Poisson's ratio

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 Strength of Materials - I

Let's consider now Torsion test so that the cross-section of tube underlies in coordinate-plane xy

shear stress
engineering shear angle
shear modulus

these relations between shear angles and shear stresses assume elastic behavior

in xy-plane

in terms of shear stresses and shear modulus

engineering shear angles
in xz-plane

in yz-plane

ELASTIC MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR

keep in them in your mind

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 Strength of Materials - I

Question : is the shear modulus another independent material constant for specific elastic material behaviour, like modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio ?

t : plate thickness negligibly thinner

areas

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 Strength of Materials - I

-S +S

+S -S
Eng Shear Angle

shear strain

in compression, (-)

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 Strength of Materials - I

shear modulus is not an independent material constant

since shear modulus is a function of elastcity modulus and
Poisson's ratio

Stress tensor

in terms of normal stress components

normal strain components

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 Strength of Materials - I

All relations between stress and strain components above are based on elastic material behaviour

total normal strain = thermal strain + structural strain

thermal normal strain along x-axis
structural normal strain along x-axis
total normal strain along x-axis
temperature variations result in
only expansion or contraciton
along y-axis
along the coordinate axes, x,y,z,
and do not cause any distortion in
member.

along z-axis
total
thermal structural shear stress and strain relations
do not include thermal strain effects

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 Strength of Materials - I

replace

keep them in your mind

3D generalized elastic
stress-strain relations
including thermal effects

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 Strength of Materials - I
in the previous section strain components were in terms of stress components,
now let's determine the stress components in terms of strain components, namely inverse relations.

Normal stresses in terms of normal strains

ε xx =
1
E
(
σ xx − υ (σ yy + σ zz ) ) → σ xx =Eε xx + υ (σ yy + σ zz ) (1)

ε yy =
1
E
(σ yy − υ (σ xx + σ zz ) ) → σ yy =Eε yy + υ (σ xx + σ zz ) (2)

ε zz =
1
E
(
σ zz − υ (σ xx + σ yy ) ) → σ zz =Eε zz + υ (σ xx + σ yy ) (3)

σ xx =Eε xx + υ (σ yy + σ zz )

(
σ xx =Eε xx + υ Eε yy + υ (σ xx + σ zz ) + Eε zz + υ (σ xx + σ yy ) )
σ xx =Eε xx + υ Eε yy + υ 2 (σ xx + σ zz ) + υ Eε zz + υ 2 (σ xx + σ yy )

σ xx − 2υ 2σ xx =Eε xx + υ Eε yy + υ 2σ zz + υ Eε zz + υ 2σ yy

σ xx (1 − 2υ 2 ) = Eε xx + υ E ( ε yy + ε zz ) + υ 2 (σ zz + σ yy )

(
σ xx (1 − 2υ 2 ) = E ε xx + υ ( ε yy + ε zz ) + υ 2 (σ yy + σ zz ) ) (4)

σ xx =Eε xx + υ (σ yy + σ zz )

υ (σ yy + σ zz ) =σ xx − Eε xx (5)

(
σ xx (1 − 2υ 2 ) = E ε xx + υ ( ε yy + ε zz ) + υ (σ xx − Eε xx ) )
σ xx (1 − υ − 2υ=
2
(
) E ε xx − υ (ε xx − ε yy − ε zz ) )
(
) E ε xx − υ (ε xx − ε yy − ε zz )
σ xx (1 − 2υ )(1 + υ= )
=σ xx
E
(1 − 2υ )(1 + υ )
(ε xx (1 − υ ) − υ (ε yy + ε zz ) )
normal stress components 𝐸𝐸 (1 − 𝜗𝜗) 𝜗𝜗
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = �𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − �𝜀𝜀 + 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 �� in terms of normal strain components
(1 + 𝜗𝜗)(1 − 2𝜗𝜗) 1 − 𝜗𝜗 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Similarly
𝐸𝐸 (1 − 𝜗𝜗) 𝜗𝜗
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = �𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − (𝜀𝜀 + 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 )�
(1 + 𝜗𝜗)(1 − 2𝜗𝜗) 1 − 𝜗𝜗 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐸𝐸 (1 − 𝜗𝜗) 𝜗𝜗
𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = �𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 − �𝜀𝜀 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ��
(1 + 𝜗𝜗)(1 − 2𝜗𝜗) 1 − 𝜗𝜗 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Elastic 3D-Inverse Stress and Strain Relations

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 Strength of Materials - I

Lateral strain
Poisson's ratio = Longitudinal strain

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 Strength of Materials - I

all shear stresses are zero

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 Strength of Materials - I

Material is elastic

Birim hacimde hacimsel değişim

its original volume is equal to one

deformed volume of volume element

is simplified to this form

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 Strength of Materials - I

Variation in the volume

deformed original volume

dilatation is in terms of normal strain

components

Substituting Eqs(2.28) in to Eq (2.30)

dilatation in terms of normal stress

components

all shear stresses are zero, and

normal stresses are equal to -p (pressure)

Bulk modulus

this constant gives information about the compressibility of material

upper limit

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for elastic material

Free plate

area of top surface = 50*160

this plate is fixed

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normal strain

dilatation

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in-plane

For elastic material

normal
strains

Pay attention : if normal stress is zero, the corresponding

normal strain

does not have to be zero.

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 known
Strength of Materials - I

known

For elastic material behaviour known

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Rigid
Fixed Rigid and fixed

bonding area

Eng Shear Angle

For elastic material

* Homework *

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 Boundary conditions
strains stresses

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - I - 37 – 2
For this type of problems
Multidimensional stress-strain relations 12 boundary conditions should
υ (υ + 1) ⎛ P ⎞ be written
back face is open ε yy = − ⎜− ⎟ six of them are stresses
deformable billet
E ⎝ a×b ⎠ six of them are strains

υ (υ + 1) ⎛ P ⎞
ε yy = ⎜ ⎟ (6)
E ⎝ a×b ⎠

ε zz =
1
E
(
σ zz − υ (σ xx + σ yy ) ,) (σ yy = 0)

open
ε zz =
1
E
(σ zz − υ (σ xx ) )
Rigid slot

ε zz =
1
E
(σ zz − υ (υσ zz ) )
A prismatic block is inserted into a hollow whose
front and back faces are open. If a uniform load P 1−υ 2
is applied to the top surface of the block, calculate ε zz = σ zz
(a) the changes in the lengths of the edges b and c, E
(b) the pressure on the block caused by the rigid
side surfaces of the hollow. 1−υ 2 ⎛ P ⎞
By assuming the materials to be elastic
ε zz = ⎜− ⎟ (7)
E ⎝ a×b ⎠
Boundary conditions
The change in the length of the prismatic block in
P P
σ zz = − =− (1) the y - direction
A a×b
∆b υ (υ + 1) ⎛ P ⎞
σ yy = 0 (2) ε yy = = ⎜ ⎟
b E ⎝ a×b ⎠
ε xx = 0 (3) υ (υ + 1) ⎛ P ⎞ change in edge b
∆b = + ⎜ ⎟
E ⎝a⎠
ε xx = 0 =
1
E
( )
σ xx − υ (σ yy + σ zz ) , (σ yy = 0 )
The change in the length of the prismatic block in
the z - direction
σ xx = υσ zz (4)
∆c 1 − υ 2 ⎛ P ⎞
P ε zz = = ⎜− ⎟
σ xx = − υ (5) c E ⎝ a×b ⎠
a×b
1 −υ 2 ⎛ P × c ⎞
∆c = −
= (σ yy − υ (σ xx + σ zz ) ) , (σ = 0)
1 ⎜ ⎟ change in edge c
ε yy yy E ⎝ a×b ⎠
E

υ
ε yy = − (υσ zz + σ zz ) change in edge a is zero since
E

υ (υ + 1)
ε yy = − σ zz
E

Dr. M. Kemal Apalak

 * 29/11/2021 *
Strength of Materials - I

Rigid plate
Rigid Rigid

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rigid wall rigid wall

until cylinder contacts to internal surfaces of the rigid wall

since the deformations are very small we can use the undeformed (original)
cross sextional area of cylinder in the calculation of the normal stress Szz

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 Strength of Materials - I

clearence this the force which can make the outer

surfaces of cylinder to contact the inner
surface of rigid hollow

the change in the height of cylinder when it contacts to the inner

surface of rigid wall

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Strength of Materials - I

deformations are very small

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This is the maximum contraction in the cylinder height

Let's calculate the magnitude of the load which can make the lateral
surfaces of cylinde to contact to the inner surface of rigid wall

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this is the magnitude of the load at the contact moment

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the shortening amount in the original height of cylinder at the contact moment of
cylinder lateral surface with the inner surface of the rigid wall

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only to the cylinder

In case the load P is applied only to the top and bottom surface of copper cylinder the cylinder deforms
in the radial drection. However, thesteel sleeve does not allow this. Thus, they can deform together by
sleeve obeying their individual mechanical properties

cylinder

cylinder applies a pressure q to the inner surface of the steel sleeve

this formula is taken from the subject of thin-walled pressurized vessles

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rigid

rigid

deformable
body

rigid

thermal normal strains

structural normal strains
total normal strains

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elongation occurs due to the dominant effect of thermal expansion

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Rection forces which are applied by the rigid wall to the prismatic member

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