URINE

EXAMINATION
BENEDICT TEST FOR
REDUCING SUGAR
 Procedure of Benedict’s Test

• Approximately 1 ml of sample is placed

into a clean test tube.
• 2 ml (10 drops) of Benedict’s reagent
(CuSO4) is placed in the test tube.
• The solution is then heated in a boiling
water bath for 3-5 minutes.
• Observe for color change in the solution of
test tubes or precipitate formation.
 Result Interpretation of Benedict’s
Test
• If the color upon boiling is changed into green, then
there would be 0.1 to 0.5 percent sugar in solution.

• If it changes color to yellow, then 0.5 to 1 percent

sugar is present.

• If it changes to orange, then it means that 1 to 1.5

percent sugar is present.

• If color changes to red, then 1.5 to 2.0 percent sugar is

present.

• And if color changes to brick red, it means that more

than 2 percent sugar is present in solution.
HEAT COAGULATION
TEST FOR PROTEIN
 Procedure
• Take about 6 to 8 mL of urine in a test tube.
• Incline the test tube at an angle and heat the
upper one-third of the test tube by a low flame.
• Turbidity develops in the heated portion of the
urine.
• Add 1% acetic acid drop by drop and boil or
simply add a drop of 33% acetic acid.
• If the turbidity persists it confirms the presence
of albumin in the urine sample (disappearance
of turbidity, confirms the presence of
phosphates).
Observation
ROTHERA TEST FOR KETONES
 Requirements
• Urine specimen
• Test tubes
• Rothera’s powder:
Sodium nitroprusside = 0.75 gm
Ammonium sulphate = 20gm
Mix and pulverize.
• Liquor ammonia (Ammonium hydroxide)
 Procedure of Rothera’s Test
• Transfer about 5 ml of urine to a test tube.
• Add 1 gm of Rothera’s powder mixture and
mix well.
• Layer over the urine 1-2 ml of
concentrated ammonium hydroxide.
• Observe the pink-purple ring at the
interface.
 Observation
• Immediate formation of purple
permanganate colored ring at the interface:
Ketone bodies present (Positive)
• No formation of purple permanganate
colored ring at the interface: ketone bodies
absent (Negative)
• Grade the result according to intensity of
the formation of colored ring as Trace, +, ++,
+++ or ++++.
 Glucose
Bilirubin
Ketones
Specific Gravity
Blood
pH
Protein
Urobilinogen
Nitrite
Leukocyte Esterase

A standard urine test strip will contain upto 10 chemical pads

Commercially available since the 1950s
SIEMENS Multistix 10 SG
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