Fourth International Conference on Devices, Circuitss and Systems (ICDCS'18) 28

MLR MODELL BASED SENSOR REDUCTION

R
FOR R
REMOTE Cr6 DETECTOR
DETEC
CTOR
K. Sri Dhivya Krishnan1 and P.T.V.Bhuvaneswari
neswari2
P.T.V.Bhuvan
Department of Electronics Engineering, MIT campus, Anna University,
Univeersity, Chennai
sridhivya.sridhivya@gmail.com
sridh
hivya.sridhivya@gmail.com and ptvbmit@annauniv
h ptvbmit@annauniv.edu
v.edu

Abstract-Clean drinking water is essential

esseeential for healthy living. The
T
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Section
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io II
The main objective of this research is to design an Internet of presents
pr
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res
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monitooring device for detection
o
Things (IoT) based water quality monitoring
of the Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6) in drinking
d water. pH, TDS Section
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was analyzed using Linear Regression M odel for determination of
Model
the concentration of Cr6 in the real time ssample. The above WQPs II. L
LITERATURE SURVEY
were measured for synthesized Cr6 con contaminated
ntaminated samples. The
n
measurementt was made d ffor varied
i d concentrations
t ti off th
the samples.
l In [5], the authors
authoors have developed a temperature
A customized database was created from the above measurement. compensated sensor to detect the nitrate concentration in
In order to reduce the number of WQPs involved in detection, ground and surface water. The sensor was integrated with Wi-
dependency analysis between the parameters and chromium Fi enabled IoT system. The nitrate concentration present in the
concentration was made. Further, the relative factors among the synthesized samples was measured using the developed sensor
parameters were computed. The inference drawn from the
analysis is that the estimation of Cr6 contaminant concentration and compared with the WHO standard. Then the measured
using TDS and conductivity results in 90% accuracy when data was transferred to the Thingspeak, the cloud server via
compared to pH for all the four synthesized Cr6 samples. Wi-Fi. The procedure was repeated for several samples. From
Keywords: Drinking water, IoT, Hexavalent Chromium, Water the statistical measures, the authors have concluded that the
Quality Parameters and Linear Regression. developed nitrate sensor is capable of measuring the nitrate
I. INTRODUCTION concentration that lies in the range 0.01–0.5 mg/l.
In [6], the authors have analyzed the dependency of
The maximum allowable range of hexavalent chromium
chlorophyll concentration (Chl-a) with various WQPs using
(Cr6) concentration in drinking water prescribed by World
both Multiple Linear and Multiple Quadratic Regression
Health Organization is 0.05 mg/l [1]. Cr6 is toxic and
models. The artificial upwelling process in the ocean alters the
carcinogenic to human beings. It causes various ailments that
quality of water and these changes affect the quality and the
include asthma, nasal ulcer, dermal burns, anemia, acute
concentration of a Chl-a. The WQPs considered for the
gastroenteritis, vertigo, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, ulcers,
dependency analysis are salinity, temperature, dissolved
liver and kidney failure even at low concentration [2].
oxygen and pH. The statistical data were collected from
Generally, water quality is monitored by water quality
Qiandao Lake using EXO sonde which consists of multiple
parameters (WQPs). Predominant WQPs are pH, Total
sensors for measuring the WQPs considered. Then using the
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Conductivity, salinity, turbidity and
two algorithms, namely, genetic and Particle Swarm
temperature etc. pH is the measure of potential of hydrogen
Optimization (PSO-NN) with neural network, the
ion concentration in water which represents the acidity and
concentration of Chl-a was estimated. The conclusion was that
alkalinity properties of water [3]. TDS determines the
the developed PSO-NN model provides better prediction when
dissolved inorganic salts and organic particles in drinking
compared with all the other three models. Further, Chl-a
water. Conductivity is used for determining the concentration
concentration exhibited stronger dependency with the
of ions in water. It is the measurement of electrical current [4].
considered WQPs, irrespective of the depth from where the
Temperature is used for determining the metabolic
samples are collected.
characteristics of water. In this research, the WQPs, namely
In [7], the authors have analyzed the impact of
pH, TDS and conductivity have been considered for the
concentration of Cr6 in drinking water. The WQPs considered
determination of the presence of Cr6 concentration in drinking
were TDS and conductivity. They were measured using TDS
water.
and conductivity meter. An experimental analysis was made
The key objective of the proposed work is to develop an IoT
for detecting the presence of Cr6 by increasing the
based Cr6 detection device for the determination of the
concentration of Cr6 from 0 to 5mg/l. The analysis was
concentration of Cr6 in the drinking water. In order to develop
performed with various compounds, namely PbCrO 4,
the detecting device with reduced number of sensors that
K2Cr2O7, Na2Cr2O7.2H2O and Na2CrO4. The results led to the
measure the above WQPs, the relationship between them is
conclusion that the measured TDS and conductivity values
determined using the linear regression model.

ISBN: 978-1-5386-3476-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE Electronics and Communication Engineering

16th & 17th Mar 2018 Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
Fourth International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS'18)
increased when chromium concentration increased. The
percentage of increase was found to be very low for PbCrO4
when compared with the other three compounds.
In [8], the authors have developed an electro chemical
sensor to detect the Cr6. The sample solutions used in the
electrode were 0.1M (molarity) Ammonium Acetate or Acetic
acid, 0.25M KNO3 and 5mM Diethylene Triamine Pentacetate
Acid. The sensor had a bismuth film electrode with carbon
substrate. It worked on the basis of an adsorptive stripping
voltammetry method. The reductions of Cr6 to Cr3 and Cr3 to
Cr2 on the surface of the electrode were determined. Initially,
a potential of -0.5V was applied on the working electrode for
140s. The Cr6 present in the sample was adsorbed by carbon
substrate at this potential, resulting in the sample with trivalent
chromium. After 140s, the potential was varied in steps of 10s,
from -0.5V to -1.2V. At this time, Cr3 was reduced to Cr2.
The reaction voltages are reduced and two peaks are observed
at -0.1V and -0.95V. Finally, the accuracy of the developed
sensor was tested through experimental analysis by varying
the concentration of the synthetic sample from 1 to 25μg/l.
The inference from the experimental results is that the
developed sensor detects the Cr6 concentration upto 0.05 μg/l
with 100% accuracy.
In [9], the authors have analyzed the quality of river water
by measuring the water quality parameter and chitosan
concentration. Raw water samples were collected from Shatt
al-Arab River for experimental analysis. The considered
WQPs were pH, Electrical Conductivity, TDS and Turbidity.
The values of the WQPs were measured using pH meter,
conductivity meter and turbidity meter respectively. Then the
statistical relationship between chitosan concentration and
WQPs were analyzed. The percentage of dependency between
the chitosan concentration and WQPs were found to lie
between 91.6% and 96.5%. The conclusion was that WQPs
tend to decrease whenever the concentration of chitosan is
increased.
Literature survey shows no attempt having been carried out
except [7] to examine the relationship between the
concentration of Cr6 and water quality. Hence, this research,
attempts at the determination of relationship between WQPs
and Cr6 concentration using regression modelling. Further, a
relativity analysis among them was also made with respect of
Cr6 concentration for reducing the WQPs.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
This section presents the proposed work consisting of
deployment scenario of IoT based Cr6 detection system. As
the aim of the research is to develop the Cr6 detecting device,
the initial level of analysis that relates the relationship
between the WQPs is discussed. Further, the dependency
between individual WQPs with respect to Cr6 concentration
has been modeled using a regression model. Figure 1 shows
the scenario that represents the implementation of the
proposed IoT based Cr6 detection system. The water samples
to be tested for the Cr6 contamination are to be collected from
ISBN: 978-1-5386-3476-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
16th & 17th Mar 2018
29
the site. The detection process can be accomplished within the
site. Detected WQPs such as pH/TDS/conductivity are then
uploaded to the cloud server using the proposed IoT enabled
transceiver module. A database is created in the Remote
Monitoring Station (RMS). It consists of a lookup table that
provide the relativity among WQPs and dependency of WQPs
with respect to Cr6 concentration. The measured WQP that are
transmitted to the cloud server are then compared with the
database available in RMS. The outcome of the comparison
provides the concentration level of Cr6 is present in the
sample.
In order to reduce the number of sensors used in the
proposed IoT enabled Cr6 detecting system, an analysis that
relates the WQPs and dependency of WQPs with the Cr6
concentration is performed in this research. The mechanism
involved in the proposed work is illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Scenario of the proposed System
A. Creation of Database
The considered WQPs were measured using standard
experiments in the environment at the laboratory. The
synthesized Cr6 samples were prepared by adding 0.25mg of
each of the various compounds, namely PbCrO4, K2Cr2O7,
Na2Cr2O7.2H2O and Na2CrO4 individually to one litre of de-
ionized water. Then the pH, TDS and conductivity were
measured using a corresponding sensor. The process was
repeated by increasing the concentration of Cr6 in steps
ranging from 0.25mg/l to 2.75mg/l.
A database was created with these measured data which can
be uploaded in the cloud to enable remote monitoring.
However, in this research the dependency between Cr6 and
individual WQPs are analysed within the local environment.
Since, the main objective is to reduce the number of sensors
involved in contamination detection. The relationships
between the WQPs were derived. Then the dependency
between Cr6 concentration and individual WQP was analyzed.
The reduction in number of sensors used for contamination
detection is made on the basis of the derived relationship
between WQPs.
B. Determination of dependency between WQPs and Cr6
concentration
The correlation analysis was made between the Cr6
concentration and individual WQPs for the statistical
measured data stored in the database. Correlation coefficient
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
Fourth International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS'18) 30

(r) is the parameter used for determining the strength of the In this research, Linear regression based prediction model
dependency. Its value lies between -1 and 1. The value “+1” was developed for this purpose. The proposed Linear
represents a “strong dependency” while “zero” represents “no Regression based prediction model was initially trained with
dependency”. The negative value “-1” indicates the “inverse 10 sets of measured WQPs of synthetic samples and later
dependency”, that is, the decrease in the considered WQP with validated with 2 sets of test data.
increase in concentration. The developed regression model estimates the Cr6
concentration (‫ܥ‬መ ) using equation (4), when the knowledge of
Start
pH is available.
‫ܥ‬መ௜ ൌ ܾ଴ ൅ ܾଵ ܺ௜ (4)
Prepare Synthetic samples
where
ܾ଴ ൌ ‫ܥ‬ҧ െ ܾଵ ܺത (5)
Create WQP database
σ೙ ത ҧ
೔సభሾሺ௑೔ ି௑ሻሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻሿ
ܾଵ ൌ σ೙ ሺ௑೔ ି௑ത ሻమ
(6)
Determine dependency between WQPs and Cr6 ೔సభ
concentration
Similarly with TDS data, the concentration ‫ܥ‬መ௜ was estimated
using equation (7)
Estimate the dependency using Linear Regression Model
‫ܥ‬መ௜ ൌ ܾଶ ൅ ܾଷ ܻ௜ (7)

Validate the proposed model where

ܾଶ ൌ ‫ܥ‬ҧ െ ܾଷ ܻത (8)
Determine relationships between WQPs σ೙ ത ҧ
೔సభሾሺ௒೔ ି௒ ሻሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻሿ
ܾଷ ൌ σ೙ ത మ (9)
ሺ௒
೔సభ ೔ ି௒ ሻ
End
Then, with the conductivity data, the concentration ‫ܥ‬መ௜ was
Figure 2. Mechanism involved in the proposed methodology
predicted using equation (10)
Let Ci be the Cr6 concentration, then rX,C represents the ‫ܥ‬መ௜ ൌ ܾସ ൅ ܾହ ܼ௜ (10)
dependency between the pH and chromium concentration
where
which is determined using equation (1).
ܾସ ൌ ‫ܥ‬ҧ െ ܾହ ܼҧ (11)
σ೙ ത ҧ
೔సభሺ௑೔ ି௑ሻሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻ
‫ݎ‬௑ǡ஼ ൌ ቌ ቍ (1)
ටσ೙ ത మ ೙ ҧ మ
೔సభሺ௑೔ ି௑ ሻ σ೔సభሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻ σ೙ ത ҧ
೔సభሾሺ௓೔ ି௓ሻሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻሿ
ܾହ ൌ σ೙ ሺ௓೔ ି௓തሻమ
(12)
where n is the number of samples considered for the ೔సభ

analysis, Xi is the pH value of the ith sample. In the developed prediction model, b0 to b5 are regression
In a similar manner, the correlation between TDS (Yi) and coefficients that are derived using Least Square Estimation
concentration Ci was computed using equation (2). algorithm [10] which minimizes the error between the actual
σ೙ ത ҧ Cr6 (Ci) and estimated concentration (‫ܥ‬መ௜ ).
೔సభሺ௒೔ ି௒ ሻሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻ
‫ݎ‬௒ǡ஼ ൌ ቌ ቍ (2)
ටσ೙ ത మ ೙ ҧ మ
೔సభሺ௒೔ ି௒ ሻ σ೔సభሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻ D. Validation of the proposed Linear Regression based
th prediction model
where Yi is the TDS value of the i sample. An accuracy of the proposed linear regression based
The dependency between the conductivity (Zi) and the prediction was computed using t-test analysis. The previous
concentration (Ci) was also determined using equation (3). section shows the inference of dependence of the
σ೙ ത ҧ
೔సభሺ௓೔ ି௓ ሻሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻ
concentration of Cr6 using the proposed model on the
‫ݎ‬௓ǡ஼ ൌ ቌ ቍ (3) regression coefficient. The t-test results are represented in
ටσ೙ ത మ ೙ ҧ మ
೔సభሺ௓೔ ି௓ ሻ σ೔సభሺ஼೔ ି஼ ሻ
terms of t value and p value [11].
Where ܺത , ܻത, and ܼҧ are the mean values of pH, TDS and The accuracy of the developed model depends on the
conductivity respectively. ‫ܥ‬ҧ is the mean value of the actual variation that exists between the actual concentration (‫ܥ‬௜ ) and
Cr6 concentration. the estimated concentration (‫ܥ‬መ௜ ). So, the deviation between the
C. Estimation of dependency using regression modelling regression coefficients (b0 to b5) was computed initially. For
The correlation between the individual WQP and Cr6 example, the standard error (SE) for regression coefficients b0
concentration was determined using the details provided in the and b1 related to pH was illustrated. It was computed using
previous section. In real time scenario, the concentration of equations (13) and (14).
Cr6 required instant determination as illustrated in Figure.1. σ೙ ሺ಴೔ ష಴෢ഢ ሻమ
೔సభ
ሺ೙షమሻ
Whenever the data relating to the WQP is known, immediately ܵ‫ܧ‬௕బ ൌ (13)
σ೙ ത మ
೔సభሺ௑೔ ି௑ ሻ
the Cr6 requires estimation. Hence a prediction model
becomes essential.

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16th & 17th Mar 2018 Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
Fourth International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS'18) 31

σ೙ ෡ మ
೔సభሺ஼೔ ି஼ഢ ሻ σ೙
೔సభሺ௫೔ ሻ
మ
AquaPro TDS tester [14] and Conductivity is measured using
ܵ‫ܧ‬௕భ ൌ ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ (14)
ሺ௡ିଶሻ ௡ σ೙ ത మ
೔సభሺ௑೔ ି௑ ሻ vernier conductivity meter [15].
Then the t values of the coefficient were computed using
equations (15) and (16). The value of t was found to be small
when SEbowas less than bo and vice versa.
௕
‫ݐ‬ሺܾ଴ ሻ ൌ  బ (15)
ௌா್బ

௕భ
‫ݐ‬ሺܾଵ ሻ ൌ  (16)
ௌா್భ

The analysis is extended to b1.

The value of ‘p’ lies between 0 and 1. When the value of ‘p’
is small, it indicates the existence of a high relationship
between the Cr6 concentration and WQPs. When the variance
between the concentration and WQPs of the training data set is
high, the value of “p” is also high. The “t” value and the p
value were computed manually and tested using Minitab
software [12].
The developed linear regression prediction model was
validated with 2 sets of test sample. The concentration is
estimated on the basis of WQP data. Then the ‫ܥ‬෡ప was
compared with the actual concentration (Ci). A Similar
B. Dependency Analysis
analysis can also be carried out for TDS and conductivity.
E. Determination of Relative Factor for WQPs
The relationship between the WQPs was determined for the
purpose of reducing the number of sensors in the detecting
device. Hence, in this section, relative factor between the
measured WQPs for all the synthetic Cr6 samples is
computed.
Let “i” be the number of measured WQP data. Let Xi be the
measured pH, Yi be the measured TDS and αi be the relative
factor that relates pH and TDS. Then the relationship between
pH and TDS is derived using equation (17).
ܺ
ߙ௜ ൌ ௜ൗܻ (17) Figure 4. Relationship between Cr6 concentration and pH
௜
Figure.4 shows the pH values for various degrees of
Let ܼ௜ be the measured conductivity and βi be the relative
concentration of Cr6. The acceptable limit of Cr6
factor that relates pH with conductivity. It was derived using
concentration is 0.05 mg/l and the maximum allowable range
the equation (18).
of pH in pure drinking water is 6.5-8.5. The experimental
ܺ௜ result shows a gradual decrease in the pH value beyond 0.05
ߚ௜ ൌ ൗܼ (18)
௜ mg/l of concentration, for all the considered chromium
Similarly, ϒi the relative factor between TDS and compounds except Na2CrO4.
conductivity was derived using equation (19).
ܻ
ϒ୧ ൌ ௜ൗܼ (19)
௜
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experimental setup and results obtained which are
analyzed to derive the relationship between the Cr6
concentration and individually measured Water Quality
Parameters (WQPs) are presented in this section.
A. Experimental setup
The experimental set-up developed for measuring the Figure 5. Relationship between Cr6 concentration and TDS
considered WQPs of pure and Cr6 contaminated drinking
water is illustrated in Figures 3(a), 3(b), 3(c) and 3(d). pH is Figure.5 shows the TDS values for increased concentrations
measured using pH Glass electrode [13]. TDS is measured by of Cr6 compounds. The TDS range exceeded its allowable

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16th & 17th Mar 2018 Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
Fourth International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS'18) 32

limit for 0.05mg/l of Cr6 concentration. The percentage of
increase in TDS is higher for all the three compounds except
PbCrO4.
The measured conductivity values for the considered four
Cr6 compounds for various concentrations are presented in
Figure.6. The relationship is similar to TDS.
In the testing phase, the accuracy of the developed
prediction model was validated with 2 sets of samples. Figure
7, shows the prediction accuracy as better when TDS and
conductivity are considered.
TABLE 2. T TEST ANALYSIS USING PROPOSED LINEAR
REGRESSION BASED PREDICTION MODEL

120

Prediction Accuracy (%)

Figure 6. Relationship between Cr6 concentration and Conductivity pH
100
C. Correlation Analysis 80
TDS
60
(i) Training Phase 40 Conductivity
Table 1 illustrates the correlation exhibiting between the 20
WQPs and Cr6 concentration for all the synthetic compounds.
0
The correlation coefficient exhibit the “strong dependency” of 1 2 3 4
both TDS and conductivity on Cr6 concentration for PbCrO4 Synthetic Hexavalent Chromium Compounds
while pH exhibits “inverse dependency”. Hence, it can be Figure 7. Prediction accuracy of proposed linear regression prediction model
concluded that instead of using three sensors either TDS or for Cr6 compounds
conductivity along with pH sensor can be used for Cr6 D. WQPs Relative Analysis
detection. Both TDS and conductivity exhibit a strong
correlation when compared with pH for K2Cr2O7. Similarly, a
strong dependency is observed for Na2Cr2O7.2H2O.
For K2Cr2O7 and Na2Cr2O7.2H2O, either TDS or conductivity
along with pH sensor can be used. All three WQPs show
strong dependency on the concentration in the case of
Na2Cr2O4. Hence, instead of using three sensors only one
sensor can be used for Cr6 detection in the Na2Cr2O4
contaminated water.
TABLE 1. CORRELATION ANALYSIS
WQPs PbCrO4 K2Cr2O7 Na2Cr2O7. Na2Cr2O4
2H2O
Figure 8. Relation between pH and TDS for varied concentration of Cr6
pH -0.9112 -0.6772 -0.3818 0.9255
TDS 0.9987 0.9969 0.9989 0.9994 Figure.8 shows the derived relative factor (α) existing
between pH and TDS for varied concentrations of Cr6. It is
Conductivity 0.9921 0.9921 0.9979 0.9975
analyzed for all the considered four synthetic samples. The
Table 2 illustrates the t test results for the proposed linear results show the variation of α from 0.54 to 0.94 for the
regression based prediction model. The results show that all considered de-ionized water which means the absence of any
the three WQPs can be used for predicting the Cr6 contamination in it. On addition of 0.25mg/l of synthesized
concentration for PbCrO4. For the other three compounds, Cr6 compounds, namely, Na2Cr2O4, K2Cr2O7,
TDS and Conductivity provides better accuracy when Na2Cr2O7.2H2O, α value lies between 0.53 and 0.57. The
compared with the pH. However, from the analysis it is overall range of α is 0.94 to 0.14 for PbCrO4. A similar
inferred that either TDS or conductivity sensor can give better variation can be observed for other compounds. The results
results along with pH sensor. show a higher concentration for the sample when the
(ii) Testing Phase concentration of Cr6 water is beyond 0.05mg/l. The reason is
that the difference in relative factor value is the percentage of

ISBN: 978-1-5386-3476-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE Electronics and Communication Engineering

16th & 17th Mar 2018 Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
Fourth International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS'18) 33

solubility for Na2Cr2O4, K2Cr2O7, Na2Cr2O7.2H2O being V. CONCLUSION

above 73g/l while PbCrO4 was found to be insoluble in water.
The WQPs, namely pH, TDS, and conductivity were
Figure.9 shows the derived relative factor (β) existing
measured for the four synthesized Cr6 compounds, namely,
between pH and conductivity for various concentrations of
Na2CrO4, Na2Cr2O7.2H2O, K2CrO4, and PbCrO4 in a
Cr6. The results show the similarity between the variations in
laboratorial environment by varying the concentration of
the relative factor for all the considered synthetic samples to
chromium compounds. The correlation between the chromium
the TDS. The overall ranges of β showed variation from 0.21
concentration and WQPs was computed and modelled using
-0.058 for PbCrO4 and 0.2-0.002 for Na2Cr2O4, K2Cr2O7,
the Linear Regression technique. From the analysis, it is
Na2Cr2O7.2H2O.
inferred that the TDS and conductivity have strong
dependency on Cr6 concentration compared with pH. The
developed Linear Regression based prediction model was
validated using the t-test analysis. The estimation accuracy
using TDS and conductivity parameters was found to be better
compared with pH.
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Figure 10. Relation between TDS and Conductivity of Cr6 concentration

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