Professional Documents
Culture Documents
relies
term
addictionaggression short
1930s somatictherapieslikepsycho
surgeries lobotomy and electroconvulsive treatment
s usheredin 3newdiscoveries
1960
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
iii
iiiiiiiiiiiiii.fi
symptomsu spsychological
expression
pathologyisconsideredto
some beextensivelyrootedinbiologicalfactors
b iologicalresponse such
causes as
kindofsymptompicture
what
childandAdolescent psychopharmacology
andpharmacologic ofchildrenand
diagnosis t eens
effective istherapyspecificallyfamilyt herapy
some mentalillnesshaveahigh
m ajor o fbeginninginchildhood133ofOCDis ofBipolar
percentage
untreatedtraumacreatestoxic
levels of neurotransmitters stresshormones e.gcortisol adrenaline
levels
increased prolonged
ofs tresshormonescancauseimpairmentstobrainfunctioningisnotreduced
insomecasesmedicationcanbeneuroprotective
braindamageorpromotingnormal
a gainst
protecting
neuromaturation
issuesofconcern
tomedicationx
consent
informedconsentparental
aboutm edication
stigma
of of
careordoctorsfears addiction
avoidance medical
oversimplified
parental thatapinwinsixeverything
perspective
studymedicationsonseverelydepressedliecannot
unethicalto just
give bio
p lacebo t hey notb e
m ight a live e ndofit
a tthe
for
symptoms children arecontexts pecific
assessmentq uestions
I fuatonal m ild
trauma
context a buseboredom
ageappropriateness
maniaanxietyb rain
traumab ipolar injuryimpairmentabuse a ffectbx
related
5
neurobiology impairmentto
the in
lobe abnormalities dopaminen eurotransmitters
frontal
arepreferredmedications
dopamineagonistsstimulants
EPRESS
pointst o10 of
i ssuesresearch
gnostic bipolarp resentwdepression
p repubertal
Taniaespecially
mayexacerbatebipolar
antidepression
assessmentq uestions
I Itational
context
FLYhxofbipolarhypomania
risk
Factors
d atasuggestsincreasedS1inyouthonantidepressants
some
A
i ssues70 beginwMDepisode
diagnostic 30 beginw ithmaniahypomania
forchildrend ifferthanadults
earlydiagnosticsymptoms
assessmentquestions
forainicians
I ital m anic
p resentation depressive h ypomania
ruleo utADHD
on
medicationbased clinical
presentation
antidepressants
mayprovokecycleacceleration
moodstabilizerswantidepressantproperties
t.rs
beprescribedform aniaagitationpsychosis
may
antipsychotics
atypicalantipsychoticsh ave
shown inpediatforma
e fficacy
3cationsingeneral
A
go.rs
ifniiIIiugnis areinharmonywone's
t hat
behaviors feelings selfi mage
egodystoniathe a nd
behaviors
t houghts that
feelings are notinharmonywone'sselfi mage
NEUROBIOLOGY TRAUMA
I toa nyothe
impairment f nerve censinthem ain neurotransmitter
systemsdopamine serotonin norepinephrine
vary
symptoms
dependingon but
conditions
s pecific may include decline
c ognitive motor
impairments or in a
disturbances changes
sensory
anima
main brain
p artsreptilian brainstem systemneocortexetc
limbic
3rdFloorB rainstemreptilian
Brain
noconsciousnessinherenthedonistic
instinctive term
short skins
coping
engagement access
system c oregulatorysocial
use for
systems self
soothing regulation
F loorLimbic
2nd s ystem Brain
mammalian
for
responsible learning emotions
memory
a mygdalawhich
houses for
l ooks danger realorperceived
either
bin
houseshippocampus storage oefverythingyou'veever
learned
e ither orknowledgeb ased
experientially
1st
FloorPREFRONTALCORTEX
linear
logical t erm
solvinglong
problem s kills
coping
lixibility
executiveFunctioningfocus
c oncentration i nitial
i nhibitiontask shift
affect
emotion
m anagement memoryorganizingplanningprioritizing
working
DEVELOPMENTALTRAUMA PTSD
traumasymptomology
emotional
heightened reactivitydysregulation avoidant
tendencies
and
behavioral c ognitive
processes
Then
remains
amygdala inaconstantstateofalertnessasamethodofprotection
by
illustrated extreme
physical emotionaltension
s leep and
d isturbances
be
c an personified byaperson'sintensifiedstartleresponseaoverreactionstoperceiveddangers
ifbrain
existsi nastateofh yper arousal
anindividualtypically significant
experiences anamenges wexecutive ofthe
functions p eciememoryorganizationplanningfocus
has effects
deleterious ona bio
person's psycho s ocial t hep roisresponsibleoremotionalabxregulationthecreationofm entalrepresentationsandt hecapacityfor
as
mentalizationw hichisnecessaryforinhibitionofimpulsivity
andemotional
reactivity
and
impairment l imited
accesst his
to othe
r egion f b rainc ausessignificantdevelopmental
issues topersonalityassensoryprocessing
related foresight control
impulse
insight attention concentran
andlong
regulation areimpacted
t ermproblemsolvingmechanisms
neurobiology trauma
and
duetoearlya dversity t raumathe brain's a ndregulatoryp athwaysarenegativelya ffected
e motionprocessing
toxicneuronalpruning
creates c hangesinbraingrowthdevelopment aprolonged
andintensified
activationofs ns
stress sns
activates p
hypothalamic ituitarya cap
drenal asa xis release adrenalinec ortisolandnorepinephrine orflightresponsivity
fight
triggers
in normative upon
development cessation ofthestressor is
activation mediated
sympathetic e ns
by union
releases slowing
acetylcholine rateainitiatingareturnto
heart restdigest
stresstraumatic
early
prolonged adversity that the
supercedes brain's to
capacity m anage
of and
flood adrenalinecortisol norepinephrine
constant alterneuroanemistry
cont'd
t raumatic
in
stressonanood
canaffect
neuroendocrine
inthe
responses union
b rain the
changes b rain
body's state
nomeoa.name
ieanostasisand alterationsinpsyonphysiological
cause
w hich
cacostasis significant development lead toseveremental health a namenges
to
exposure continuous
adversitythe s izeotfhehippocampus
i mpacts
trauma
early impacts asize ofthea mygdalaand t hecerebellumunion inemotionalreactivityaggressiondisinhibitionself
assists mechanisms
regulatory and
c an
also meamygdalato
cause
inasustainedstateo fhyper
exist arousal
trauma create
compounding complex can anoverproductionorunderproductionofessentialneurotransmitters hormonesinthe
brainiiedopamine oxidase
norepinephrinemonoamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
READINGS
conduction transmission
of
conductionprocess impulse along
movement the a xon
ofthe
transmissionpassage i mpulse the
across space
s ynaptic
effectsofreceptorbinding
dependson the t ypeofreceptor
someareexcitatoryactivatingadjacentneuronsand areinhibitory
o thers
exception isnot
serotonin itself i excitatory
nherently or inhibitory
abasic
properties
are
chemicals found inneuronsareleasedasaresult ofthenerveimpulse
ofa n
ability neurotransmitters
toproduceaphysiologicaleffect
onaneuron
aminescomprisem ainlynorepinephrineepinephrinedopamine
biogenic butpracticallyinvolvesserotoninhistamine acetylcholine
can
neuropeptidesendorphins encephalins tos amereceptorsasmorphinesometimes
bind carednaturally
o ccurring peptides
o pioid
adenosine acid
isaproposedneurotransmitterandisneitherabiogenicaminenora mino
no
L
atypical
dioxide
carbon
napdeterminesensitivityexcitabilitylevelsof
the are
c ell by
determined genetics
p artially
last 1224hours
receptors about more they arereabsorbed
anmustcontinuouslymonitorreceptor lost
replace
populations and
receptors a djust i resine
iiiiiii.fi receptor
iiihfhh.iq
in with
populations accord demands
environmental
f
receptors
categorizing
non
ififffifffhff
ffff.fi
fffffffhii fifff ff.fi
fify
eg sensoryperceptionandvoluntarymuscle
action
only meds
p sychiatric that this
utilize m echanismare
ion
chloride channels
involveg radual
actions
metabotropic changes neuronal in
functioning
that
takes hours
o ver
p lace days ore venm onths
weeks
via
activate second
receptors that
systems
m essenger involvea cascade
ofchemicalactions
thatignitea ofintracellularb iochemical
eventsthatc hangeorregulate
caviar partly
activity byinfluencinggeneexpression
BECAUSE m ost
psychotropics of
usemetabolicreceptorsmost these
drugs s everal
r equire weeksofadministrationbefore
the ofnoticeablesymptomatic
o nset
ofstressonreceptors
impact lithhibardment
anronic tonigh
exposure wasostress
f bycertainexcitatory neurotransmitters
toadown
leads
often inthe
r egulationreduction and
number ofexcitatoryreceptors
d ensity
e xposureto
chronic of
lowlevels certainneurotransmitters orhormones
the
spur
may u pregulationofexcitatoryreceptorsasa na ttemptof
the the
tonormalize
c ells
firing
activity of
rates neurons
neuronal
malfunction
common thoughtt ounderlie
ones mi
initial
synthesis ofneurotransmitters
production mayb einhibited
thus is for
neurotransmitter available release
little
neurotransmitters
byenzymese.gMaomonoamineoxidase
mayb esubjectto excessivedegradation
certain based
biologically disorders d rugs either the
or may facilitateorinhibit ofneurotransmitters t hepresynapticbouton
r elease
by
theprocessofreuptakea bsorptionmayb ealtered
e.gcocainea buseleadstoablockingofdopamine reuptake pores
inclinicalmajordepressionreuptakeofserotoninnorepinephrineando rdopaminemayb eaccelerated
receptorsmay b eeitherabnormallyupregulatedodr ownregulatedcausingneuronstomalfunction
pathological can
alterations o ccuringene due
expression t omarkedmangesinsecondmessengersand m ayr esultinnumerousabnormalcellularresponsesi ncludingc ang rowthalteredreceptor
retraction
sensitivitydendrite lossofdendrite spinesand cell
or death
Ehand the
structures central
a djacent core f b rainasincluding
othe thel imbic and
diencephalon
system b asis
ganglia
cerebral
cortex is
major
mental toinvolveneurochemicaldysfunctionsoccurringinvarioussubcortical
innessesappear areaslimbic basal
system ganglia
reticular and
system brainstem
fewifa nypsychiatricdisordershave
b een withdysfunctionorpathologyofa ny
associated b rain
sina.ie s tructure
HYPOTHALAMUS
regulatescircadian sleep
rhythm appetite
c ycles sex a nd
d rive
regulation theANSanda lmostallendocrineglands
ofb oth
c ertain
regulating of
a spects hypothalamicfunctioning
iiiiiii.it
andhippocampus
itiiiiiiiiiii
structures amygdala
septum
cingulate
primary of
functionappraisal emotional
stimuli
initiation emotional of
responses the fightoflight
r down
e.g responses
shutting
after
reactivity and
the
subside r estoring
external n ervous
emand toastateofhomeostasis
b ody
informationprocessing
cortex
structures cerebral andamygdala
amygdala'sappraisalof iscrude
environmentalstressors
e ngagei n
can a ndifsuch
patternrecognition
gross resemble
patterns oevents
ones r provassociated d angerit
with sends
tousealarms
amino.fi
l evelof
att he thehypothalamussprimary
stress
response areactivated
pathways
andincreasedheart
receptors rate
blood and
pressure sweat
also t he
p enetrateto otfheadrenalglandadrenalmedulla
c ore discharges
thebloodstream
andadrenalineinto
norepinephrine
a aneuroendocrine pathwayin
pituitarya drenal
pathway hypothalamic a xis ofsteroidhormones
release adrenal
from gland the
cannitate
glucocorticoids
inauding of
releaseglucose
circulation mainglucocorticoidin
into isconison
humans
and
feedback also
inhibition t akeplaceat he levelof
thehypothalamuspituitary
some tosuggest
evidence
the anterior
cingulategyrus p laysaroleinreducingemotionala rousal
also
PERIPHERALNervous s ystemPNS
EHEE brain
ÉÉicord
in
mn ii iiEEE
i
fi t.fif
IiiIii i
Dee
EE EEiE
DRYMouth
I.IEIEEIEIEIEEE.EEane
constipation BLADDER F luids
EMPTY
urine
RETENTION arteries constrict Revax
PATHWAY
problem orb rainchangesresultingf romstressfulexperiences
transmittedvulnerabilitywhich
genetically in
maymanifest psychiatricd isorder iie schizophreniabipolardisorderMDDADD
others be
may relatedi ncludeonpanic
that disorder use
substance
non thatultimatelyaffect
medicalillnesses
n eurological
legthyroiddiseases
neurochemistry
b raindysfunction
acquired
e.gbrain toxins
trauma ofsubstance
effects
c hronic abuse
p rimary
brain
d iseases
IEaiafact
brain
abnormal d evelopment due
t oexcessives tressconsiderableresearchstronglysuggeststhat can
stress
severe
very brain
alter inmoreoless
functioning r permanentways
brain
damage
bytoexcessively
caused exposure ofstress
levels
high hormones abnormally
e.g ofcortisoloften
levels
high inmenosrevere
seen pain
chronic m ay nerve
damage
t he
cellsi n hippocampus
P.si
essresponsesuprone
em
iii ant sighi.fi
fififffffqq 48k completion
THATrespondtomedications
symptomsofPTSD
is
transient
i ed
n
ii iiiii.IE
treatment PTSD and
resistant g eneration anticonvulsants
a ntipsychotics
depression antidepressants
panicattacks Mao
antidepressants inhibitors
high
p otencybenzodiazepines
DIFFERENTIALDIAGNOSIS
oftenread
events
traumatic to P tsd
than
more depressionadjustmentsubstanceuse
acute eventis
o nsett raumatic recent
o nset
delayed ofs ymptomsat
onsetsevere omo
l east a fter e vent the
Innit T.ggindividualbutshouldbebasedon3elements
DISCONTINY
client'shistory
ofpreviousepisodes
tandthevulnerabilitytorelapse
intosymptomology
it ingot mediafire.fi
antidepressants titrationhelpswDsrelapse
into ortip
d epression m aniaiscommonwsuddendiscontinuation
into
needtobetaperedoffa sitisconsidered self
doesn't
prozaco ften taperingdue n onlife
tolong
be
psychostimulantsshould monitored forsymptomologysuchasdepressionfatigue sleepdisturbances
divinityconcentrating
EE
a
can
r eduction
dosage and
c auseseverea nxiety attacks
p anic
reduce
d osage stepto 0willbe
by10weeklyl ast mostc hallenging
REDFLAGS formedicationevaluation
t orerefer
w hen
torespondata nd
failure are
t herapists n oprogressaftera sweeksdespiteadequate
seeing trialassumptionthata naccurate has
b een anditisactuallytaking
made meds
for
need adjustmentre
dosage due
referral t ominimalorpartialimprovement
unexplained c linicians
relapse must
consider
sideeffectsm inormoderate
severed angerous
DEPRESSION
aagn.sncriteria
mental that
toremember essential
and
suffering is
debilitation required
oro n
willpowerand
m ental
musae cannot
a lone
runsomeoneoutofthesestates
always
various ax a of
depression requires combo p sychotherapy medsaancillaryinterventions
psychotropic such and
a sm edassistance f amilyassistance
symptomsthat mustc auses ignificantdistressorimpairmentinsocial
occupationaloro therimportant
areas ofunctioning
f
symptoms m ustn otbeattributableto thephysiologicaleffectsofasubstanceoranother medical condition
can
depression
diagnostically b epersistentmajorunspecisiedreactive griefinitiated
postpartuma of b ipolarp remenstrual
dysphoric cemon
disorder
theoretical
on
perspectives depressions
psychodynamicinadequate integration
psychological orage
f anda ggression the
and and
ofaharsh
development super
p unishing ego
www.easaeso.ninginnie
life to and iastthat
experiences and
c ontribute developed internalizedschemas distortions
c ognitive menu
n egative sets and
predict the
p roject f uture
plays
serotonin roleinregulating
akey e motionsabxcommonly
mood for
prescribed depression anxiety
IL init m ood
ns.assoaateaw
norepinephrine p rescribed
regulationscommonly fordepression anxiety
exvenlafaxineEstexor duloxetinecymbal ta
factors
side sexual
insomnia
e ffectsnauseaheadached izziness dysfunction
ideationin
suicidal some
cases inyoung
e specially adults may
antidepressants initially
increase
r iskosuicidal
the f or
thoughts the
ix particularlywhenstartingorc hanging othe
d osage f medication
s yndromepotentiallylife
serotonin
by l evelscan
c aused excessiveserotonin
condition
t hreatening when
o ccur certain
taking a ntidepressants orincombinationwother
alone that
meds affect
Tirupa
withdrawal
symptoms ortoorapidly
canl eadt owithdrawalsymptomscogflulikesymptoms dizziness m ood
irritability swings
interaction o tcherbal
wothermedicationscaninteractwothermedicationsincluding supplements toadverse
leading
potentially effects the
orreducing ofeithermedication
effectiveness
term
long effects
long useofantidepressantsmayb eassociatedwcertainrisksweight
t erm gaindiabetes
osteoporosis
RULE0
TITI an innermanicorHypomaniaE PISODES