CARBONATE, SULPHIDE, SULPHITE

1.Add H2SO4

Carbonate
-brisk effervescence

-colorless odorless gas turns lime water milky

CaCO3+H2SO4---CaSO4+Co2+H2O

Sulphide
-colorless odorless gas, turns lead acetate paper black

ZnS+H2SO4---ZnSo4+H2S

Sulphite
-Colorless gas turns acidified dichromate green
Na2So3+H2SO4---NaSO4+So2+H2O

Confirmatory test
Carbonate
Add 1 or 2 drops of h2so4 to the salt in the test tube
-Brisk effervescence is seen that turns lime water milky
-Ca(OH)2+CO2—CaCO3 +H2O

Result: the salt contains carbonate

Sulphide

1.Add 1 or 2 drops of lead acetate to the salt in the test tube

Black precipitate
Na2S +(Ch3COO)Pb+PbS---2Ch3COONa

2. Add a drop of sodium nitroprusside

-purple or violet coloration

Sulphite

1.Bacl test
Add a few drops of Bacl to the test tube
-white precipitate formed

2.Acidified KmNO4 solution

-Purple color is decolorized
Sulphate and Phosphate

1.Sulphate

Add Few drops Of Bacl to the salt solution

-White precipitate is formed

Na2SO4+Bacl2----2NaCl+BaSo4

Confirmatory Test

To the salt solution add (Ch3COO)2Pb solution

-white precipitate obtained

Na2SO4+(Ch3COOH)Pb---2CH3COO Na+PbSO4

2.Phosphate

To the salt solution add HNO3, boil it and cool it, Add of few drops of ammonium molybdate.

-Canary yellow precipitate

Confirmatory test

To the salt solution add magnesia mixture

-white precipitate formed

NITRATES AND NITRITES

1.NITRITE

Action of dil.h2so4 :-

Add 1 to 2 drops of dil.h2so4 to a small portion of the salt in a test tube

-Reddish brown gas obtained

-indicates presence of Nitrite

2.NITRATE

Action of conc.h2so4 with Cu turnings

Mix Cu bits and conc.H2so4 with a small amount of salt taken in a test tube and heat it

-Reddish brown gas obtained

Confirmatory test

NITRITE

Ferrous Sulphate test

To the salt solution containing hno3 solution add feso4 solution

-solution turns brown or black

NITRATE

Brown ring test

To the salt solution add equal volume of freshly prepared Feso4 solution

Heat the test tube in a slanting position and add conc.H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube

At the liquid junction a brown ring is obtained

BROMIDE AND IODIDE

1.BROMIDE

To the salt solution add conc. H2so4

-Brown fumes evolved

Confirmatory test

Prepare a salt solution add distilled water and divide it into 2 parts

i)Action of AgNO3 and NH4OH

To the salt solution add AgNO3 and NH4OH

-Pale yellow precipitate obtained

ii)Organic layer test

To the 2nd part of the solution ad CCl4 and Cl water

-The organic layer turns orange

2.IODIDE

-To the salt solution add conc.H2SO4

-violet fumes evolved

CONFIRMATORY TEST

i)action of AgNO3 and NH4OH

Pale yellow precipitate formed, precipitate is insoluble

ii)Organic layer test

to the salt solution add CCl4 and Cl water

-organic water turns violet

OXALATES AND ACETATES

1)ACETATES

To the salt solution add a small amount of conc.H2so4

-Smell of vinegar is obtained

CONFIRMATORY TEST

To a little amount of salt add conc.H2SO4and heat it, then add 1 ml of ethanol, shake it well and pour the
contents into a beaker containing water

-Fruity smell is obtained

To a little amount of the salt add FeCl3and boil the contents

-Reddish brown precipitate obtained

2)OXALATES

Take a pinch of salt in a test tube and add conc.H2SO4 and heat it, then add potassium dichromate

-pink color of potassium permanganate decolorizes

Confirmatory Test

To the Salt solution add a small amount of CaCl2 solution

-white precipitate formed

To a small amount of salt add conc.H2SO4

Bring a glass rod dipped in Ammonium hydroxide solution near the mouth of the test tube

-Dense frothing is observed near the mouth of the test tube

CONFIRMATORY TEST

-To a small amount of salt add potassium dichromate then add few drops of conc.h2so4