SALT NO:1 LEAD ACETATE

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+

noted

2. Odour: The smell of the salt is Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—

noted

3. Flame T est:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
show the paste to the flame with
the help of glass rod

4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt No coloured ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+ , Mg2+
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash

5. Dry heating test:

A little of the salt is heated in a Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—
dry test tube

6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:

A little of the salt is treated with
dil: H2SO4 No characteristic observation Absence of CO32-,SO32-,NO2-

7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4 is Pink colour of KMnO4 was not Cl--, Br--, I—, C2O42- are absent
added, warmed and then a drop discharged
of KMnO4 solution added.

8. Conc: H2SO4 acid test: Colourless vapour with Vinegar Presence of CH3COO-
A little of the salt is treated with smell turns blue litmus red CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
Conc: H2SO4 and heated

9. Test for nitrate:

A little of the salt is treated with No reddish brown vapour Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
Conc H2SO4 and paper ball is
added to it

10.Test for Sulphate:

A little of salt solution is added No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate (SO42—)
with dil HCl and BaCl2 solution
11.Test for Phosphate: No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)
A little of salt solution is treated
with Conc: HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate solution

Confirmatory test for Acetate

1. Neutral ferric Chloride
An aqueous solution of the Reddish brown colour Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
substance is treated with a few confirmed
drops of neutral FeCl3 solution CH3COO+FeCl3Fe(CH3COO)3+Cl-

2. A little of the salt solution is Vinegar smell Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is

treated with oxalic acid confirmed
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
Systematic Analysis of basic
radical (cation)
A stock solution of the substance
is prepared in water/dil.HCl

1. Group zero (NH4+)

A little of the stock solution is
warmed with NaOH No ammonia smell Absence of group zero (NH4+)

2. Group I (Pb2+)
A little of the stock solution is
treated with dil.HCl White precipitate Presence of group I (Pb2+)
Pb2+ +2Cl- PbCl2
Confirmatory test of lead ( Pb2+)
a) To the stock solution of the
substance add potassium Yellow precipitate Presence of Lead (Pb2+) confirmed
Chromate solution Pb2+ +CrO42-- PbCrO4

b) To the stock solution of the Yellow precipitate soluble in hot Presence of (Pb2+) confirmed
salt add KI solution water and reprecipitating as Pb2+ +2l- PbI2
golden spangles on cooling
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion):
Acetate (CH3COO-)
Basic radical (cation) :
Lead (Pb2+)
 SALT NO: 2 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+

noted

2. Odour: The smell of the salt No characteristic smell Absence of CH3COO—or NH4+
is noted

3. Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ ion
show the paste to the flame
with the help of glass rod

4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt Blue ash Presence of Al3+ ion
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash

5. Dry heating test:

A little of the salt is heated in A white residue glows on Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ , Mg2+, Al2+ may be
a dry test tube heating present

6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:

A little of the salt is treated
with dil: H2SO4 No characteristic change Absence of CO32--, CH3COO-,S2-

7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4
is added, warmed and then a
drop of KMnO4 solution No characteristic change Absence of Cl--, Br--, I—
added.

8.Conc: H2SO4 test:

A little of the salt is treated No characteristic observation Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-
with Conc: H2SO4 and heated

Test for nitrate:

A little of the salt solution is
treated with Conc: H2SO4 and No characteristic observation Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
paper ball is added to it
Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is A white precipitate insoluble Presence of Sulphate (SO42—)
added with dil HCl and BaCl2 in Conc: HCl
solution

Test for Phosphate:

A little of salt solution is
treated with Conc: HNO3 and No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)
ammonium molybdate
solution

Confirmatory test for

Sulphate (SO42—)
1. To a little of salt solution, A white precipitate formed Presence of Sulphate ( SO42—confirmed
Lead acetate solution added SO42+Pb(COOCH3)2PbSO4+2CH3COO-

Systematic Analysis of basic

radical (cation)
Salt is added with distilled
water and shaken, original
solution is prepared

1. A little of the original Absence of group zero (NH4+)

solution is treated with NaOH No ammonia gas evolved
solution

2. To a little of original No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)

solution dil. HCl is added

3. To the above solution, H2S No precipitate Absence of group II (Cu2+)

gas is passed

4. To a little of the original A white gelatinous Presence of group III (Al3+)

solution solid NH4Cl and precipitate AlCl3+3NH4OHAl(OH)3 +3NH4Cl
excess of NH4OH solution to formed
added
Confirmatory test for
Aluminium (Basic radical)

1. Lake test:
Dissolved the above white
precipitate in dil HCl and Presence of Al3+confirmed
added two drops of blue Blue precipitate floating in Al(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O
litmus solution. To this NH4OH the colourless solution AlCl3+3NH4OHAl(OH)3 +3NH4Cl
added dropwise till blue
colour formed
2. Ash test:
To a little of the salt added a Blue coloured ash is obtained Presence of Al3+confirmed
few drops of conc: HNO3 and
cobalt nitrate solution. A filter
paper dipped into this
solution is burnt to ash
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion) :
SO42—
Basic radical (cation) :
Al3+
 SALT NO: 3
Experiment
Colour: Colour of the salt is
noted
Odour: The smell of the salt
is noted
Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and
show the paste to the flame
with the help of glass rod
Dry heating test:
A little of the salt is heated in
a dry test tube
4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash
Dil: sulphuric acid test:
A little of the salt is treated
with dil H2SO4
KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil:
H2SO4 is added warmed and
then a drop of KMnO4
solution is added
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Observation Inference
colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+
No specific odour Absence of CH3COO—or NH4+
Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+
A colourless gas having
pungent smell is evolved.
The gas gives white fumes Presence of Cl-
when a glass rod dipped in
aqueous NH3 is brought near
the mouth of the test tube
No characteristic ash is Absence of Al3+,Zn2+,Mg2+
formed
No gas evolved Absence of CO32--, SO32-,NO2-
Pink colour of KMnO4 was
discharged with evolution of Presence of Cl-
yellowish green gas having NaCl+H2SO4NaHSO4+HCl
pungent smell 2HCl+[O] H2O+Cl2

Conc: H2SO4 test:

A little of the salt is treated A colourless gas having Cl- may be present
with Conc: H2SO4 and heated pungent smell is evolved NaCl+H2SO4NaHSO4+HCl

Test for Nitrate:

A little of the salt is treated No brown fumes Absence of NO3-
with conc. H2SO4 and a paper
ball is added to it
Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is No white precipitate Absence of SO42-
added with BaCl2 solution
Test for Phosphate:
A little of salt solution is
treated with Conc: HNO3 and No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate PO43—
ammonium molybdate
solution

Confirmatory test for

Chloride (Cl-)
1. A little of salt solution, is A white curdy precipitate is Presence of Cl- is confirmed
treated with dil:HNO3 and formed which is soluble in NaCl+AgNO3 AgCl+NaNO3
AgNO3 solution NH4OH AgCl+2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

2.Chromyl chloride test:

Add a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and Red oily vapour evolved which Presence of Cl- confirmed
conc :H2SO4 to the salt and gives a yellow ppt with lead
heated acetate

Systematic analysis of basic radical (Cations)

Analysis of basic radical
(cation)

1. Heat a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas is evolved NH4+ absent(group 0)

NaOH solution
Preparation of original
solution

Shake the salt with water
2. To a little of the O.S add
1ml dil HCl
3. To the above solution
passed H2S gas
4. To a little of the O.S solid
NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH is
added
5. To the above solution pass
H2S gas
6. To a little of the O.S, solid
NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH
and (NH4)2CO3 solution
added
Solution obtained
No precipitate formed
No black precipitate
No white gelatinous
precipitate
No white precipitate
white precipitate formed
Labelled as original solution
(OS)
Group I (Pb2+) absent
Group II (Cu2+) absent
Group III (Al3+) absent
Group IV (Zn2+) absent
Presence of Group V
(Ca2+, Ba2+ or Sr2+)
Ca2++(NH4)2CO3CaCO3+2NH4Cl
Confirmatory test for Group
V (Ba2+ , Sr2+ or Ca2+)
To a little of the salt solution No yellow precipitate Absence of Ba2+
add potassium chromate
solution

To a little of the original

solution add ammonium No white precipitate Absence of Sr2+
sulphate solution
To a little of the original A white precipitate Presence of Ca2+ confirmed
solution, add ammonium Ca2++(NH4)2C2O4CaC2O4 +NH4+
oxalate and NH4OH
Flame Test:
To a little of salt add Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+ confirmed
Conc.HCl in a watch glass and
the paste is shown to flame
with the help of glass rod
Result:
The given salt contains

Acid radical (Anion):

Chloride (Cl-)

Basic radical (cation):

Calcium(Ca2+)
 SALT NO: 4 ZINC ACETATE
Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+

noted

2. Odour: The smell of the salt is Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—

noted

3. Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add Conc:HCl
in a watch glass and show the No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
paste to the flame with the help
of glass rod

4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is Green coloured ash Presence of Zn2+
added. Dip a filter paper and burn
it to ash

5. Dry heating test:

A little of the salt is heated in a Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—
dry test tube

6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:

A little of the salt is treated with No characteristic observation Absence of CO32-,,NO2 ,S2--
dil: H2SO4

7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4 is Pink colour of KMnO4 was not Cl--, Br--, I—, C2O42- are absent
added, warmed and then a drop discharged
of KMnO4 solution added.

8. Conc: H2SO4 acid test:

A little of the salt is treated with Colourless gas with Vinegar Presence of CH3COO-
Conc: H2SO4 and heated smell turns blue litmus red CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH

9. Test for nitrate:

A little of the salt is treated with
Conc: H2SO4 and paper ball is No reddish brown vapour Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
added to it
10.Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is added No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate (SO42—)
with dil HCl and BaCl2 solution

11.Test for Phosphate:

A little of salt solution is treated No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)
with Conc: HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate solution

Confirmatory test for Acetate

1. Neutral ferric Chloride
An aqueous solution of the Reddish brown colour Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
substance is treated with a few confirmed
drops of neutral FeCl3 solution CH3COO+FeCl3Fe(CH3COO)3+Cl-

2. A little of the salt solution is

treated with oxalic acid Vinegar smell Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
confirmed
Systematic Analysis of basic
radical (cation)
A original solution of the
substance is prepared in
water/dil.HCl

1. Group zero (NH4+)

A little of the original solution is No ammonical smell gas Absence of group zero (NH4+)
warmed with NaOH

2. Group I (Pb2+)
A little of the original solution is No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)
treated with dil.HCl
3. To the above solution No black precipitate Group II (Cu2+) absent
passed H2S gas
4. To a little of the O.S, solid No white gelatinous Group III (Al3+) absent
NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH is precipitate
added
5. To the above solution pass white precipitate Group IV (Zn2+) present
H2S gas Zn2++H2S-ZnS+2H+
Confirmatory test for Zinc:
1) To a little of the original White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ confirmed
solution add NaOH solution excess of NaOH Zn2++2NaOH Zn(OH)2+2Na+
dropwise
2) To a little of the original
Bluish white precipitate Presence of Zn2+ confirmed
solution add potassium
Zn2++[Fe(CN)6]3-Zn2[Fe(CN)6]
ferrocyanide solution
3) Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is Green coloured ash Presence of Zn2+
added. Dip a filter paper and burn
it to ash

Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion):
Acetate (CH3COO-)
Basic radical (cation) :
Zinc (Zn2+)