Gandhi

andNat
ional
Mov
ement
Gandhi
anTool
sandEar
lySt
ruggl
es
Gandhi
anI
deol
ogy

MohandasKar
amchandGandhi
(1869-
1948)
,her
einaf
terGandhi
j
i,was
undoubt
edl
ythemostaut
hent
icandcel
ebr
atedr
epr
esent
ati
veoft
he
wi
sdom andcul
tur
eofI
ndi
ainourt
imes.Hi
scount
rymenaddr
esshi
m,wi
th
r
espect
,ast
heMahat
ma.ForMany
,amongt
hegr
eat
est
,Gandhi
j
iwast
he
gr
eat
.Hewasasoci
alr
efor
mer
,aneconomi
st,
apol
i
tical
phi
l
osopheranda
seekeroft
rut
h.Weconsi
derhi
m asa'
yugapur
usha'
,onewhoi
naugur
ateda
newer
a.Thecont
ri
but
ionofMohandasKar
amchandGandhi
tot
heI
ndi
an
nat
ional
mov
ementwasun-
par
all
eled.Hemadet
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
essapeopl
es'
Congr
essandt
henat
ional
mov
ementamass
mov
ement
.Hemadepeopl
efear
lessandbol
dandt
aughtt
hem t
henon-
v
iol
entmet
hodf
orf
ight
ingagai
nsti
njust
ice.Hehadapassi
onf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
l
i
ber
tywhi
chwascl
osel
yboundwi
thhi
sunder
standi
ngoft
rut
hand
sel
freal
i
zat
ion.Hi
ssear
chf
ort
rut
hledhi
mtomakedeepf
oray
swi
thi
nIi
i
s
owni
nnersel
fasi
t

l
edhi
mtopr
obei
ntot
henat
ural
andsoci
alwor
ldar
oundhi
m,par
ti
cul
arl
y
t
het
radi
ti
onwhi
chheconsi
der
edhi
sown.Gandhi
’
sphi
l
osophywasa
pr
ofoundengagementwi
thmoder
nit
yandi
tspi
tf
all
s.Agai
nstt
heev
il
sof
wan.
toni
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ion,
mat
eri
ali
sm andsel
fi
shpur
sui
ts,
Gandhi
suggest
ed,
in,
tur
n,swadeshi
,pr
imacyoft
hesel
fandt
rust
eeshi
p;agai
nst
t
hei
nst
it
uti
onofst
ate,
ast
hef
orceper
soni
fi
ed,
andt
hepr
eval
entnot
ionof
democr
acywher
eonl
yheadsar
ecount
ed,
he-f
avor
edaswar
ajt
ypeof
democr
acywher
eev
ery
thi
ngspr
ingsf
rom t
hef
reei
ndi
vi
dual
andwher
e
deci
sionsar
emadebot
tom-
upwi
tht
hel
ocusofpowerbel
ow.Hepr
oposed
ami
nimal
slat
e,v
est
edonl
ywi
thcoor
dinat
ivepower
s,t
hatsuppor
ts
decent
ral
i
zat
ionwi
tht
heaut
onomousi
ndi
vi
dual
asi
tsbaseofsuppor
t.A
spi
ri
tual
per
spect
ivei
nfusesGandhi
j
i'
swhol
eappr
oacht
oli
fe.Thi
spol
i
tical
under
standi
ngandpr
act
ices,
suggest
ionsont
heeconomy
,soci
al
mobi
l
izat
ionandpr
act
ical
li
fehav
ethei
rbasi
sini
mmor
ali
tyandet
hics.
Pur
sui
tofTr
uthi
shi
smant
raandnon-
viol
encewasi
ntegr
alt
oit
.Among
Gandl
i
ij
i'
snot
abl
ewr
it
ings,
ment
ionmaybemadeofAnAut
obi
ogr
aphy
:
TheSt
ory
,of
'My,
Exper
iment
swi
thTr
uth;
TheCol
l
ect
edWor
ksof
Mahat
rnaGandhi
;Panchay
ati
Raj
;Sar
voday
aandHi
ndSwar
aj.Heedi
ted
YoungI
ndi
awhi
chhel
aterr
enamedasHar
ij
anwhi
chr
emai
nedhi
s
mout
hpi
ece.Gandhi
wasal
soi
nfl
uencedbymany
:Tol
stoy(
Gospel
sinBr
ief
;
Whatt
oDo,
TheKi
ngdomsofGodi
sWi
thi
nYou)
,Ruski
n(Unt
oThi
sLast
),
Thor
eau(
Civ
ilDi
sobedi
ence)
,Swami
Viv
ekananda,
Gokhal
eandTi
l
ak,
just
t
oment
ionaf
ew.Hewasf
ami
l
iarwi
tht
he

t
eachi
ngsoft
hemaj
orr
eli
gionsoft
hewor
ld.Hewasexcept
ional
l
ywel
l
-
r
eadandev
ent
ransl
atedsuchwor
ksasPl
ato'
sRepubl
i
cint
oGuj
arat
i.He
mai
ntai
nedext
ensi
vecor
respondencewi
thsomeoft
hemostout
standi
ng
f
igur
esofhi
sti
me.Ther
oleofMahat
maGandhi
inI
ndi
anFr
eedom St
ruggl
e
i
sconsi
der
edt
hemostsi
gni
fi
cantashesi
ngl
e-handedl
yspear
headedt
he
mov
ementf
orI
ndi
ani
ndependence.Thepeacef
ulandnon-
viol
ent
t
echni
quesofMahat
maGandhi
for
medt
hebasi
soff
reedom st
ruggl
e
agai
nstt
heBr
it
ishy
oke.MohandasKar
amchandGandhi
wasbor
non2nd
Oct
ober1869.Af
terhecamebackt
oIndi
afr
om Sout
hAf
ri
ca,
wher
ehe
wor
kedasabar
ri
ster
,Gopal
Kri
shnaGokhal
e,whol
edt
heCongr
esspar
ty,
i
ntr
oducedMahat
maGandhi
tot
heconcer
nsi
nIndi
aandt
hest
ruggl
eof
t
hepeopl
e.TheI
ndi
ani
ndependencemov
ementcamet
oaheadbet
ween
t
hey
ear
s1918and1922.
Aser
iesofnon-
viol
encecampai
gnsofCi
vi
l
Di
sobedi
enceMov
ementwer
elaunchedbyt
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
ess
undert
hel
eader
shi
pofMahat
maGandhi
.
Thef
ocuswast
oweakent
he
Br
it
ishgov
ernmentt
hroughnoncooper
ati
on.Thepr
otest
swer
emai
nly
agai
nstabol
i
tionofsal
ttax,
landr
evenue,
reduci
ngmi
l
itar
yexpenseset
c.
MohandasKar
amchandGandhi
was‘
amanofmi
l
lenni
um’
whoi
mpar
tst
he
l
essonoft
rut
h,Non-v
iol
enceandpeace.Thephi
l
osophyandi
deol
ogyi
s
r
elev
antst
il
ltoday
.Thephi
l
osophyofGandhi
wasbasedont
rut
h,sacr
if
ice,
non-v
iol
encesel
fl
essser
viceandcooper
ati
on.I
nmoder
nti
mes,
nonv
iol
ent
met
hodsofact
ionhav
ebeenapower
ful
tool
forsoci
alpr
otest
.Accor
ding
t
oGandhi
oneshoul
dbebr
aveandnotacowar
d.Heshoul
dpr
esenthi
s
v
iews,
suggest
ionsandt
hought
swi
thoutbei
ngv
iol
ent
.Oneshoul
dfi
ghta
warwi
tht
heweaponsoft
rut
handnonv
iol
ence.Gandhi
sai
dthat‘
Ther
eis
nogodhi
ghert
hant
rut
h’.Accor
dingt
oGandhi
’
sthought
snonv
iol
encei
s
ul
ti
mat
esol
uti
onofev
eryki
ndofpr
obl
em i
nthewor
ld.Gandhi
wassi
ngl
e
per
sonwhof
oughtagai
nstt
heBr
it
ishwi
tht
heweaponsoft
rut
handNon-
v
iol
encebyper
suadi
ngcount
ryment
owal
kont
hepat
hofnon-v
iol
ence.
Gandhi
leadi
ngadecades-
longnonv
iol
entst
ruggl
eagai
nstBr
it
ishr
ulei
n
I
ndi
a,whi
chev
ent
ual
l
yhel
pedI
ndi
a,wi
nsi
tsi
ndependencei
n1947.Byt
he
ef
for
tsofGandhi
Indi
abecamei
ndependent
.Gandhi
ini
ti
atednonv
iol
ence
act
ivi
ti
esl
i
keQui
tIndi
amov
ementandnon-
oper
ati
onmov
ement
.Gandhi
coul
dnev
erhav
edonewhathedi
dal
one,
butwi
thhi
sabi
l
ityt
oident
if
ya
seedher
e,aseedt
her
eandnur
tur
eit
,hewasabl
etocr
eat
eaf
orestof
humanchange.Heunder
stoodt
hati
twasnotenought
obeal
eader
,butt
o
cr
eat
eleader
s.I
nqui
tesi
mpl
eandcl
earwor
ds,
Gandhi
sm consi
stsoft
he
i
deas,
whi
chMahat
maGandhi
putf
ort
hbef
orehumanwor
ld.Al
ongwi
th
t
hat
,tot
hemaxi
mum possi
bleext
ent
,Mahat
maGandhi
treat
edhi
s
i
ndi
vi
dual
li
fei
naccor
dancewi
tht
hesei
deas.Cl
ear
ly;
Gandhi
sm i
sa
mi
xtur
eofGandhi
’
sconcept
sandpr
act
ices.Thebasi
cgr
oundshi
pof
Gandhi
sm happenst
obenon-
viol
ence.Thenon-
viol
encei
sthemost
anci
entet
ernal
val
ue.Thi
snon-
viol
encei
sthegr
oundofanci
ent
-most
ci
vi
li
zat
ionandcul
tur
eofI
ndi
a.Mahat
maGandhi
sai
dont
hisv
eryaccount
whi
l
emaki
nghi
sconcept
sandpr
act
icesbasedonnon-
viol
ence:
‘Ihav
e
not
hingnewt
oteachy
ou’
Trut
handnon-v
iol
encear
easol
dashi
l
l.Aswe
know,
non-
viol
enceandt
rut
har
etwosi
desoft
hesamecoi
n.Af
terknowi
ng
Gandhi
sm,
iti
simper
ati
vef
orust
oknowcl
ear
lyt
heconceptofnon-
v
iol
enceal
soasi
taccor
dst
hegr
oundf
orGandhi
sm.Gandhi
’
simpor
tance
i
nthepol
i
tical

wor
ldscenar
ioi
stwof
old.Fi
rst
,her
etr
iev
ednon-
viol
enceasapower
ful
pol
i
tical
tool
and
secondl
ymani
fest
ati
onofahi
gherspi
ri
tual
goal
,cul
minat
ioni
nwor
ld
peace.ForGandhi
,

meanswer
easi
mpor
tantast
heendandt
her
ecoul
dbeonl
yonemeans-
t
hatofnon-v
iol
ence.Asasi
tuat
ionopposi
tet
ovi
olencei
snon-
viol
ence,
we
canf
ir
mlyst
ate,
tot
al

nonv
iol
enceconsi
stsi
nnothur
ti
ngsomeot
herone’
sint
ell
ect
,speechor
act
ionperown

t
hought
,ut
ter
anceordeedsandnott
odepr
ivesomeoneofhi
sli
fe.
Mahat
maGandhi
ful
l
yagr
eeswi
thabov
e-ment
ionedder
ivat
ionofnon-
v
iol
ence.Hehi
msel
fhassai
d,Non-v
iol
encei
snotaconcr
etet
hingasi
t
hasgener
all
ybeenenunci
ated.Undoubt
edl
y,i
tisa

par
tofnon-
viol
encet
oabst
ainf
rom hur
ti
ngsomel
i
vingbei
ng,
buti
tisonl
y
ani
ota

per
tai
ningt
oit
sident
it
y.Thepr
inci
pleofnonv
iol
encei
sshat
ter
edbyev
ery
ev
ilt
hought
,

f
alseut
ter
ance,
hat
eorwi
shi
ngsomet
hingbadunt
osomeone.I
tisal
so
shat
ter
edper

possessi
onofnecessar
ywor
ldl
ythi
ngs.I
nthi
schai
nMahat
maGandhi
cl
ari
fi
edi
nan

edi
ti
onofYoungI
ndi
a:‘
Tohur
tsomeone,
tot
hinkofsomeev
ilunt
o
someoneort
osnat
chone’
sli
feunderangerorsel
fi
shness,
isv
iol
ence.I
n
cont
rast
,pur
estnon-
viol
encei
nvol
vesat
endencyandpr
esumi
ngt
owar
ds
spi
ri
tual
orphy
sical
benef
itunt
oev
eryonewi
thoutsel
fi
shnessandwi
th
pur
ethoughtaf
tercool
andcl
eardel
i
ber
ati
ons’
.Theul
ti
mat
eyar
dst
ickof
v
iol
enceornon-
viol
encei
sthespi
ri
tbehi
ndt
heact
ion.Ther
ear
emany
exampl
esoft
hei
rusel
i
ker
esi
stance,
non-
viol
entr
esi
stance,
andci
vi
l
r
evol
uti
on.

Mahat
maGandhi
hadt
ost
ruggl
einhi
swhol
eli
fe,
buthenev
er
di
sappoi
nted,
hecont
inuedhi
sinnat
efai
thi
nnon-
viol
enceandhi
sbel
i
efi
n
t
hemet
hodsofSat
yagr
aha.Thesi
gni
fi
canceofSat
yagr
ahawassoon
accept
edwor
ldwi
de.Mar
ti
nLut
herKi
ngadopt
edt
hemet
hodsof
Sat
yagr
ahai
nhi
sfi
ghtagai
nstt
her
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionoft
heAmer
ican
aut
hor
it
iesi
n1950.Gandhi
sm i
sver
ymuchcont
ext
ual
todayont
hisaccor
d.
I
tissi
gni
fi
cant
.Weshoul
dgr
aspi
mpor
tanceofGandhi
sm whi
l
eanal
yzi
ng
i
t.Pr
esent
lyabi
gpor
ti
onoft
hewor
ldhappenst
obeunderDemocr
ati
c
sy
stem ofGov
ernment
.

Theor
eti
cal
l
y,t
hissy
stem st
andsoutt
obet
hebestupt
onow.Thi
sisa
t
rut
h.I
tist
hebestbecausepeopl
ear
econnect
edwi
thi
tdi
rect
lyor
i
ndi
rect
lyatev
eryl
evel
.Notonl
ythi
s,i
tist
hisv
erysy
stem,
whi
chpr
ovi
des
maxi
mum oppor
tuni
ti
esofpubl
i
cpr
ogr
essand

dev
elopment
.Peopl
ecant
hemsel
vesdeci
dei
nthi
ssy
stem t
hemodeof
t
hei
rwel
far
e.

Howev
er,
event
houghbei
ngt
heor
eti
cal
l
ythebestsy
stem ofgov
ernment
,if
weper
uset
hedemocr
ati
cnat
ions,
wef
ir
stofal
lfi
ndt
hatt
her
eisnon-
equal
dev
elopmentoft
heci
ti
zens.Wesubsequent
lyf
indt
hatt
hesenat
ionsar
e
mor
eorl
essv
ict
imi
zedbyr
egi
onal
i
sm.Theyhav
epr
obl
em r
elat
ingt
o
l
anguage.Theyar
eundercl
utchesoft
err
ori
sm andcommunal
i
sm.Ther
eis
al
sot
hepr
obl
em ofnegat
ionofhumanr
ight
sint
hesenat
ions.
Ther
ear
e
ot
herv
ivi
dpr
obl
emsaki
ntoment
ionabov
eandpeacei
sfarawaysol
ong
ast
hesepr
obl
emsexi
st.Al
lci
ti
zensmusthav
eequal
dev
elopmentand
t
heyshoul
dhav
ecommunal
har
monyt
owar
dsmaki
ngal
lci
ti
zenscol
l
ect
ive
anduni
fi
edpar
tner
sinpr
ogr
ess.But
,inr
eal
i
ty,
iti
snotso.I
tisessent
ial
t
hatt
henat
ionsofdemocr
ati
csy
stem ofgov
ernmentshoul
dbef
reef
rom
abov
e-ment
ionedpr
obl
ems,
mustbecapabl
eofensur
ingequal
dev
elopmentoft
hei
ral
lci
ti
zensandt
heci
ti
zensconcer
nedmustmar
ch
f
orwar
donpat
hofpr
ogr
essi
nuni
fi
edwayal
ongwi
thr
ender
ing
cont
ri
but
iont
owor
ldpeace.Gandhi
demonst
rat
edt
oawor
ld,
wear
ywi
th
war
sandcont
inui
ngdest
ruct
iont
hatadher
encet
oTr
uthandNon-
viol
ence
i
snotmeantf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
sal
onebutcanbeappl
i
edi
ngl
obal
aff
air
stoo.
Gandhi
’
svi
sionf
ort
hecount
ryandhi
sdr
eamsf
ort
hecommuni
tyasa
whol
est
il
lhol
dgoodf
orI
ndi
a.Hegott
hecommuni
tyt
oabsor
bandr
efl
ect
t
ruev
aluesofhumani
tyandt
opar
ti
cipat
eint
askst
hatwoul
dpr
omot
ethe
gr
eat
ergood.Thesei
ssuesar
est
il
lrel
evantt
owhatf
reeI
ndi
aisand
r
epr
esent
s.Themai
ncauseofwor
ryt
odayi
sint
oler
anceandhat
red
l
eadi
ngt
ovi
olenceandi
tisher
ethev
aluesofGandhi
needt
obeadher
ed
t
owi
thmor
epassi
on.

SATYAGRAHAANDAHl
MSA

Tr
uthorSat
ya,
forGandhi
j
i,i
sGodhi
msel
f.Het
her
efor
echangedt
he
st
atement
,

"
Godi
sTr
uth"
,lat
eri
nhi
sli
fei
nto,
"Tr
uthi
sGod"andsuggest
edt
hati
twas
oneoft
he

f
undament
aldi
scov
eri
esofhi
sli
fe'
sexper
iment
s.I
tisTr
uth,
lzesay
s,t
hat
exi
sts;
what

doesnotexi
sti
sunt
rut
h.Thel
i
feofman,
forGandhi
j
i,i
samar
c11ofhi
s
pur
sui
tinsear
chofTr
uthorGod.Accor
dingt
oGandhi
j
i,t
rut
hiswhatt
he
i
nnersel
fexper
iencesatanypoi
ntoft
ime;
it'
i
sananswert
oone'
s
consci
ence;
iti
swhatr
espondst
oone'
smor
alsel
f.Hewasconv
incedt
hat
knowl
edgeal
one"l
eadsaper
sont
othet
rut
hwhi
l
eignor
ancet
akesone
awayf
rom t
het
rut
h.Sat
yagr
ahameansur
gef
orSat
ya,
ort
rut
h.Sat
yagr
aha
i
snotmer
elyt
hei
nsi
stenceont
rut
h;i
tis,
inf
act
,hol
dingont
otr
utht
hrough
way
swhi
char
e

mor
alandnon-
viol
ent
;iti
snott
hei
mposi
ti
onofone'
swi
l
lov
erot
her
s,buti
t
i
sappeal
i
ng

t
other
easoni
ngoft
heopponent
;iti
snotcoer
cionbuti
sper
suasi
on.
Gandhi
j
ihi
ghl
i
ght
s

sev
eral
att
ri
but
esofsat
yagr
aha.I
tisamor
alweaponanddoesnot
ent
ert
aini
l
l-f
eel
i
ng

t
owar
dst
headv
ersar
y;i
tisanon-
viol
entdev
iceandcal
l
suponi
tsusert
o
l
ovehi
senemy
;

i
tdoesnotweakent
heopponentbutst
rengt
henshi
m mor
all
y;i
tisa
weaponoft
hebr
ave

andi
sconst
ruct
ivei
nit
sappr
oach.ForGandhi
j
i,aSat
yagr
ahi
isal
way
s
t
rut
hful
,mor
all
y

i
mbued,
non-
viol
entandaper
sonwi
thoutanymal
i
ce;
hei
sonewhoi
s
dev
otedt
othe

ser
viceofal
l
.Tr
uth,
hef
ir
mlybel
i
eved,
canbeat
tai
nedonl
ythr
oughnon-
v
iol
encewhi
ch

wasnotnegat
ive,
meani
ngabsenceofv
iol
ence,
butwasposi
ti
vel
ydef
ined
byhi
m asl
ove.

Resor
ttononv
iol
encei
srecour
set
olov
e.I
nit
sposi
ti
vesense,
non-
viol
ence
meansl
ove

f
orot
her
s;i
nit
snegat
ivesense,
itseeksnoi
njur
ytoot
her
s,bot
hinwor
ds
aswel
las

deeds.Gandhi
j
ital
kedofnon-
viol
enceofdi
ff
erentpeopl
e.Ther
eist
henon-
v
iol
enceof

t
hebr
ave:
onehast
hef
orcebuthedoesnotusei
tasapr
inci
ple;
ther
eis
t
henon-
viol
enceoft
heweak:
onedoesnothav
efai
thi
nnon-
viol
ence,
but
heusesi
tforat
tai
ninghi
sobj
ect
ives;
ther
eist
henonv
iol
enceoft
he
cowar
d:i
tisnotnon-
viol
ence,
buti
mpot
ency
,mor
ehar
mful
thanv
iol
ence.
ForGandhi
j
i,v
iol
encewasabet
teropt
iont
hancowar
dice.
Thr
oughnon-
v
iol
enceoneappeal
tot
het
rut
hthatnest
lesi
npeopl
eandmakest
hel
att
er
r
eal
i
zei
tint
hemsel
ves,
comear
ound,
andj
oinhandsi
nthecommonmar
ch
t
otr
uthal
ongwi
tht
hosewhom t
heyear
li
erconsi
der
edast
hei
radv
ersar
ies.
Gi
vent
heenmeshi
ngofmeansandends,
Gandhi
j
i,of
tensawLov
e,Tr
uth,
GodandNon-
viol
enceasi
nter
changeabl
eter
ms.Tr
uthorGodorSel
f-
r
eal
i
zat
ionbei
ngman'
sul
ti
mat
egoal
inl
i
fe,
thi
sgoal
canbeat
tai
nedonl
y
t
hroughnon-
viol
enceorahi
msa

Champar
an

Champar
ani
ntheTi
rhutdi
vi
sionofNor
thBi
harhadbeenseet
hingwi
th
agr
ari
an

di
scont
entf
orsomet
ime.Eur
opeanpl
ant
ershadest
abl
i
shedi
ndi
gof
arms
andf
act
ori
esi
nChampar
anatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
he19t
hcent
ury
.By1916-
17,
alar
gepar
tofChampar
anwashel
dbyt
hreepr
opr
iet
ors,
theBet
ti
ah,
Ram NagarandMadhubanest
ates.Bet
ti
ahwast
hel
argestest
ate
consi
sti
ngofov
eroneandhal
fthousandv
il
lages.Mostoft
hesev
il
lages
wer
enotmanagedbyl
andl
ordsbutwer
eleasedt
othi
kadar
sort
empor
ary
t
enur
ehol
der
s,ofwhom t
hemosti
nfl
uent
ial
groupwasEur
opeani
ndi
go
pl
ant
ers.Thebasi
cissueoft
het
roubl
ewast
hesy
stem ofi
ndi
rect
cul
ti
vat
ionwher
ebypeasant
sleasedl
andf
rom pl
ant
ers,
bindi
ng
t
hemsel
vest
ogr
owi
ndi
goeachy
earonspeci
fi
edl
andi
nret
urnf
oran
adv
anceatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hecul
ti
vat
ionseason.I
ndi
gowascul
ti
vat
ed
undert
hesy
stem cal
l
edTi
nkat
hiabywhi
chat
enanthadt
ocul
ti
vat
eindi
go
att
hree-
twent
iet
hsofhi
shol
dings,
whi
chgener
all
yconst
it
utedt
hebest
por
ti
onoft
hel
andal
thoughsomesl
i
ghtmodi
fi
cat
ionwer
emadei
n
Ti
nkat
iyasy
stem i
n1908i
tdi
dnotbr
inganymat
eri
alchangei
nthe
degr
adi
ngcondi
ti
onsoft
het
enant
s.Pl
ant
ersal
way
sfor
cedt
hem t
osel
l
t
hei
rcr
opf
oraf
ixedandusual
l
yuneconomi
cpr
ice.Att
hist
imet
he
demandofI
ndi
ani
ndi
goi
nthewor
ldmar
ketwasdecl
i
ningduet
othe
i
ncr
easi
ngpr
oduct
ionofsy
nthet
ici
ndi
goi
nGer
many
.Mostpl
ant
ersat
Champar
anr
eal
i
sedt
hati
ndi
gocul
ti
vat
ionwasnol
ongera
pay
ingpr
oposi
ti
on.Thepl
ant
erst
ri
edt
osav
ethei
rownposi
ti
onbyf
aci
ng
t
het
enant
stobeart
hebur
denoft
hei
rlosses.Theyof
fer
edt
orel
easet
he
t
enant
sfr
om gr
owi
ngi
ndi
go(
whi
chwasabasi
ccondi
ti
oni
nthei
r
agr
eementwi
thpl
ant
ers)i
fthel
att
erpai
dcompensat
ionor
damages.Apar
t
f
rom t
his,
thepl
ant
ersheav
il
yinf
lat
edt
her
ent
sandi
mposedmanyi
l
legal
l
evi
esont
het
enant
s.Gandhi
tooknoi
nter
esti
nthecaseofi
ndi
go
cul
ti
vat
orsofChampar
anwhent
hisquest
ionwasdi
scussedatt
he
Lucknowsessi
onoft
heCongr
essi
n1916ont
hegr
oundt
hatheknew
not
hingaboutt
hemat
ter
.ButRaj
KumarShukul
apeasantf
rom
Champar
an,
aft
erst
renuousef
for
tspr
evai
l
eduponGandhi
tov
isi
t
Champar
an.Gandhi
arr
ivedi
nBi
harandst
art
edmaki
ngi
nvest
igat
ionsi
n
per
son.Whenher
eachedMot
ihar
i,t
heheadquar
ter
soft
hedi
str
ictof
Champar
an,
hewasser
vedwi
thanor
dert
oqui
tChampar
anashewas
r
egar
dedadangert
othepubl
i
cpace.Gandhi
deci
dedt
odi
sobeyt
heor
der
'
outofasenseofpubl
i
cresponsi
bil
i
ty.Hewasi
mmedi
atel
yar
rest
edand
t
ri
edi
nthedi
str
ictcour
t.Butt
heBi
hargov
ernmentor
der
edt
he
Cammi
ssi
onerandDi
str
ictMagi
str
atet
oabandonpr
oceedi
ngsandgr
ant
t
oGandhi
thef
aci
l
iti
esf
ori
nvest
igat
ion.
.Gandhi
waswar
nednott
ost
irup
t
roubl
e,buthewasf
reet
ocont
inuehi
sinv
est
igat
ionsi
ntot
hecul
ti
vat
or’
s
gr
iev
ances.TheGov
ernmentappoi
ntedChampar
anAgr
ari
anCommi
tt
ee
wi
thGandhi
asoneofi
tsmember
s.Thecommi
tt
eeunani
mousl
y
r
ecommendedt
heabol
i
tionofTi
nkat
hiasy
stem andmanyi
l
legal
exact
ions
underwhi
cht
het
enant
sgr
oaned.Theenhancedr
ent
swer
ereduced,
and
asf
ort
hei
l
legal
recov
eri
es,
thecommi
tt
eer
ecommended25%r
efund.The
maj
orr
ecommendat
ionsoft
heCommi
tt
eewer
eincl
udedi
nthe
Champar
anAgr
ari
anActof1917I
nthi
sagi
tat
ion,
thechi
efsuppor
ter
sof
Gandhi
camef
rom t
heeducat
edmi
ddl
ecl
ass.Fori
nst
ance,
Raj
endr
a
Pr
asad,
Gor
akhPr
asad,
Kir
pal
ani
andsomeot
hereducat
edper
sonsf
rom
t
heci
ti
eswor
kedashi
scl
oseassoci
ates.Local
Mahaj
anst
rader
sand
v
il
lageMukht
ars(
att
orney
s)l
sohel
pedhi
m.Buti
twast
hepeasant
rywhi
ch
gav
ehi
mther
eal
massi
vesuppor
t.Andheappr
oachedt
hem i
namost
si
mpl
eandunassumi
ngmanner
.Int
hecount
rysi
de,
heof
tenwal
kedon
f
ootort
rav
ell
edi
nabul
l
ockcar
t.Hecamewher
eor
dinar
ypeopl
eli
vedand
t
alkedi
nthel
anguaget
heyunder
stood.

AhmadabadMi
l
lSt
ri
ke

Gandhi
organi
sedt
het
hir
dcampai
gni
nAhmedabadwher
ehei
nter
venedi
n
a

di
sput
ebet
weent
hemi
l
lowner
sandwor
ker
s.Ahmedabadwasbecomi
ng
t
hel
eadi
ng

i
ndust
ri
alt
owni
nGuj
arat
.Butt
hemi
l
lowner
sof
tenf
acedscar
cit
yofl
abour
andt
heyhad

t
opayhi
ghwagest
oat
tractenoughmi
l
lhands.I
n1917pl
agueout
break
madel
abour

shor
tagemor
eacut
ebecausei
tdr
ovemanywor
ker
sawayf
rom
Ahmedabadt
othe
count
rysi
de.Todi
ssuadet
hewor
ker
sfr
om l
eav
ingt
het
own,
themi
l
l
owner
sdeci
dedt
o

pay'
PlagueBonus'
whi
chwassomet
imesashi
ghas75%oft
henor
mal
wagesoft
he

wor
ker
s.Af
tert
heepi
demi
cwasov
er,
themi
l
lowner
sdeci
dedt
o
di
scont
inuet
hePl
ague

Bonus.Butt
hewor
ker
sopposedt
heempl
oyer
smov
eandar
guedt
hati
t
washel
pingt
hem t
oof
fsett
hewart
imer
isei
nthecostofl
i
ving.Themi
l
l
owner
swer
epr
epar
edt
ogi
ve20%i
ncr
easebutt
hewor
ker
swer
e
demandi
nga50%r
aisei
nthewagesi
nvi
ewoft
hepr
icehi
ke.Gandhi
was
kepti
nfor
medaboutt
hewor
kingcondi
ti
onsi
nAhmedabadmi
l
lsbyoneof
t
heMahat
maGandhi
’
ssecr
etar
iesoft
heGuj
aratSabha.Gandhi
knew
Ambal
alSar
abhai
,ami
l
lowner
,ast
hel
att
erhadf
inanci
all
yhel
pedGandhi
'
s
Ashr
am.Mor
eov
er,
Ambal
al'
ssi
ster
.Anasuy
aSar
abhai
hadr
ever
encef
or
Gandhi
.Gandhi
discussedt
hewor
ker
spr
obl
emswi
thAmbal
alSar
abhai
anddeci
dedt
oint
erv
enei
nthedi
sput
e.Bot
hwor
ker
sandmi
l
lowner
s
agr
eedt
oref
ert
hei
ssuet
oaboar
dofar
bit
rat
ionconsi
sti
ngoft
hree
r
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
heempl
oyer
sandt
hreeoft
hewor
ker
swi
tht
heBr
it
ish
Col
l
ect
orasChai
rman.Gandhi
wasi
ncl
udedi
ntheboar
dasr
epr
esent
ing
t
hewor
ker
s.But
,suddenl
ythemi
l
lowner
sdeci
dedt
owi
thdr
awf
rom t
he
boar
dont
hegr
oundt
hatGandhi
hadnor
eal
aut
hor
it
yormandat
efr
om t
he
wor
ker
s,andt
hatt
her
ewasnoguar
ant
eet
hatwor
ker
swoul
dacceptt
he
ar
bit
rat
ionawar
d.Theydecl
aredt
hel
ockoutoft
heMi
l
lsf
rom 22Febr
uar
y
1918.I
nsuchasi
tuat
ion,
Gandhi
deci
dedt
ost
udyt
hewhol
esi
tuat
ioni
n
det
ail
.Hewentt
hroughamassofdat
aconcer
ningt
hef
inanci
alst
ateoft
he
mi
l
lsandcompar
edt
hei
rwager
ateswi
tht
hoseofBombay
-Fi
nal
l
yhecame
t
otheconcl
usi
ont
hatt
hewor
ker
sshoul
ddemand35%'
i
nst
eadof50%
i
ncr
easei
nthei
rwages.Gandhi
begant
heSat
yagr
ahamov
ementagai
nst
t
hemi
l
lowner
s.Thewor
ker
swer
easkedt
otakeapl
edgest
ati
ngt
hatt
hey
woul
dnotr
esumewor
kwi
thout35%i
ncr
easeandt
hatt
heywoul
dremai
n
l
awabi
dingdur
ingt
hel
ockout
.Gandhi
,assi
stedbyAnasuy
aSar
abhai
or
gani
seddai
l
ymassmeet
ingsofwor
ker
s,i
nwhi
chhedel
i
ver
edl
ect
ures
andi
ssuedaser
iesofl
eaf
let
sont
hesi
tuat
ion.Themi
l
lowner
sendedt
he
l
ockouton12Mar
chandannouncedt
hatt
heywoul
dtakebackt
hewor
ker
s
whower
ewi
l
li
ngt
oaccept208i
ncr
eases.Ont
heot
herhand,
Gandhi
announcedon15Mar
cht
hathewoul
dunder
takeaf
astunt
ilaset
tl
ement
wasr
eached.Gandhi
'
sobj
ectwast
oral
l
yhewor
ker
swhower
ethi
nki
ngof
j
oini
ngt
hemi
l
lsdespi
tet
hei
rpl
edge.Thef
astcr
eat
edt
remendous
exci
tementi
nAhmedabadandt
hemi
l
lowner
swer
ecompel
l
edt
onegot
iat
e.
Aset
tl
ementwasr
eachedon18Mar
ch.Accor
dingt
othi
sagr
eement
,the
wor
ker
sont
hei
rfi
rstdaywoul
drecei
ve35%r
aise,
inkeepi
ngwi
tht
hei
r
pl
edge.Ont
hesecondday
,theywoul
dget20%i
ncr
ease,
off
eredbyt
hemi
l
l
owner
s.Fr
om t
het
hir
ddayunt
ilt
hedat
eofanawar
dbyanar
bit
rat
or,
they
woul
dspl
i
tthedi
ff
erenceandr
ecei
ve27'
12%i
ncr
eases.Fi
nal
l
ythe
ar
bit
rat
or'
sawar
dwenti
nfav
oroft
he'
wor
ker
sand35%r
aisewasgi
vent
o
t
hem.

Kheda

Gandhi
'
ssecondi
nter
vent
ionwasf
ort
hepeasant
sofKhedai
nGuj
arat
wher
ehi
s

met
hodofSat
yagr
ahacameunderasev
eret
est
.6ostofKhedawasa
f
ert
il
etr
actandt
hecr
opoff
oodgr
ains,
tobaccoandcot
tonpr
oducedher
e
hadaconv
eni
entandsi
zeabl
e

mar
keti
nAhmedabad.Ther
ewer
emanyr
ichpeasantpr
opr
iet
orscal
l
ed
Pat
idar
sorf
rom

t
heKunbi
cast
e.Besi
des,
alar
genumberofsmal
lpeasant
sandl
andl
ess
l
abour
ersal
so

l
i
vedi
nthi
sregi
on.I
n1917excessi
ver
ainconsi
der
abl
ydamagedt
heKhar
if
cr
opi
nKheda.Thi
scoi
nci
dedwi
thani
ncr
easei
nthepr
iceofker
osi
ne,
iron,
cl
othandsal
tbecauseofwhi
cht
hecostofl
i
vingf
ort
hepeasant
rywentup.
I
nvi
ewoft
hepoorhar
vest
,thepeasant
sdemandedt
her
emi
ssi
onofl
and
r
evenue.The'
rev
enuecode'
prov
idedf
orat
otal
remi
ssi
oni
fthecr
opswer
e
l
esst
hant
went
yfi
vepercentoft
henor
mal
product
ion.TwoBombay
bar
ri
ster
s,V.
J.Pat
e1andG.
K.Par
akhmadet
heenqui
ri
esandr
eachedt
he
concl
usi
ont
hatamaj
orpor
ti
onoft
hecr
opwasdamaged.Butt
he
gov
ernmentdi
dnotagr
eewi
tht
hei
rfi
ndi
ngs.Af
terenqui
ryi
ntot
hest
ateof
t
hecr
opi
nKhedat
heCol
l
ect
ordeci
dedt
hatt
her
ewasnoj
ust
if
icat
ionf
or
t
her
emi
ssi
onofl
andr
evenue.Theof
fi
cial
cont
ent
ionwast
hatt
he
agi
tat
ionwasnotaspont
aneousexpr
essi
onoft
hepeasantdi
scont
entbut
wasst
art
edby'
out
sider
s'ormember
soft
heHomeRul
eLeagueand
Guj
aratSabhaofwhi
chGandhi
wast
hepr
esi
dentatt
hatt
ime.Thet
rut
h
wast
hati
nit
iat
ivef
ort
heagi
tat
ionagai
nstpay
mentofr
evenuecame
nei
therf
rom Gandhi
norf
rom t
heot
herAhmedabadpol
i
tici
ans;
itwas
r
aisedbyl
ocal
vil
l
agel
eader
sli
keMohanl
alPandy
aofKapadv
anj
tal
ukai
n
Kheda.
Gandhi
mai
ntai
nedt
hatt
heof
fi
cial
shadov
er-
val
uedt
hecr
opsand
t
hecul
ti
vat
orswer
eent
it
ledt
oasuspensi
onofr
evenueasal
egal
rightand
notasaconcessi
onbygr
ace.Af
teral
otofhesi
tat
ionhedeci
dedt
olaunch
aSat
yagr
ahamov
ementon22Mar
ch1918.Hei
naugur
atedt
heSat
yagr
aha
atameet
ingi
nNadi
ad,
andur
gedt
hepeasant
snott
opayt
hei
rland
r
evenue.Het
our
edv
il
lagesandgav
emor
alsuppor
ttot
hepeasant
sin
r
efusi
ngt
opayr
evenue,
andt
oexpel
thei
rfearoft
hegov
ernmentaut
hor
it
y
Gandhi
wasal
soassi
stedi
nthi
sst
ruggl
ebyI
ndul
alYaj
nik.Val
l
abhbhai
Pat
eandAnasuy
aSar
abhai
.TheSat
yagr
ahar
eachedati
tspeakby21Apr
il
when2,
337peasant
spl
edgednott
opayr
evenue.Mostoft
hePat
idar
s
t
ookpar
tint
hisSat
yagr
aha.Somepoor
erpeasant
swer
ecoer
cedbyt
he
gov
ernmenti
ntopay
ingt
her
evenue.Mor
eov
er,
agoodRabi
crophad
weakenedt
hecasef
orr
emi
ssi
on.Gandhi
begant
oreal
i
set
hatpeasant
ry
wasont
hev
ergeofexhaust
ion.Hedeci
dedt
ocal
lof
ftheagi
tat
ionwhen
t
hegov
ernmenti
ssuedi
nst
ruct
ionst
hatl
andr
evenueshoul
dber
ecov
ered
f
rom onl
ythosewhohadt
hecapaci
tyt
opayandnopr
essur
eshoul
dbe
exer
tedont
hegenui
nel
ypoorpeasant
s.Thi
sagi
tat
iondi
dnothav
ea
uni
for
m ef
fectont
hear
ea.Onl
y70v
il
lagesoutof559i
nKhedawer
e
act
ual
l
yinv
olv
edi
nitandi
twascal
l
edof
faf
terat
okenconcessi
on.But
t
hisagi
tat
ioncer
tai
nlyhel
pedGandhi
inbr
oadeni
nghi
ssoci
albasei
nthe
r
ural
Guj
arat

Rowl
attAct

Dur
ingt
hey
ear
s1917and1918Gandhi
tookl
i
ttl
eint
eresti
nal
ll
ndi
aissues.
Hepr
otest
edagai
nsti
nter
nmentofAnni
eBesant
,andal
sodemandedt
he
r
eleaseofAl
ibr
other
s(MahomedAl
iandShaukatAl
i
)whower
eact
ivel
y
associ
atedwi
tht
heKhi
l
afati
ssue.Theywer
epol
i
tical
leader
soft
het
ime;
Gandhi
didnott
akeact
ivei
nter
esti
ntheRef
orm pr
oposal
s.Buti
twast
he
Br
it
ishdeci
siont
opass'
Rowl
attAct
'whi
chf
orcedhi
mtopl
ungent
o
nat
ional
pol
i
ticsi
naf
orcef
ulmannerI
n1917t
heGov
ernmentofl
ndi
ahad
appoi
ntedacommi
tt
eeundert
hechai
rmanshi
pofJust
iceSy
dneyRowl
att
t
oinv
est
igat
e“r
evol
uti
onar
ycr
ime"i
nthecount
ryandt
orecommend
l
egi
slat
ionf
ori
tssuppr
essi
on.Af
terar
evi
ewoft
hesi
tuat
ion,
theRowl
att
commi
tt
eepr
oposedaser
iesofchangei
nthemachi
ner
yofl
awt
oenabl
e
t
he3r
it
ishgov
ernmentt
odeal
eff
ect
ivel
ywi
tht
her
evol
uti
onar
yact
ivi
ti
es.I
n
t
hel
i
ghtoft
heser
ecommendat
ionst
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
adr
aft
edt
wo
bi
l
lsandpr
esent
edt
hem t
otheI
mper
ial
Legi
slat
iveCounci
lon6Febr
uar
y
1919.Thegov
ernmentmai
ntai
nedt
hatt
hebi
l
lswer
e't
empor
arymeasur
es'
whi
chai
medatpr
event
ing'
sedi
ti
ouscr
imes'
.Thenewbi
l
lsat
tempt
edt
o
makewar
-t
imer
est
ri
cti
onsper
manent
.Theypr
ovi
dedt
ri
alofof
fencesbya
speci
alcour
tconsi
sti
ngoft
hreehi
ghcour
tjudges.Ther
ewasnopr
ovi
si
on
ofappeal
agai
nstt
hedeci
sionoft
hiscour
twhi
chcoul
dmeeti
ncamer
a
andt
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
onev
idencenotadmi
ssi
bleundert
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceAct
.Thebi
l
lal
sopr
oposedt
ogi
veaut
hor
it
ytot
hegov
ernmentt
o
sear
chapl
aceandar
restaper
sonwi
thoutawar
rant
.Det
ent
ionwi
thouta
t
ri
alf
ormaxi
mum per
iodoft
woy
ear
swasal
sopr
ovi
dedi
nthebi
l
ls.
The
bi
l
lswer
eregar
dedbynat
ional
i
stl
eader
sasanef
for
ttoconci
l
iat
ea
sect
ionofof
fi
cial
andnon-
off
ici
alwhi
teopi
nionwhi
chhadr
esent
ed
Mont
agu'
sRef
orm pr
oposal
s.
Har
tal

Ther
ewaswi
despr
eadcondemnat
ionoft
hebi
l
lsi
nthewhol
ecount
ry.
Gandhi
also

l
aunchedhi
scampai
gnagai
nstt
hebi
l
ls.Hesai
dthatt
hepr
oposedpower
s
wer
eoutofal
lpr
opor
ti
ont
othedanger
,par
ti
cul
arl
ywhent
heVi
cer
oy
possessedemer
gencypower
sofl
egi
slat
ionbyor
dinance.Heal
sost
ated
t
hatt
heywer
einst
rument
sofdi
str
ustand

r
epr
essi
on,
'nul
l
ify
ingt
hepr
oposedr
efor
ms.Mor
eov
er,
heopposednotj
ust
t
hecont
entoft
hebi
l
ls,
butal
sot
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
heywer
efoi
stedi
n
t
hecount
rywi
thoutr
egar
dtopubl
i
copi
nion.Hef
ormedaSat
yagr
aha
Sabhaon24t
hFebr
uar
y1919i
nBombayt
o

pr
otestagai
nstt
heRowl
attBi
l
ls.I
tsmember
ssi
gnedapl
edget
opr
ocl
aim
t
hei
r

det
ermi
nat
ion"
tor
efuseci
vi
ll
ytoobeyt
hesel
aws(
i.
e.,
theRowl
attBi
l
ls)
andsuchot
her

l
awsasacommi
tt
eehi
ther
toappoi
ntedmayt
hinkf
itandwe(
member
s)
f
urt
heraf
fi
rmt
hati
nthi
sst
ruggl
ewewi
l
lfai
thf
ull
yfol
l
owt
rut
handr
efr
ain
f
rom v
iol
encet
oli
fe,
per
sonorpr
oper
ty.
"Whi
l
elaunchi
ngt
heSat
yagr
aha
agi
tat
ionagai
nstt
heRowl
attbi
l
lsGandhi
sai
d:"
Iti
smyf
ir
m bel
i
eft
hatwe
shal
lobt
ainsal
vat
iononl
ythr
oughsuf
fer
ingandnotby

r
efor
msdr
oppi
ngonusf
rom t
heEngl
i
sh–t
heyusebr
utef
orce,
wesoul
f
orce.
"
Despi
test
rongopposi
ti
oni
nthewhol
ecount
ryt
hegov
ernmentr
emai
ned
f
ir
m.The

Counci
lpassedoneoft
hebi
l
ls,
thoughal
lthenon-
off
ici
almember
svot
ed
agai
nsti
t.The

Vi
cer
oygav
eassentt
othebi
l
lonMar
ch21,
1919.Agr
oupofl
i
ber
alsl
i
ke
Si
rD.
E.

Wacha,
Sur
endr
anat
hBaner
jee,
T.B.Sapr
uandSr
ini
vasSast
riopposed
Gandhi
'
smov
eof

st
art
ingSat
yagr
aha.Thei
rreasonf
oropposi
ngt
heSat
yagr
ahawast
hati
t
woul
dhamper

t
heRef
orms.Someoft
hem al
sof
eltt
hatt
heor
dinar
yci
ti
zenwoul
dfi
ndi
t
di
ff
icul
tto

ci
vi
ll
ydi
sobeyt
heAct
.Anni
eBesantal
socondemnedt
heSat
yagr
ahaon
t
hegr
oundst
hat

t
her
ewasnot
hingi
ntheActt
oresi
stci
vi
ll
y,andt
hatt
obr
eakl
awsatt
he
di
ctat
eofot
her
swas'
exceedi
ngl
ydanger
ous.Butt
hey
oungerandr
adi
cal
el
ement
sofAnni
eBesant
'sHomeRul
eLeaguesuppor
tedGandhi
:They
f
ormedt
hemai
ncadr
eofSat
yagr
ahamov
ementi
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
he
count
ry.I
nor
gani
zi
ngt
hisSat
yagr
aha,
Gandhi
wasal
soassi
stedbycer
tai
n
Pan-I
slami
cLeader
s,par
ti
cul
arl
yAbdul
Bar
iofFi
rangi
Ulemagr
oupat
Lucknow,
andsomer
adi
cal
member
soft
heMusl
i
m League.M.
A.Ji
nnzh
al
soopposedt
heRowl
attBi
l
lvehement
lyandwar
nedt
heGov
ernmentof
t
hedanger
ousconsequencesi
fthegov
ernmentper
sist
edi
ncl
ampi
ngon
t
hepeopl
eofI
ndi
athe"
lawl
essl
aw"
.Gandhi
inaugur
atedhi
sSat
yagr
ahaby
cal
l
ingupont
hecount
ryment
oobser
veadayof'
har
tal
'whenbusi
ness
shoul
dbesuspendedandpeopl
eshoul
dfastandpr
ayasapr
otestagai
nst
t
heRowl
attAct
.Thedat
efort
he'
har
tal
'wasf
ixedf
or30t
hMar
chbuti
twas
changedt
oApr
il6t
h.Thesuccessofhar
tal
var
iedconsi
der
abl
ybet
ween
r
egi
onsandbet
weent
ownsandt
hecount
rysi
de.I
nDel
hiahar
tal
was
obser
vedon30t
hMar
chandt
enpeopl
ewer
eki
l
ledi
npol
i
cef
ir
ing.Al
most
i
nal
lmaj
ort
ownsoft
hecount
ry,
thehar
tal
wasobser
vedont
he6t
hApr
il
andt
hepeopl
erespondedent
husi
ast
ical
l
y.Gandhi
descr
ibedt
hehar
taIa
'
magni
fi
centsuccess.Gandhi
int
ensi
fi
edt
heagi
tat
ionon7t
hApr
ilby
adv
isi
ngt
hesat
yagr
ahi
stodi
sobeyt
hel
awsdeal
i
ngwi
thpr
ohi
bit
ed
l
i
ter
atur
eandt
her
egi
str
ati
onofnewspaper
s.Thesepar
ti
cul
arl
awswer
e
sel
ect
edbecausedi
sobedi
encewaspossi
blef
orani
ndi
vi
dual
wit
hout
l
eadi
ngt
ovi
olence.Fourbooksi
ncl
udi
ngHi
ndSwar
ajofGandhi
,whi
ch
wer
epr
ohi
bit
edbyBombayGov
ernmenti
n1910wer
echosenf
orsal
easan
act
ionofdef
ianceagai
nstt
hegov
ernment
.Gandhi
lef
tBombayont
he8t
h
t
opr
omot
etheSat
yagr
ahaagi
tat
ioni
nDel
hiandPunj
ab.But
,ashi
sent
ryi
n
Punj
abwasconsi
der
eddanger
ousbyt
hegov
ernment
,so

Gandhi
wasr
emov
edf
rom t
het
rai
ninwhi
chhewast
rav
ell
i
ngatPal
wal
nearDel
hiand

wast
akenbackt
oBombay
.ThenewsofGandhi
'
sar
restpr
eci
pit
atedt
he
cr
isi
s.The

si
tuat
ionbecamet
ensei
nBombayandv
iol
encebr
okeouti
nAhmedabad
andVi
rangam.

I
nAhmedabadt
hegov
ernmentenf
orcedmar
ti
all
aw.ThePunj
abr
egi
onas
awhol
eandAmr
it
sar
,inpar
ti
cul
ar,
wit
nessedt
hewor
stscenesofv
iol
ence.
I
nAmr
it
sar
,thenewsofGandhi
'
sar
restcoi
nci
dedwi
tht
hear
restoft
wo
l
ocal
leader
sDr
.Ki
tchl
ewandDr
.Sat
yapal
onl
othApr
il
.Thi
sledt
omob
v
iol
enceandgov
ernmentbui
l
dingswer
esetonf
ir
e,f
iveEngl
i
shmenwer
e
mur
der
ed,
andawoman,
assaul
ted.Theci
vi
laut
hor
it
ylosti
tscont
rol
oft
he
ci
ty.On13t
hApr
il
,Gener
alDy
eror
der
edhi
str
oopst
ofi
reonapeacef
ul
unar
medcr
owdassembl
edatJal
l
ianwal
aBagh.Mostoft
hepeopl
ewer
e
notawar
eoft
hebanonmeet
ings,
andt
heywer
eshotwi
thoutt
hesl
i
ght
est
war
ningbyGener
alDy
erwhol
ateronsai
dthati
twasnol
ongeraquest
ion
ofmer
elydi
sper
singt
hecr
owd,
butoneof'
produci
ngamor
alef
fect
.'

TheJal
l
ianwal
aBagh

TheJal
l
ianwal
aBaghmassacr
e,al
soknownast
heAmr
it
sarmassacr
e,
wasasemi
nal

ev
enti
ntheBr
it
ishr
uleofI
ndi
a.On13Apr
il1919,
acr
owdofnonv
iol
ent
pr
otest
ers,

al
ongwi
thBai
shakhi
pil
gri
ms,
hadgat
her
edi
ntheJal
l
ianwal
aBaghgar
den
i
n

Amr
it
sar
,Punj
abt
opr
otestagai
nstt
hear
restoft
hreeFr
eedom Fi
ght
ers,
Dr.
Sat
yapal
,Dr
.

Sai
fuddi
nKi
tchl
ewandMahat
maGandhi
,despi
teacur
fewwhi
chhadbeen
r
ecent
ly

decl
ared.Ont
heor
der
sofBr
igadi
er-
Gener
alRegi
nal
dDy
er,
thear
myf
ir
ed
ont
hecr
owd

f
ort
enmi
nut
es,
dir
ect
ingt
hei
rbul
l
etsl
argel
ytowar
dst
hef
ewopengat
es
t
hroughwhi
ch

peopl
ewer
etr
yingt
orunout
.Thef
igur
esr
eleasedbyt
heBr
it
ish
gov
ernmentwer
e370

deadand1200wounded.Ot
hersour
cespl
acet
henumberdeadatwel
lov
er
1000.Thi
s

"
brut
ali
tyst
unnedt
heent
ir
enat
ion"
,resul
ti
ngi
na"
wrenchi
ngl
ossoff
ait
h"
oft
hegener
al

publ
i
cint
hei
ntent
ionsofBr
it
ain.Thei
nef
fect
ivei
nqui
ryandt
hei
nit
ial
accol
adesf
or

Dy
erbyt
heHouseofLor
dsf
uel
l
edwi
despr
eadanger
,leadi
ngt
otheNon-
cooper
ati
on

Mov
ementof1920–22.
OnSunday
,13Apr
il1919,
Dyerwasconv
incedofa
maj
ori
nsur
rect
ionandhebannedal
lmeet
ings,
howev
ert
hisnot
icewasnot
wi
del
ydi
ssemi
nat
ed.Thatwast
hedayofBai
sakhi
,themai
nSi
khf
est
ival
,
andmanyv
il
lager
shadgat
her
edi
ntheBagh.Onhear
ingt
hatameet
inghad
assembl
edatJal
l
ianwal
aBagh,
Dyerwentwi
thf
if
tyGur
khar
if
lement
oa
r
aisedbankandor
der
edt
hem t
oshootatt
hecr
owd.Dy
ercont
inuedt
he
f
ir
ingf
oraboutt
enmi
nut
es,
unt
ilt
heammuni
ti
onsuppl
ywasal
most
exhaust
ed;
Dyerst
atedt
hat1,
650r
oundshadbeenf
ir
ed,
anumberwhi
ch
seemst
ohav
ebeender
ivedbycount
ingempt
ycar
tri
dgecasespi
ckedup
byt
het
roops.
[5]Of
fi
cial
Bri
ti
shI
ndi
ansour
cesgav
eaf
igur
eof379
i
dent
if
ieddead,
wit
happr
oxi
mat
ely1,
100wounded.Thecasual
tynumber
est
imat
edbyt
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
esswasmor
ethan1,
500,
wit
h
appr
oxi
mat
ely1,
000dead.Dy
erwasi
nit
ial
l
ylaudedbyconser
vat
ivef
orces
i
ntheempi
re,
buti
nJul
y1920hewascensur
edandf
orcedt
oret
ir
ebyt
he
HouseofCommons.Hebecameacel
ebr
atedher
oinBr
it
ainamongmost
oft
hepeopl
econnect
edt
otheBr
it
ishRaj
,forexampl
e,t
heHouseofLor
ds,
butunpopul
ari
ntheHouseofCommons,
whi
chv
otedagai
nstDy
ert
wice.
Themassacr
ecausedar
e-ev
aluat
ionoft
hear
my'
srol
e,i
nwhi
cht
henew
pol
i
cybecame"
mini
mum f
orce"
,andt
hear
mywasr
etr
ainedanddev
eloped
sui
tabl
etact
icsf
orcr
owdcont
rol
.Somehi
stor
iansconsi
dert
heepi
sodeas
adeci
siv
est
ept
owar
dst
heendofBr
it
ishr
ulei
nIndi
a,al
thoughot
her
s
bel
i
evet
hatgr
eat
ersel
f-
gov
ernmentwasi
nev
itabl
easar
esul
tofI
ndi
a'
s
i
nvol
vementi
nWor
ldWarI
.Mont
ague-Chel
msf
ordRef
orms,
1919The
Mont
agu–Chel
msf
ordRef
ormsormor
ebr
ief
lyknownasMont
-For
d
Ref
ormswer
eref
ormsi
ntr
oducedbyt
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmenti
nIndi
ato
i
ntr
oducesel
f-
gov
erni
ngi
nst
it
uti
onsgr
adual
l
ytoI
ndi
a.Ther
efor
mst
ake
t
hei
rnamef
rom Edwi
nSamuel
Mont
agu,
theSecr
etar
yofSt
atef
orI
ndi
a
dur
ingt
hel
att
erpar
tsofWor
ldWarIandLor
dChel
msf
ord,
Vicer
oyofI
ndi
a
bet
ween1916and1921.Ther
efor
mswer
eout
li
nedi
nthe

Mont
agu-
Chel
msf
ordRepor
tpr
epar
edi
n1918andf
ormedt
hebasi
soft
he
Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct1919.I
ndi
annat
ional
i
stsconsi
der
edt
hatt
he
r
efor
msdi
dnotgof
arenoughwhi
l
eBr
it
ishconser
vat
iveswer
ecr
it
ical
of
t
hem I
nlat
e1917,
Mont
aguwentt
oIndi
atomeetupwi
thLor
dChel
msf
ord,
t
heVi
cer
oyofI
ndi
a,t
omeetwi
thl
eader
sofI
ndi
ancommuni
tyt
odi
scuss
t
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofl
i
mit
edsel
f-gov
ernmentt
oIndi
aandpr
otect
ingt
he
r
ight
sofmi
nor
it
ycommuni
ti
es.TheRepor
twentbef
oreCabi
neton24May
and7June1918andwasembodi
edi
ntheGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aActof1919.
Theser
efor
msr
epr
esent
edt
hemaxi
mum concessi
onst
heBr
it
ishwer
e
pr
epar
edt
omakeatt
hatt
ime.Thef
ranchi
sewasext
ended,
andi
ncr
eased
aut
hor
it
ywasgi
vent
ocent
ral
andpr
ovi
nci
all
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
s,butt
he
v
icer
oyr
emai
nedr
esponsi
bleonl
ytoLondon.

Thechangesatt
hepr
ovi
nci
all
evel
wer
esi
gni
fi
cant
,ast
hepr
ovi
nci
al
l
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
s

cont
ainedaconsi
der
abl
emaj
ori
tyofel
ect
edmember
s.I
nasy
stem cal
l
ed
"
dyar
chy
,"t
he

nat
ion-
bui
l
dingdepar
tment
sofgov
ernment–agr
icul
tur
e,educat
ion,
publ
i
c
wor
ks,
andt
hel
i
ke–wer
epl
acedundermi
nist
erswhower
eindi
vi
dual
l
y
r
esponsi
blet
othel
egi
slat
ure.Thedepar
tment
sthatmadeupt
he"
steel
f
rame"ofBr
it
ishr
ule–f
inance,
rev
enue,
andhomeaf
fai
rs–wer
eret
ained
byexecut
ivecounci
l
lor
swhower
enomi
nat
edbyt
heGov
ernor
.Theywer
e
of
ten,
butnotal
way
s,Br
it
ishandwhower
eresponsi
blet
othegov
ernor
.In
1921anot
herchanger
ecommendedbyt
her
epor
twascar
ri
edoutwhen
el
ect
edl
ocal
counci
l
swer
esetupi
nrur
alar
eas,
anddur
ingt
he1920s
ur
banmuni
cipal
cor
por
ati
onswer
emademor
edemocr
ati
cand
"
Indi
ani
zed.
Themai
npr
ovi
sionswer
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thesecr
etar
yofst
atewoul
dcont
rol
aff
air
srel
ati
ngt
oGov
ernmentof
I
ndi
a

2.TheCent
ral
Legi
slat
urewoul
dcompr
iset
wochamber
s-TheCounci
lof

St
ateandt
heI
ndi
anLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y

3.TheCent
ral
Legi
slat
urewasempower
edt
oenactl
awsonanymat
terf
or

whol
eofI
ndi
a.

4.TheGov
ernorGener
alwasgi
venpower
stosummon,
pror
ogue,
dissol
ve
t
he

Chamber
s,andt
opr
omul
gat
eOr
dinances.

5.ThenumberofI
ndi
ansi
nVi
cer
oy'
sExecut
iveCounci
lwoul
dbet
hreeout
of

ei
ghtmember
s.

6.Est
abl
i
shmentofuni
camer
alPr
ovi
nci
alLegi
slat
ivecounci
l
s.

7.Dy
archyi
nthePr
ovi
nces-1.Reser
vedsubj
ect
sli
keFi
nance,
Lawand
Or
der
,ar
my,
pol
i
ceet
c.

2.Tr
ansf
err
edsubj
ect
sli
kePubl
i
cHeal
th,
Educat
ion,
agr
icul
tur
e,l
ocal

sel
fgov
ernmentet
c.

Gandhi
anPol
i
tical
Progr
ammes

Non-
Co-
oper
ati
onMov
ement
.
TheGandhi
Erai
ntheI
ndi
anFr
eedom St
ruggl
etookpl
acewi
tht
heNon
Cooper
ati
on

Mov
ement
.Thi
smov
ementwasl
edbyMahat
maGandhi
andt
heI
ndi
an
Nat
ional

Congr
ess.Thi
swast
hef
ir
st-
everser
iesofnat
ionwi
demov
ementof
nonv
iol
entr
esi
stance.Themov
ementt
ookpl
acef
rom Sept
ember1920
unt
ilFebr
uar
y1922.
Int
hef
ightagai
nsti
njust
ice,
Gandhìsweaponswer
e
non-
cooper
ati
onandpeacef
ulr
esi
stance.Butaf
tert
hemassacr
eand
r
elat
edv
iol
ence,
Gandhi
focusedhi
smi
nduponobt
aini
ngcompl
etesel
f-
gov
ernment
.Thi
ssoont
ransf
ormedi
ntoSwar
ajorcompl
etepol
i
tical
i
ndependence.Thus,
undert
hel
eader
shi
pofMahat
maGandhi
,the
Congr
essPar
tywasr
e-or
gani
zedwi
thanewconst
it
uti
on,
wit
htheai
m of
Swar
aj.Mahat
maGandhi
fur
therext
endedhi
snon-
viol
encepol
i
cyt
o
i
ncl
udet
heSwadeshi
Pol
i
cy,
whi
chmeantt
her
eject
ionoff
orei
gn-
made
goods.Mahat
maGandhi
addr
essedal
ltheI
ndi
anst
owearKhadi
(
homespuncl
oth)i
nst
eadofBr
it
ish-
madet
ext
il
es.Hest
rongl
yappeal
edt
o
al
lIndi
anst
ospendsomet
imespi
nni
ngkhadi
forsuppor
ti
ngt
he
i
ndependencemov
ementofI
ndi
a.Thi
swasapol
i
cyt
oincl
udewomeni
n
t
hemov
ement
,ast
hiswasnotconsi
der
edar
espect
abl
eact
ivi
ty.Mor
eov
er;
Gandhi
alsour
gedt
oboy
cot
ttheBr
it
isheducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons,
tor
esi
gn
f
rom gov
ernmentj
obs,
andt
oleav
eBr
it
isht
it
les.Nobel
laur
eat
e
Rabi
ndr
anat
hTagor
eresi
gnedt
het
it
lekni
ghtf
rom t
heBr
it
ishsoonaf
ter
t
heJal
i
anwal
abaghMassacr
easapr
otest
.Whent
hemov
ementr
eached
gr
eatsuccess,
itendedunexpect
edl
yaf
tert
hev
iol
entcl
ashi
nChaur
i
Chaur
a,Ut
tarPr
adesh.Fol
l
owi
ngt
his,
Mahat
maGandhi
wasal
soar
rest
ed
andsent
encedt
o6y
ear
simpr
isonment
.Indi
anNat
ional
Congr
esswas
di
vi
dedi
ntot
wosegment
s.Fur
ther
mor
e,suppor
tamongt
heHi
nduand
Musl
i
m peopl
ewasal
sobr
eaki
ngdown.Howev
er;
Mahat
maGandhi
onl
y
ser
vedar
ound2y
ear
sandwasr
eleased.Non-
Cooper
ati
onwasa
mov
ementofpassi
ver
esi
stanceagai
nstBr
it
ishr
ule,
whi
chwasi
nit
iat
edby
Mahat
maGandhi
.Tor
esi
stt
hedomi
nanceoft
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentand
adv
ancet
heI
ndi
annat
ional
i
stcause,
thenon-
cooper
ati
onmov
ementwasa
non-
viol
entmov
ementt
hatpr
evai
l
ednat
ionwi
debyI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
essundert
hel
eader
shi
pofMahat
maGandhi
.Thi
smov
ementt
ook
pl
acef
rom Sept
ember1920t
oFebr
uar
y1922andi
nit
iat
edGandhi
erai
n
t
heI
ndependenceMov
ementofI
ndi
a.TheRowl
attAct
,Jal
i
wanwal
aBagh
massacr
eandMar
ti
alLawi
nPunj
abcausedt
henat
ivepeopl
enott
otr
ust
t
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentany
mor
e.TheMont
agu-Chel
mesf
ordRepor
twi
th
i
tsdi
archycoul
dsat
isf
yaf
ewonl
y.Unt
ilt
henGandhi
bel
i
evedt
hej
ust
ice
andf
air
-pl
ayoft
heBr
it
ishGov
ernment
,butaf
tert
hisi
nci
denceshef
eltt
hat
Non-
cooper
ati
onwi
tht
heGov
ernment
inanon-
viol
entwaymustbest
art
ed.
I
nthemeant
imet
heMusl
i
msi
nIndi
aal
sor
evol
tedagai
nstt
hehar
sht
erms
oft
heTr
eat
yofSev
ersbet
weenAl
l
iesandTur
keyandt
heyst
art
edKhi
l
afat
mov
ement
.Gandhi
alsodeci
dedt
ost
andbesi
det
hem.Gandhi
j
ìsi
deaof
wi
nni
ngov
erMusl
i
m suppor
tal
sohel
pedi
nNon-
Cooper
ati
onMov
ementof
I
ndi
a.Gandhi
hadgi
venanot
icet
otheVi
cer
oyi
nhi
slet
terof22ndJunei
n
whi
chhehadaf
fi
rmedt
her
ightr
ecogni
zed`
from t
imei
mmemor
ial
oft
he
subj
ectt
oref
uset
oassi
star
ulerwhomi
srul
es`
.Af
tert
henot
icehad
expi
redt
heNon-
Cooper
ati
onmov
ementwasl
aunchedf
ormal
l
yon1st
Augustof1920.Att
heCal
cut
taSessi
ononSept
ember
,1920t
hepr
ogr
am
oft
hemov
ementwasst
ated.Thepr
ogr
amsofNon-
cooper
ati
oni
nvol
ved
t
hesur
renderoft
it
lesandof
fi
cesandr
esi
gnat
ionf
rom t
henomi
nat
ed
post
sint
hegov
ernmentbody
.Iti
ncl
udednotat
tendi
ngGov
ernmentdut
ies,
Dur
bar
sandot
herf
unct
ions,
wit
hdr
awi
ngchi
l
drenf
rom gov
ernment
school
sandcol
l
egesandest
abl
i
shmentofnat
ional
school
sandcol
l
eges.
Thepeopl
eofI
ndi
awer
einst
ruct
edt
oboy
cot
ttheBr
it
ishcour
tsand
est
abl
i
sht
hepr
ivat
ejudi
cial
cour
ts.TheI
ndi
ansshoul
duseSwadeshi
clot
h
andboy
cot
tthef
orei
gncl
othesandot
hert
hings.Gandhi
j
ist
ri
ctl
yadv
ised
t
heNon-Cooper
ator
stoobser
vet
rut
handnon-v
iol
ence.Thedeci
sion
t
akeni
nCal
cut
taSessi
onwassuppor
tedi
ntheNagpurSessi
onoft
he
Congr
essonDecember
;1920.
Thedeci
sionwasal
sot
akenf
ort
he
bet
ter
mentoft
hepar
tyor
gani
zat
ion.Anyadul
tmanorwomancoul
dtake
Congr
essmember
shi
pfor4annasassubscr
ipt
ion.Thi
sadopt
ionofnew
r
ulesgav
eanewener
gyt
otheNon-Cooper
ati
onmov
ementandf
rom
Januar
yof1921t
hemov
ementgai
nedanewmoment
um.Gandhi

al
ongwi
thAl
iBr
other
swentt
oanat
ionwi
det
ourdur
ingwhi
chhe
addr
essedt
heI
ndi
ans

i
nhundr
edsofmeet
ings.I
nthef
ir
stmont
hoft
hemov
ement
,aboutni
ne
t
housandst
udent
slef
tschool
sandcol
l
egesandj
oinedt
henat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
ons.Dur
ingt
hisper
iodaboutei
ghthundr
ednat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons
wer
eest
abl
i
shedal
lov
ert
hecount
ry.Theeducat
ional
boy
cot
twasmost
successf
uli
nBengal
undert
hel
eader
shi
pofChi
tt
aRanj
anDasandSubhas
Chandr
aBose.I
nPunj
abal
sot
heeducat
ional
boy
cot
twasext
ensi
veunder
t
hel
eader
shi
pofLal
aLaj
patRai
.Theot
heract
ivear
easwer
eBombay
,
Bi
har
,Or
issa,
Assam,
Utt
arPr
adesh.Themov
emental
soaf
fect
edMadr
as.
Theboy
cot
tofl
awcour
tsbyt
hel
awy
erswasnotassuccessf
ulast
he
educat
ional
boy
cot
twas.Thel
eadi
ngl
awy
ersl
i
ke,
Mot
il
alNehr
u,CRDas,
MrJay
akar
,VPat
el,
AsafAl
iKhan,
SKi
tchl
ewandmanyot
her
sgav
eup
t
hei
rlucr
ati
vepr
act
icesandmanyf
oll
owedt
hei
rpat
hinspi
redbyt
hei
r
sacr
if
ice.Bengal
agai
nledi
nthi
smat
terandAndhr
a,UP,
Kar
nat
akaand
Punj
abf
oll
owedt
hest
ate.Howev
ert
hemostsuccessf
uli
tem oft
heNon-
Cooper
ati
onwast
heboy
cot
toff
orei
gncl
othes.I
ttooksuchanext
ensi
ve
f
ormt
hatv
alueofi
mpor
toft
hef
orei
gncl
othesr
educedf
rom hundr
edand
t
wocr
oresi
n1920-
21t
ofi
ft
y-sev
encr
oresi
n1921-
22.Al
thoughsomeof
t
hev
eter
anpol
i
tical
leader
sli
ket
heBal
GangadharTi
l
ak,
Bipi
nChandr
aPal
,
MohammadAl
iJi
nnah,
Anni
eBesantopposedGandhi
j
ìspl
anbutt
he
y
oungergener
ati
onsuppor
tedhi
mful
l
y.Musl
i
mleader
sli
keMaul
anaAzad,
Mukht
arAhmedAnsar
i,Haki
m Aj
mal
Khan,
AbbasTy
abj
i
,Maul
ana
MohammadAl
iandMaul
anaShaukatAl
ial
sosuppor
tedhi
m.I
nthemont
h
ofJul
y1921,
theGov
ernmenthadt
ofaceanewchal
l
enge.MohammadAl
i
andot
herl
eader
sbel
i
evedt
hati
twas`
rel
i
giousl
yunl
awf
ulf
ort
heMusl
i
ms
t
ocont
inuei
ntheBr
it
ishar
my`andt
heywer
ear
rest
edf
ort
hei
rvi
ew.
Gandhi
andot
herCongr
essl
eader
ssuppor
tedMuhammadAl
iandi
ssueda
mani
fest
o.Thenextdr
amat
icev
entwasv
isi
tofPr
inceofWal
eson17t
h
Nov
ember
,1921.Thedayonwhi
chPr
inceboar
dedonBombayPor
ttheday
wasobser
vedasa`
Har
tal
Div
as`al
lov
erI
ndi
a.ThePr
incewasgr
eet
edwi
th
empt
yst
reet
sandcl
osedshopswher
everhewent
.TheNon-Cooper
ator
s
gai
nedmor
eandmor
eener
gyatt
hei
rsuccessandbecamemor
e
aggr
essi
ve.Thecongr
essv
olunt
eercor
pst
urnedi
ntoapower
ful
par
all
el
pol
i
ce.Theyusedt
omar
chi
nfor
mat
ionanddr
essedi
nuni
for
m.Congr
ess
hadal
readygr
ant
edper
missi
ont
othePr
ovi
nci
alCongr
essCommi
tt
eest
o
sanct
iont
otal
disobedi
encei
ncl
udi
ngnon-
pay
mentoft
axes.TheNon-
Co
oper
ati
onal
mov
ementhadot
heref
fect
sal
sowhi
char
enotv
erydi
rect
.In
UPi
tbecamedi
ff
icul
ttodi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenaNon-
Cooper
ati
onal
meet
ing
andapeasantmeet
ing.I
nMal
abarandKer
alat
heMusl
i
mtenant
sroused
agai
nstt
hei
rlandl
ords.I
nAssam t
hel
abor
soft
ea-
plant
ati
onwentwi
th
st
ri
ke.I
nPunj
abt
heAkal
iMov
ementwasconsi
der
edasapar
tofNon-
Cooper
ati
onmov
ement
.TheNon-
Cooper
ati
onmov
ementpar
ti
cul
arl
y
st
rengt
henedi
nBengal
.Themov
ementwasnotonl
yseeni
nKol
kat
abuti
t
al
soagi
tat
edt
her
ural
Bengal
andanel
ement
alawakeni
ngwasobser
ved.
Themov
ementr
eachedacl
i
maxaf
tert
heGur
khaassaul
toncool
i
esont
he
r
iverpor
tofChandpur(
20-21stMay
).Thewhol
eEast
ernBengal
wasunder
t
hel
ashoft
hemov
ementundert
hel
eader
shi
pofJM Sengupt
a.Theot
her
exampl
ewast
heAnt
i-
Uni
onBoar
dagi
tat
ioni
nMi
dnapurl
edby
Bi
rendr
anat
hSashmal
.Ast
heNon-
Cooper
ati
onmov
ementpr
oceededt
he
womanofI
ndi
a,especi
all
yfr
om Bengal
want
edt
otakeact
ivepar
tint
he
pr
otestmov
ement
.Thewomennat
ional
i
stswer
eassembl
edundert
he
Mahi
l
aKar
maSamaj
ort
heLadi
esor
gani
zat
ionBoar
doft
hePr
adesh
Congr
essCommi
tt
eeofBengal
.Thel
adi
esmember
soft
hator
gani
zat
ion
ar
rangedmeet
ingandci
rcul
ari
zedt
hespi
ri
tofNon-Cooper
ati
on.Women
v
olunt
eer
swer
eenl
i
stedt
otakepar
tint
hemov
ement
.Thel
adi
esf
rom
manyr
espect
edf
ami
l
iesl
edt
hem.
CRDas`
swi
feBasant
iDev
iandsi
ster
Ur
mil
aDev
i,JM Sengupt
a`swi
feNel
l
ieSengupt
a,Mohi
niDev
i,Labany
a
Pr
abhaChandapl
ayedsi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
nthi
smov
ement
.Pi
cket
ingof
f
orei
gnwi
neandcl
othshopsandsel
l
ingofKhaddari
nthest
reet
swer
ethe
poi
ntofat
tent
ionoft
hismov
ement
.TheGov
ernmentpr
ocl
aimedSect
ions
108and144oft
hecodeofcr
imi
nal
procedur
eatv
ari
ouscent
ersof
agi
tat
ion.TheCongr
essVol
unt
eerCor
psewasdecl
aredi
l
legal
.By
December1921Mor
ethant
hir
tyt
housandpeopl
ewer
ear
rest
edf
rom al
l
ov
ert
heI
ndi
a.ExceptGandhi
j
i,mostoft
hepr
omi
nentl
eader
swer
einsi
de
j
ail
.Inmi
d-DecemberMal
avi
yai
nit
iat
edanegot
iat
ion,
whi
chwasf
uti
l
e.The
condi
ti
onswer
eli
ket
hati
tof
fer
edsacr
if
iceofKhi
l
afatl
eader
s,whi
ch
Gandhi
j
icoul
dnev
eraccept
.Att
hatt
imeGandhi
j
iwasal
soundera
pr
essur
efr
om

t
hehi
gherl
eader
sofCongr
esst
ost
artt
hemassci
vi
ldi
sobedi
ence.
Gandhi
j
igav
ean

ul
ti
mat
um t
otheGov
ernmentbutt
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentpai
dnoat
tent
ion
t
oit
.Inr
esponse,
Gandhi
j
iini
ti
atedaci
vi
ldi
sobedi
encemov
ementi
nBar
dol
i
Tal
uqaofSur
atdi
str
ictofGuj
rat
.Unf
ort
unat
elyatt
hist
imet
het
ragedyof
Chaur
iChaur
aoccur
redt
hat

changet
hecour
seoft
hemov
ement
,wher
eamoboft
hreet
housand
peopl
eki
l
ledt
went
yfi
vepol
i
cemenandonenspect
or.Gandhi
wasi
n
suppor
tofcompl
etenonv
iol
enceandt
hisi
nci
dentwast
oomuchf
orhi
mto
bear
.Heor
der
edt
osuspendt
hemov
ementatonce.Thus,
onFebr
uar
y
12t
h,1922t
heNon-
Cooper
ati
onmov
ementt
otal
l
yst
opped.Ther
ewer
e
l
i
mit
ati
onsi
nachi
evement
sofNon-
Cooper
ati
onMov
ementasi
tappar
ent
ly
f
ail
edt
oachi
evei
tsobj
ectofsecur
ingt
heKhi
l
afatandchangi
ngt
he
mi
sdeedsofPunj
ab.TheSwar
ajcoul
dnotbeachi
evedi
nay
earasi
twas
pr
omi
sed.Ther
etr
eatoft
heFebr
uar
y1922wasonl
ytempor
ary
.The
mov
ementsl
oweddowngr
adual
l
y.Thepar
tofBat
tl
ewasov
erbutt
hewar
cont
inued.

Dandi
Mar
ch.

Mahat
maGandhi
ret
urnedt
othef
oref
rontagai
nin1928.OnMar
ch12,
1930Gandhi

l
aunchedanewSat
yagr
ahaagai
nstt
het
axonsal
t.Hest
art
edt
hehi
stor
ic
Dandi
Mar
ch,
bywal
ki
ngf
rom Ahmedabadt
oDandi
,tobr
eakt
hel
awt
hat
haddepr
ivedt
hepoorofhi
s

r
ightt
omakehi
sownsal
t.Gandhi
broket
heSal
tlawatt
heseabeachat
Dandi
.Thi
s

mov
ementst
imul
atedt
heent
ir
enat
ionandi
tcamet
obeknownasCi
vi
l
Di
sobedi
ence

Mov
ement
.On8t
hMay
,1933,
hest
art
eda21-
dayf
astofsel
f-
pur
if
icat
ioni
n
or
dert
ohel
p

t
heHar
ij
anmov
ement
.

Sal
tsat
yagr
aha

TheSal
tSat
yagr
aha,
alsoknownasTheDandi
Mar
ch,
beganon12Mar
ch
1930andwas
ani
mpor
tantpar
toft
heI
ndi
ani
ndependencemov
ement
.Itwasadi
rect
act
ioncampai
gn

oft
axr
esi
stanceandnonv
iol
entpr
otestagai
nstt
heBr
it
ishsal
tmonopol
y
i
ncol
oni
alI
ndi
a,andt
ri
gger
edt
hewi
derCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ement
.Thi
s
wast
hemostsi
gni
fi
cant
organi
sedchal
l
enget
oBr
it
ishaut
hor
it
ysi
ncet
he
Non-
cooper
ati
onmov
ementof1920–22,
anddi
rect
lyf
oll
owedt
hePur
na
Swar
ajdecl
arat
ionofi
ndependencebyt
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
esson26
Januar
y1930.MohandasKar
amchandGandhi
ledt
heDandi
mar
chf
rom
hi
sbase,
Sabar
mat
iAshr
am near
Ahmedabad,
tot
hecoast
alv
il
lageof
Dandi
,l
ocat
edatasmal
ltowncal
l
edNav
sar
i,i
nthest
ateofGuj
arat
.Ashe
cont
inuedont
his24-day
,240-
mil
e(390km)mar
cht
oDandi
topr
oduce
sal
twi
thoutpay
ingt
het
ax,
growi
ngnumber
sofI
ndi
ansj
oinedhi
m al
ong
t
heway
.WhenGandhi
broket
hesal
tlawsat6:
30am on6Apr
il1930,
it
spar
kedl
argescal
eact
sofci
vi
ldi
sobedi
enceagai
nstt
heBr
it
ishRaj
sal
t
l
awsbymi
l
li
onsofI
ndi
ans.Thecampai
gnhadasi
gni
fi
cantef
fecton
changi
ngwor
ldandBr
it
ishat
ti
tudet
owar
dsI
ndi
ani
ndependenceand
causedl
argenumber
sofI
ndi
anst
ojoi
nthef
ightf
ort
hef
ir
stt
ime.Af
ter
col
l
ect
ingsal
tatDandi
,Gandhi
cont
inuedsout
hwar
dal
ongt
hecoast
,
pr
oduci
ngsal
tandaddr
essi
ngmeet
ingsont
heway
.TheCongr
essPar
ty
pl
annedt
ost
ageasat
yagr
ahaatt
heDhar
asanaSal
tWor
ks,
25mi
l
essout
h
ofDandi
.Howev
er,
Gandhi
wasar
rest
edont
hemi
dni
ghtof4–5May1930,
j
ustday
sbef
oret
hepl
annedact
ionatDhar
asana.TheDandi
Mar
chandt
he
ensui
ngDhar
asanaSat
yagr
ahadr
ewwor
ldwi
deat
tent
iont
otheI
ndi
an
i
ndependencemov
ementt
hroughext
ensi
venewspaperandnewsr
eel
cov
erage.Thesat
yagr
ahaagai
nstt
hesal
ttaxcont
inuedf
oral
mostay
ear
,
endi
ngwi
thGandhi
'
srel
easef
rom j
ail
andnegot
iat
ionswi
thVi
cer
oyLor
d
I
rwi
natt
heSecondRoundTabl
eConf
erence.Ov
er80,
000I
ndi
answer
e
j
ail
edasar
esul
toft
heSal
tSat
yagr
aha.Howev
er,
itf
ail
edt
oresul
tinmaj
or
concessi
onsf
rom t
heBr
it
ish.TheSal
tSat
yagr
ahacampai
gnwasbased
uponGandhi
'
spr
inci
plesofnonv
iol
entpr
otestcal
l
edsat
yagr
aha,
whi
chhe
l
oosel
ytr
ansl
atedas"
tr
uth-
for
ce.
"Li
ter
all
y,i
tisf
ormedf
rom t
heSanskr
it
wor
dssat
ya,
"tr
uth"
,andagr
aha,
"for
ce"
.Inear
ly1930t
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
esschosesat
yagr
ahaast
hei
rmai
ntact
icf
orwi
nni
ngI
ndi
an
i
ndependencef
rom Br
it
ishr
uleandappoi
ntedGandhi
toor
gani
set
he
campai
gn.Gandhi
choset
he1882Br
it
ishSal
tActast
hef
ir
stt
argetof
sat
yagr
aha.TheSal
tMar
cht
oDandi
,andt
hebeat
ingbyBr
it
ishpol
i
ceof
hundr
edsofnonv
iol
entpr
otest
ersi
nDhar
asana,
whi
chr
ecei
vedwor
ldwi
de
newscov
erage,
demonst
rat
edt
heef
fect
iveuseofci
vi
ldi
sobedi
enceasa
t
echni
quef
orf
ight
ingsoci
alandpol
i
tical
inj
ust
ice.Thesat
yagr
aha
t
eachi
ngsofGandhi
andt
heMar
cht
oDandi
hadasi
gni
fi
canti
nfl
uenceon
Amer
icanact
ivi
stsMar
ti
nLut
herKi
ng,
Jr.
,JamesBev
el,
andot
her
sdur
ing
t
hemov
ementf
orci
vi
lri
ght
sforbl
acksandot
hermi
nor
it
ygr
oupsi
nthe
1960s

Khi
l
afatMov
ement

Dur
ingt
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
,Tur
keyj
oinedt
hecent
ral
power
sagai
nstBr
it
ain.
The

sy
mpat
hyofI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms,
whor
egar
dedt
heSul
tanofTur
keyast
hei
r
spi
ri
tual
leader
orKhal
i
fa,
wasnat
ural
l
ywi
thTur
key
.Af
tert
hewarwi
thdef
eatofTur
key
,
t
heAl
l
ied

power
sremov
edt
heKhal
i
faf
rom poweri
nTur
keywhi
chaggr
iev
edt
he
I
ndi
anMusl
i
ms

agai
nstt
heBr
it
ishGov
ernment
.Hencet
heMusl
i
msst
art
edt
heKhi
l
afat
mov
ementi
n

I
ndi
afort
her
esumpt
ionofKhal
i
fa'
sposi
ti
on.AKhi
l
afatCommi
tt
eewas
f
ormedunder

t
hel
eader
shi
pofMahammadAl
i
,ShaukatAl
i
,Maul
anaAzadandHasr
at
Mohi
nit
o

or
gani
seacount
ry-
wideagi
tat
ion.Themai
nobj
ectofKhi
l
afatMov
ement
wast
ofor
cet
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentt
ochangei
tsat
ti
tudet
owar
dsTur
key
andt
orest
oret
heSul
tan.

Oct
ober17,
1919wasobser
vedasKhi
l
afatDay
,whent
heHi
ndusal
ong
wi
thMusl
i
msi
n

f
ast
ingobser
vedhar
tal
ont
hatday
.AnAl
lIndi
aKhi
l
afatConf
erencewas
hel
datDel
hion

Nov
ember23,
1919wi
thGandhi
asi
tspr
esi
dent
.TheConf
erencer
esol
ved
t
owi
thdr
awal
lcooper
ati
onf
rom t
heGov
ernment
,ift
heKhal
i
fatdemands
wer
enotmet
.Congr
ess

l
eader
s,l
i
keLokamany
aTi
l
akandMahat
maGandhi
,vi
ewedt
heKhal
i
fat
Mov
ementasan
oppor
tuni
tyt
obr
ingaboutHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m uni
tyagai
nstBr
it
ish.Aj
ointHi
ndu
-Musl
i
m

deput
ati
onmett
heVi
cer
oyont
heKhal
i
fati
ssue,
buti
tfai
l
edt
oyi
eldany
r
esul
t.The

cent
ral
Khal
i
fatCommi
tt
eemetatAl
l
ahabadf
rom 1stt
o3r
dJune,
1920
whi
chwas

at
tendedbyanumberofcongr
essl
eader
s.I
nthi
smeet
ingapr
ogr
ammeof
Non-Cooper
ati
ont
owar
dst
heGov
ernmentwasdecl
ared.I
twast
oincl
ude
boy
cot
toft
it
les,
canof
fer
edbyt
heGov
ernment
,boy
cot
tofci
vi
lser
vices,
ar
myandpol
i
ceandnon-
pay
mentof
taxest
otheGov
ernment
.Gandhi
i
nsi
stedt
hatunl
esst
hePunj
abandKhi
l
afatwr
ongswer
eundone,
ther
e
wast
obenon-
cooper
ati
onwi
tht
heGov
ernment
.

Ci
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ement

Ci
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ement
,launchedundert
hel
eader
shi
pofMahat
ma
Gandhi
,i
n

1930,
wasoneoft
hemostsi
gni
fi
cantphasesofI
ndi
anf
reedom st
ruggl
e.
TheSi
mon

Commi
ssi
on,
whi
chwasf
ormedi
nNov
ember1927byt
heBr
it
ish
Gov
ernmentt
ochar
t

andconcl
udeaConst
it
uti
onf
orI
ndi
a,i
ncl
udedmember
soft
heBr
it
ish
Par
li
amentonl
y.
Asar
esul
t,t
heCommi
ssi
onwasboy
cot
tedbyev
erysect
ionoft
heI
ndi
an
soci
aland

pol
i
tical
plat
for
msasan`
All
-Whi
teCommi
ssi
on`
.Theopposi
ti
ont
othe
Si
mon

Commi
ssi
oni
nBengal
wasnot
ewor
thy
.Indi
sappr
oval
agai
nstt
he
Commi
ssi
on,
a`Har
tal̀orSt
ri
kewasobser
vedon3r
dofFebr
uar
y,1928i
n
v
ari
ouspar
tsoft
her
egi
on.

Wi
despr
eaddemonst
rat
ionswer
ehel
dinKol
kat
aon19t
hofFebr
uar
y,1928,
t
hedayof

Si
mon`
sar
ri
val
tot
heci
ty.Fur
ther
,on1stofMar
ch,
1928,
meet
ingswer
e
hel
d

si
mul
taneousl
yinal
l32war
dsoft
heci
ty,
spur
ri
ngpeopl
etor
est
oret
he
mov
ementf
or

boy
cot
tofBr
it
ishgoods.Mahat
maGandhi
wasar
rest
edon5t
hofMay
,
1930,
justday
s

bef
orehi
spr
oject
edr
aidont
heDhar
asanaSal
tWor
ks.TheDandi
Mar
ch
andt
her
esul
tantDhar
asanaSat
yagr
ahadr
ewwor
ldwi
deat
tent
iont
othe
Ci
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ementt
hroughwi
despr
eadnewspapercov
erage.I
t
cont
inuedf
oral
mostay
ear
,endi
ngwi
tht
her
eleaseofMahat
maGandhi
f
rom j
ail
andaf
tert
hedi
scussi
onsatt
heSecondRoundTabl
eConf
erence
wi
thVi
cer
oyLor
dIr
win.Thecr
usadehadasi
gni
fi
cantef
fectonchangi
ng
Br
it
ishat
ti
tudest
owar
dIndi
ani
ndependenceandcausedhugenumber
sof
I
ndi
anst
oaggr
essi
vel
yjoi
nthef
ightf
ort
hef
ir
stt
ime.TheSal
tMar
cht
o
Dandi
andt
hef
loggi
ngofhundr
edsofnon-
viol
entpr
otest
ersi
nDhar
asana,
mar
kedt
heef
fi
cientuseofci
vi
ldi
sobedi
enceasamet
hodf
orf
ight
ing
soci
alandpol
i
tical
inj
ust
ice.On8t
hofApr
il1929,
member
soft
he
Hi
ndust
anSoci
ali
stRepubl
i
canAssoci
ati
onat
tackedt
heassembl
y
chamberoft
heI
mper
ial
Legi
sl
ati
veCounci
li
nDel
hi.I
nresponse,
Lor
dIr
win
publ
i
shedaPubl
i
cSaf
etyBi
l
l.Mor
eov
er,
on31stofOct
ober
,Lor
dIr
win
announcedt
hatt
henat
ural
const
it
uti
onal
progr
essofI
ndi
awast
he
at
tai
nmentofDomi
nionSt
atus.TheCongr
essPar
tyi
ndi
cat
edi
ts
wi
l
li
ngnesst
ocooper
atei
nfor
mul
ati
ngaDomi
nionconst
it
uti
on.I
n
Nov
ember
,measur
eswer
eaccept
edi
nsuchawayt
hatCongr
essr
eject
ed
t
hedecl
arat
ion.On23r
dofDecember
,Lor
dIr
winmetwi
thMahat
ma
Gandhi
,Jawahar
lal
Nehr
u,Sar
darVal
l
abhbhai
Pat
el,
MohammadAl
iJi
nnah
andTej
BahadurSapr
uinNewDel
hi.Er
winhowev
er,
coul
dnotar
ri
veatan
agr
eementf
orf
rami
ngaconst
it
uti
onunderDomi
nionSt
atus.Att
he
ensui
ng1930annual
meet
ingoft
heCongr
essPar
tyhel
datLahor
e,t
he
Congr
essdecl
aredi
tsel
ffori
ndependencer
athert
hanDomi
nionSt
atusand
aut
hor
izedacampai
gnofCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
ence.GandhìsCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
ence
Mov
ementcameoutasamar
cht
oDandi
,i
nobj
ect
iont
othet
axonsal
t.
Gandhi
reachedDandi
onApr
il6t
h,andexpl
i
cit
lyv
iol
atedt
hesal
tlaw.On
18t
hofApr
il
,ar
oundonehundr
edr
evol
uti
onar
iesat
tackedpol
i
ceandr
ail
way
ar
mor
iesatChi
tt
agong.Mahat
maGandhi
condemnedt
her
aid,
whi
chhad
madeadeepi
mpr
essi
ont
hroughoutI
ndi
a.On5t
hofMay
,theGov
ernment
ofI
ndi
ahadGandhi
arr
est
edandl
odgedatYer
vadaJai
lnearPune.
Fol
l
owi
ngt
hear
restofMahat
maGandhi
,theBr
it
ishf
acedt
hef
ull
pr
ogr
ammeofCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceascomposedofI
ndi
anr
aidsonsal
t
depot
s,r
efusal
topayt
axesi
nchosenar
eas,
spi
ri
tsandav
oidanceof
busi
nesswi
thal
lBr
it
ishf
ir
ms,
disobedi
enceoff
orestl
awsandboy
cot
tof
f
orei
gncl
oth.On30t
hofJune,
theGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aout
lawedt
heAl
l
-
I
ndi
aCongr
essCommi
tt
eeandt
heCongr
essWor
kingCommi
tt
ee.Fur
ther
,
on23r
dofJul
y,Lor
dIr
winf
aci
l
itat
edv
isi
tst
oMahat
maGandhi
and
Jawahar
lal
Nehr
ubyt
woI
ndi
anLi
ber
als,
SirTej
BahadurSapr
uandMukund
Ramr
aoJay
akar
,fort
hepur
poseoff
indi
ngway
stoendci
vi
ldi
sobedi
ence
mov
ement
.On25t
hofJanuar
y1931,
Lor
dIr
winaut
hor
izedGandhìs
r
eleasef
rom pr
isonandwi
thdr
ewpr
ohi
bit
ionofi
l
legal
i
tyagai
nstt
he
Congr
essWor
kingCommi
tt
ee.Bet
weenFebr
uar
ytoMar
ch,
1931,
Lor
d
I
rwi
nandGandhi
meti
naser
iesoft
alksseeki
ngset
tl
ementoft
hei
ssues
or
igi
nat
ingf
rom t
heci
vi
ldi
sobedi
encemov
ement
.Int
heagr
eement
r
eachedon5t
hofMar
ch,
Gandhi
agr
eedt
odi
scont
inueCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
ence
asi
tembr
aceddef
ianceoft
hel
aw,
non-
pay
mentofl
andr
evenue,
publ
i
cat
ionofnews-
sheet
s,t
ermi
nat
ionofi
tsboy
cot
tofBr
it
ishgoodsand
t
her
est
rai
ntofaggr
essi
vepi
cket
ing.TheGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aagr
eedt
o
cancel
ordi
nancesopposi
ngt
hemov
ement
,tor
eleaseI
ndi
anpr
isoner
s,
r
etur
nfi
nesandpr
oper
ty.

PoonaPact

ThePoonaPactr
efer
stoanagr
eementbet
weenDr
.BabasahebAmbedkar
andMahat
ma

Gandhi
signedon24Sept
ember1932atYer
wadaCent
ral
Jai
li
nPune.I
t
wassi
gnedby

PtMadanMohanMal
vi
yaandsomeHi
ndul
eader
sandDrBRAmbedkar
andsomeDal
i
t

l
eader
stobr
eakt
hef
astunt
odeat
hunder
takenbyGandhi
inYar
wadaj
ail
t
oannul

Macdonal
dAwar
dgi
vi
ngsepar
ateel
ect
orat
etoDal
i
tsf
orel
ect
ing
member
sofst
ate

l
egi
slat
iveassembl
i
esi
nBr
it
ishI
ndi
aTher
eshal
lbeseat
sreser
vedf
ort
he
Depr
essedCl
assesoutofgener
alel
ect
orat
e.Seat
sint
hePr
ovi
nci
al
Legi
slat
ures.El
ect
iont
otheseseat
sshal
lbebyj
ointel
ect
orat
essubj
ect
,
howev
er,
tot
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ocedur
e–Al
lmember
soft
heDepr
essed
Cl
assesr
egi
ster
edi
nthegener
alel
ect
oral
rol
lofa

const
it
uencywi
l
lfor
m anel
ect
oral
col
l
egewhi
chwi
l
lel
ectapanel
off
our
candi
dat
es

bel
ongi
ngt
otheDepr
essedCl
assesf
oreachofsuchr
eser
vedseat
sbyt
he
met
hodoft
hesi
ngl
evot
eandf
ourper
sonsget
ti
ngt
hehi
ghestnumberof
v
otesi
nsuchpr
imar
yel
ect
ionsshal
lbet
hecandi
dat
esf
orel
ect
ionbyt
he
gener
alel
ect
orat
e.Ther
epr
esent
ati
onoft
heDepr
essedCl
assesi
nthe
Cent
ral
Legi
slat
ureshal
ll
ikewi
sebeont
hepr
inci
pleofj
oinel
ect
orat
esand
r
eser
vedseat
sbyt
hemet
hodofpr
imar
yel
ect
ioni
nthemannerpr
ovi
ded
f
ori
ncl
auseabov
efort
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
oni
nthepr
ovi
nci
all
egi
slat
ures.
Cent
ral
Legi
slat
ureI
ntheCent
ral
Legi
slat
ure18percentoft
heseat
s
al
l
ott
edt
othegener
alel
ect
orat
eforBr
it
ishI
ndi
aint
hesai
dlegi
slat
ureshal
l
ber
eser
vedf
ort
heDepr
essedCl
asses.5.Thesy
stem ofpr
imar
yel
ect
ion
t
oapanel
ofcandi
dat
esf
orel
ect
iont
otheCent
ral
andPr
ovi
nci
al
Legi
slat
uresasher
ein-
bef
orement
ionedshal
lcomet
oanendaf
tert
hef
ir
st
t
eny
ear
s,unl
esst
ermi
nat
edsoonerbymut
ual
agr
eementundert
he
pr
ovi
sionofcl
ause6bel
ow.Thesy
stem ofr
epr
esent
ati
onofDepr
essed
Cl
assesbyr
eser
vedseat
sint
hePr
ovi
nci
alandCent
ral
Legi
slat
uresas
pr
ovi
dedf
ori
ncl
auses(
1)and(
4)shal
lcont
inueunt
ildet
ermi
ned
ot
her
wisebymut
ual
agr
eementbet
weent
hecommuni
ti
esconcer
nedi
n
t
hisset
tl
ement
.TheFr
anchi
sef
ort
heCent
ral
andPr
ovi
nci
alLegi
slat
uresof
t
heDepr
essedCl
assesshal
lbeasi
ndi
cat
ed,
int
heLot
hianCommi
tt
ee
Repor
t.Ther
eshal
lbenodi
sabi
l
iti
esat
tachedt
oanyoneont
hegr
oundof
hi
sbei
ngamemberoft
heDepr
essedCl
assesi
nregar
dtoanyel
ect
iont
o
l
ocal
bodi
esorappoi
ntmentt
othepubl
i
cser
vices.Ev
eryendeav
orshal
lbe
madet
osecur
eaf
airr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
heDepr
essedCl
assesi
nthese
r
espect
s,subj
ectt
osucheducat
ional
qual
i
ficat
ionsasmaybel
aiddown
f
orappoi
ntmentt
othePubl
i
cSer
vices.

I
nev
erypr
ovi
nceoutoft
heeducat
ional
grantanadequat
esum shal
lbeear
-
mar
kedf
or

pr
ovi
dingeducat
ional
faci
l
iti
est
othemember
sofDepr
essedCl
asses.

Qui
tIndi
a–DoorDi
e

Mahat
maGandhi
agai
nbecameact
ivei
nthepol
i
tical
arenaaf
tert
he
out
bur
stof

Wor
ldWarI
Iin1939.OnAugust8,
1942Gandhi
gav
ethecal
lforQui
tIndi
a
Mov
ement

orBhar
atChhodoAndol
an.Soonaf
tert
hear
restofGandhi
,di
sor
der
sbr
oke
out

i
mmedi
atel
ythr
oughoutt
hecount
ryandmanyv
iol
entdemonst
rat
ionst
ook
pl
ace.Qui
t

I
ndi
abecamet
hemostpower
ful
mov
ementi
nthef
reedom st
ruggl
e.
Thousandsof

f
reedom f
ight
erswer
eki
l
ledori
njur
edbypol
i
cegunf
ir
e,andhundr
edsof
t
housandswer
e

ar
rest
ed.Hecal
l
edonal
lCongr
essmenandI
ndi
anst
omai
ntai
ndi
sci
pli
ne
v
ianonv
iol
enceandKar
oYaMar
o(DoorDi
e)i
nor
dert
oachi
eveul
ti
mat
e
f
reedom.On9t
hofAugust
,1942,
Mahat
maGandhi
andt
heent
ir
eCongr
ess
Wor
kingCommi
tt
eewer
ear
rest
edi
nMumbai
.Inv
iewofhi
sdet
eri
orat
ing
heal
th,
hewasr
eleasedf
rom t
hej
ail
inMay1944becauset
heBr
it
ishdi
d
notwanthi
mtodi
einpr
isonandenr
aget
henat
ion.Thecr
uel
rest
rai
ntof
t
heQui
tIndi
amov
ementbr
oughtor
dert
oIndi
abyt
heendof1943al
though
t
hemov
ementhadmodestsuccessi
nit
sai
m.Af
tert
heBr
it
ishgav
ecl
ear
si
gnsoft
ransf
err
ingpowert
otheI
ndi
ans,
Gandhi
cal
l
edof
fthef
ightandal
l
t
hepr
isoner
swer
e

r
eleased.
TheQui
tIndi
aMov
ementort
heAugustMov
ement,
wasaci
vi
l
di
sobedi
encemov
ementl
aunchedi
nIndi
aon8August1942byMohandas
Kar
amchandGandhi
.TheAl
l
-Indi
aCongr
essCommi
tt
eepr
ocl
aimeda
masspr
otestdemandi
ngwhatGandhi
cal
l
ed"
anor
der
lyBr
it
ishwi
thdr
awal
"
f
rom I
ndi
a.I
twasf
ort
hedet
ermi
ned,
whi
chappear
sinhi
scal
ltoDoorDi
e,
i
ssuedon8Augustatt
heGowal
i
arTankMai
dani
nMumbai
in1942The
Br
it
ishwer
epr
epar
edt
oact
.Al
mostt
heent
ir
eINCl
eader
shi
p,andnotj
ust
att
henat
ional
lev
el,
wasi
mpr
isonedwi
thoutt
ri
alwi
thi
nhour
saf
ter
Gandhi
'
sspeech.Mostspentt
her
estoft
hewari
npr
isonandoutof
cont
actwi
tht
hemasses.TheBr
it
ishhadt
hesuppor
toft
heVi
cer
oy'
s
Counci
l(whi
chhadamaj
ori
tyofI
ndi
ans)
,oft
heMusl
i
ms,
theCommuni
st
Par
ty,
thepr
incel
yst
ates,
theI
ndi
ani
mper
ial
Pol
i
cet
heBr
it
ishI
ndi
anar
my
andt
heI
ndi
anCi
vi
lSer
vice.ManyI
ndi
anbusi
nessmenwer
epr
ofi
ti
ngf
rom
heav
ywar
ti
mespendi
nganddi
dnotsuppor
tQui
tIndi
a.Manyst
udent
spai
d
mor
eat
tent
iont
oSubhasChandr
aBose,
whowasi
nexi
l
eandsuppor
ti
ng
t
heAxi
s.Theonl
yout
sidesuppor
tcamef
rom t
heAmer
icans,
asPr
esi
dent
Fr
ankl
i
nD.Roosev
eltpr
essur
edPr
imeMi
nist
erWi
nst
onChur
chi
l
ltogi
vei
n
t
oIndi
andemands.TheQui
tIndi
acampai
gnwasef
fect
ivel
ycr
ushed.The
Br
it
ishr
efusedt
ogr
anti
mmedi
atei
ndependence,
say
ingi
tcoul
dhappen
onl
yaf
tert
hewarends.Spor
adi
csmal
l
-scal
evi
olencet
ookpl
acear
ound
t
hecount
rybutt
heBr
it
ishar
rest
edt
ensoft
housandsofl
eader
s,keepi
ng
t
hem i
mpr
isonedunt
il1945.I
nter
msofi
mmedi
ateobj
ect
ivesQui
tIndi
a
f
ail
edbecauseofheav
y-handedsuppr
essi
on,
weakcoor
dinat
ionandt
he
l
ackofacl
ear
-cutpr
ogr
ammeofact
ion.Howev
er,
theBr
it
ish

gov
ernmentr
eal
i
zedt
hatI
ndi
awasungov
ernabl
eint
hel
ongr
un,
andt
he
quest
ionf
or

post
warbecamehowt
oexi
tgr
acef
ull
yandpeacef
ull
yFact
orscont
ri
but
ing
t
othemov
ementTheCongr
esshadt
odeci
dei
tscour
seofact
ioni
nthe
wakeof
:Thef
ail
ureoft
heCr
ippsMi
ssi
on;
Thear
ri
val
ofJapanesear
mies
onI
ndi
anbor
der
s;Ther
isi
ngpr
icesandshor
tagesi
nfoodsuppl
i
es,
andt
he
di
ff
erentopi
nionswi
thi
ntheCongr
essI
n1939,
wit
htheout
breakofwar
bet
weenGer
manyandBr
it
ain,
Indi
awasannouncedt
obeapar
tyt
othewar
f
orbei
ngaconst
it
uentcomponentoft
heBr
it
ishEmpi
re.Fol
l
owi
ng

t
hisdecl
arat
ion,
theCongr
essWor
kingCommi
tt
eeati
tsmeet
ingon10
Oct
ober1939,

passedar
esol
uti
oncondemni
ngt
heaggr
essi
veact
ivi
ti
esoft
heGer
mans.
Att
hesamet
imet
her
esol
uti
onal
sost
atedt
hatI
ndi
acoul
dnotassoci
ate
her
sel
fwi
thwarunl
essi
twasconsul
tedf
ir
st.Respondi
ngt
othi
s
decl
arat
ion,
theVi
cer
oyi
ssuedast
atementon17

Oct
oberwher
einhecl
aimedt
hatBr
it
aini
swagi
ngawardr
ivenbyt
hemot
if
t
ost
rengt
hen

peacei
nthewor
ld.Heal
sost
atedt
hataf
tert
hewar
,thegov
ernmentwoul
d
i
nit
iat
emodi
fi
cat
ionsi
ntheActof1935,
inaccor
dancet
othedesi
resoft
he
I
ndi
ansGandhi
'
sreact
iont
othi
sst
atementwas;
"theol
dpol
i
cyofdi
vi
deand
r
ulei
stocont
inue.TheCongr
esshasaskedf
orbr
eadandi
thasgotst
one.
"
Accor
dingt
othei
nst
ruct
ions

i
ssuedbyHi
ghCommand,
theCongr
essmi
nist
erswer
edi
rect
edt
oresi
gn
i
mmedi
atel
y.

Congr
essmi
nist
ersf
rom ei
ghtpr
ovi
ncesr
esi
gnedf
oll
owi
ngt
he
i
nst
ruct
ions.The
r
esi
gnat
ionoft
hemi
nist
erswasanoccasi
onofgr
eatj
oyandr
ejoi
cingf
or
l
eaderoft
he

Musl
i
m League,
MohammadAl
iJi
nnah.Hecal
l
edt
hedayof22December
1939'
TheDay

ofDel
i
ver
ance'
.Gandhi
urgedJi
nnahagai
nstt
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hisday
,
howev
er,
itwas

f
uti
l
e.Att
heMusl
i
m LeagueLahor
eSessi
onhel
dinMar
ch1940,
Jinnah
decl
aredi
nhi
s

pr
esi
dent
ial
addr
esst
hatt
heMusl
i
msoft
hecount
rywant
edasepar
ate
homel
and,
Paki
stan.I
nthemeanwhi
l
e,cr
uci
alpol
i
tical
event
stookpl
acei
n
Engl
and.Chamber
lai
nwassucceededbyChur
chi
l
last
hePr
imeMi
nist
er
andt
heConser
vat
ives,
whoassumedpoweri
nEngl
and,
didnothav
ea
sy
mpat
het
icst
ancet
owar
dst
hecl
aimsmadebyt
heCongr
ess.I
nor
dert
o
paci
fyt
heI
ndi
ansi
ntheci
rcumst
anceofwor
seni
ngwarsi
tuat
ion,
the
Conser
vat
iveswer
efor
cedt
oconcedesomeoft
hedemandsmadebyt
he
I
ndi
ans.On8August
,theVi
cer
oyi
ssuedast
atementt
hathascomet
obe
r
efer
redast
he"
AugustOf
fer
".Howev
er,
theCongr
essr
eject
edt
heof
fer
f
oll
owedbyt
heMusl
i
m League.

I
nthecont
extofwi
despr
eaddi
ssat
isf
act
iont
hatpr
evai
l
edov
ert
he
r
eject
ionoft
he

demandsmadebyt
heCongr
ess,
Gandhi
att
hemeet
ingoft
heCongr
ess
Wor
king
Commi
tt
eei
nWar
dhar
eveal
edhi
spl
ant
olaunchI
ndi
vi
dual
Civ
il
Di
sobedi
ence.Once

agai
n,t
heweaponofsat
yagr
ahaf
oundpopul
araccept
anceast
hebest
meanst
owagea

cr
usadeagai
nstt
heBr
it
ish.I
twaswi
del
yusedasamar
kofpr
otestagai
nst
t
heunwav
eri
ngst
anceassumedbyt
heBr
it
ish.Vi
nobaBhav
e,af
oll
owerof
Gandhi
,wassel
ect
edbyhi
mtoi
nit
iat
ethemov
ement
.Ant
iwarspeeches
r
icochet
edi
nal
lcor
ner
soft
hecount
ry,
wit
hthesat
yagr
ahi
sear
nest
ly
appeal
i
ngt
othepeopl
eoft
henat
ionnott
osuppor
ttheGov
ernmenti
nit
s
warendeav
ors.Theconsequenceoft
hissat
yagr
ahi
campai
gnwast
he
ar
restofal
mostf
our
teent
housandsat
yagr
ahi
s.On3December1941,
the
Vi
cer
oyor
der
edt
heacqui
tt
alofal
lthesat
yagr
ahi
s.I
nEur
opet
hewar
si
tuat
ionbecamemor
ecr
it
ical
wit
htheJapaneseat
tackonPear
lHar
bor
andt
heCongr
essr
eal
i
zedt
henecessi
tyf
orappr
aisi
ngt
hei
rpr
ogr
am.
Subsequent
ly,
themov
ementwaswi
thdr
awn.TheCr
ipps'
Missi
onandi
ts
f
ail
ureal
sopl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
olei
nGandhi
'
scal
lforTheQui
tIndi
a
Mov
ement
.Inor
dert
oendt
hedeadl
ock,
theBr
it
ishgov
ernmenton22
Mar
ch,
1942,
sentSi
rSt
aff
ordCr
ippst
otal
kter
mswi
tht
heI
ndi
anpol
i
tical
par
ti
esandsecur
ethei
rsuppor
tinBr
it
ain'
swaref
for
ts.ADr
aftDecl
arat
ion
oft
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentwaspr
esent
ed,
whi
chi
ncl
udedt
ermsl
i
ke
est
abl
i
shmentofDomi
nion,
est
abl
i
shmentofa

Const
it
uentAssembl
yandr
ightoft
hePr
ovi
ncest
omakesepar
ate
const
it
uti
ons.These

woul
dbe,
howev
er,
grant
edaf
tert
hecessat
ionoft
heSecondWor
ldWar
.
Accor
dingt
o

t
heCongr
esst
hisDecl
arat
iononl
yof
fer
edI
ndi
aapr
omi
set
hatwast
obe
f
ulf
il
ledi
nthef
utur
e.Comment
ingont
hisGandhi
sai
d;"
Iti
sapostdat
ed
chequeonacr
ashi
ngbank.
"Ot
herf
act
orst
hatcont
ri
but
edwer
ethet
hreat
ofJapanesei
nvasi
onofI
ndi
aandr
eal
i
zat
ionoft
henat
ional
leader
soft
he
i
ncapaci
tyoft
heBr
it
isht
odef
endI
ndi
a.

TheCongr
essgav
ethecal
lforoust
ingBr
it
ishbuti
tdi
dnotgi
veany
concr
etel
i
ne

ofact
iont
obeadopt
edbyt
hepeopl
e.TheGov
ernmenthadbeenmaki
ng
pr
epar
ati
onst
o

cr
usht
heMov
ement
.Ont
hemor
ningof9Augustal
lpr
omi
nentCongr
ess
l
eader
s

i
ncl
udi
ngGandhi
wer
ear
rest
ed.Thenewsofl
eader
s'ar
restshookt
he
peopl
eandt
hey

camet
ost
reet
spr
otest
ingagai
nsti
t.K.
G.Mashr
uwal
a,whohadt
akenov
er
asedi
torof

Har
ij
anpubl
i
shedhi
sper
sonal
opi
nionast
otheshapet
hepr
otestshoul
d
t
ake:
Inmy

opi
nionl
oot
ingorbur
ningofof
fi
ces,
bank,
granar
ieset
c.,
isnotper
missi
ble.
Di
slocat
ion

oft
raf
fi
ccommuni
cat
ionsi
sper
missi
blei
nanon-
viol
entmanner-wi
thout
endanger
ing
l
i
fe.Theor
gani
sat
ionofst
ri
kesi
sbest
..
..Cut
ti
ngwi
res,
remov
ingr
ail
s,
dest
roy
ingsmal
l

br
idges,
cannotbeobj
ect
edt
oinast
ruggl
eli
ket
hispr
ovi
dedampl
e
pr
ecaut
ionar
etaken

t
osaf
eguar
dli
fe.Mashr
uwal
amai
ntai
nedt
hat"
Gandhi
j
iandt
heCongr
ess
hav
enotl
ostal
lhopeofgoodwi
l
lbei
ngr
e-est
abl
i
shedbet
weent
heBr
it
ish
andt
heI
ndi
annat
ions,
andsopr
ovi
dedt
heef
for
tisst
rongenought
o
demonst
rat
ethenat
ionswi
l
l,sel
f-
rest
rai
ntwi
l
l

nev
ergoagai
nstus"
.Bef
orehi
sar
reston9August1942Gandhi
hadgi
ven
t
hef
oll
owi
ng

messaget
othecount
ry:
Ever
yonei
sfr
eet
ogot
hef
ull
estl
engt
hunder
Ahi
msat
ocompl
etedeadl
ockbyst
ri
kesandot
hernon-
viol
entmeans.
Sat
yagr
ahi
smustgooutt
odi
enott
oli
ve.Theymustseekandf
acedeat
h.
I
tisonl
ywheni
ndi
vi
dual
sgooutt
odi
ethatt
hennat
ionwi
l
lsur
viv
e,Kar
enge
Ya/
Mar
enge(
doordi
e).Butwhi
l
egi
vi
ngt
hiscal
lGandhi
hadonceagai
n
st
ressedonnon-
viol
ence:
Letev
erynon-
viol
entsol
dieroff
reedom wr
it
eout
t
hesl
ogan'
doordi
e'onapi
eceofpaperorcl
othandst
icki
tonhi
scl
othes,
sot
hati
ncasehedi
edi
nthecour
seofof
fer
ing,
Sat
yagr
aha,
hemi
ghtbe
di
sti
ngui
shedbyt
hatsi
gnf
rom ot
herel
ement
swhodonotsubscr
ibet
o
non-
viol
ence.Thenewsofhi
sar
restal
ongwi
thot
herCongr
essl
eader
sled
t
ounpr
ecedent
edpopul
arout
bur
stsi
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
hecount
ry.Ther
e
wer
ehar
tal
s,demonst
rat
ionsandpr
ocessi
onsi
nci
ti
esandt
owns.The
Congr
essl
eader
shi
pgav
ethecal
l
,buti
twast
hepeopl
ewhol
aunchedt
he
Mov
ement
.Si
nceal
lther
ecogni
zedl
eader
s-cent
ral
,pr
ovi
nci
alorl
ocal
-had
beenar
rest
ed,
they
oungandmor
emi
l
itantcader
s-par
ti
cul
arl
yst
udent
s
wi
thsoci
ali
stl
eani
ngst
ookov
erasl
eader
satl
ocal
lev
elsi
nthei
rar
eas.I
n
t
hei
nit
ial
stages,
theMov
ementwasbasedonnon-
viol
entl
i
nes.I
twast
he
r
epr
essi
vepol
i
cyoft
hegov
ernmentwhi
chpr
ovokedt
hepeopl
etov
iol
ence.
TheGandhi
anmessageofnon-
viol
entst
ruggl
ewaspushedi
ntot
he
backgr
oundandpeopl
edev
isedt
hei
rownmet
hodsofst
ruggl
e.These
i
ncl
uded:
att
acksongov
ernmentbui
l
dings,
pol
i
cest
ati
onsandpostof
fi
ces,
at
tacksonr
ail
wayst
ati
ons,
andsabot
agi
ngr
ail
li
nes,
cut
ti
ngof
fthe
t
elegr
aphwi
res,
tel
ephonesandel
ect
ri
cpowerl
i
nes,
disr
upt
ingr
oadt
raf
fi
c
bydest
roy
ingbr
idges,
andwor
ker
sgoi
ngonst
ri
ke,
etc.Mostoft
hese
at
tackswer
etocheckt
hemov
ementoft
hemi
l
itar
yandt
hepol
i
ce,
whi
ch
wer
ebei
ngusedbyt
hegov
ernmentt
ocr
usht
heMov
ement
.Inmanyar
eas,
t
hegov
ernmentl
ostal
lcont
rol
andt
hepeopl
eest
abl
i
shedSwar
aj.Weci
tea
f
ewsuchcases:
InMahar
asht
ra,
apar
all
elgov
ernmentwasest
abl
i
shedi
n
Sat
arawhi
chcont
inuedt
ofunct
ionf
oral
ongt
ime.I
nBengal
,Taml
uk
Jat
iyaSar
karf
unct
ionedf
oral
ongt
imei
nMi
dnapor
edi
str
ict
.Thi
snat
ional
gov
ernmenthadv
ari
ousdepar
tment
sli
keLawandOr
der
,Heal
th,
Educat
ion,
Agr
icul
tur
e,et
c.,
alongwi
thapost
alsy
stem ofi
tsownandar
bit
rat
ion
cour
ts.Peopl
eest
abl
i
shedSwar
aji
nTal
acheri
nOr
issa.

Thesuppr
essi
onoft
hemov
ement

Oneoft
heachi
evement
soft
hemov
ementwast
okeept
heCongr
esspar
ty
uni
ted

t
hroughal
lthet
ri
alsandt
ri
bul
ati
onst
hatf
oll
owed.TheBr
it
ish,
alr
eady
al
armedbyt
he

adv
anceoft
heJapanesear
myt
otheI
ndi
a-Bur
mabor
der
,respondedby
i
mpr
isoni
ng

Gandhi
.Al
lthemember
soft
hePar
ty'
sWor
kingCommi
tt
ee(
nat
ional
l
eader
shi
p)wer
e

i
mpr
isonedaswel
l
.Duet
othear
restofmaj
orl
eader
s,ay
oungandt
il
lthen
r
elat
ivel
y

unknownAr
unaAsafAl
ipr
esi
dedov
ert
heAI
CCsessi
onon9Augustand
hoi
stedt
he

f
lag;
lat
ert
heCongr
esspar
tywasbanned.Theseact
ionsonl
ycr
eat
ed
sy
mpat
hyf
ort
he

causeamongt
hepopul
ati
on.Despi
tel
ackofdi
rectl
eader
shi
p,l
arge
pr
otest
sand

demonst
rat
ionswer
ehel
dal
lov
ert
hecount
ry.Wor
ker
sremai
nedabsent
enmasseand

st
ri
keswer
ecal
l
ed.Notal
ldemonst
rat
ionswer
epeacef
ul,
atsomepl
aces
bombsexpl
oded,
gov
ernmentbui
l
dingswer
esetonf
ir
e,el
ect
ri
cit
ywascut
andt
ranspor
tand

communi
cat
ionl
i
neswer
esev
ered.TheBr
it
ishswi
ft
lyr
espondedwi
th
massdet
ent
ions.Ov
er100,
000ar
rest
swer
emade,
massf
ineswer
elev
ied
anddemonst
rat
orswer
esubj
ect
edt
opubl
i
cfl
oggi
ng.
[15]Hundr
edsof
ci
vi
li
answer
eki
l
ledi
nvi
olencemanyshotbyt
hepol
i
cear
my.Many
nat
ional
leader
swentunder
groundandcont
inuedt
hei
rst
ruggl
eby
br
oadcast
ingmessagesov
ercl
andest
iner
adi
ost
ati
ons,
dist
ri
but
ing
pamphl
etsandest
abl
i
shi
ngpar
all
elgov
ernment
s.TheBr
it
ishsenseof
cr
isi
swasst
rongenought
hatabat
tl
eshi
pwasspeci
fi
cal
l
ysetasi
det
otake
Gandhi
andt
heCongr
essl
eader
soutofI
ndi
a,possi
blyt
oSout
hAf
ri
caor
Yemenbutul
ti
mat
elydi
dnott
aket
hatst
epoutoff
earofi
ntensi
fyi
ngt
he
r
evol
t.TheCongr
essl
eader
shi
pwascutof
ffr
om t
her
estoft
hewor
ldf
or
ov
ert
hreey
ear
s.Gandhi
'
swi
feKast
urbai
Gandhi
andhi
sper
sonal
secr
etar
y
MahadevDesai
diedi
nmont
hsandGandhi
'
sheal
thwasf
ail
i
ng,
despi
tet
his
Gandhi
wentona21-
dayf
astandmai
ntai
nedhi
sresol
vet
ocont
inuous
r
esi
stance.Al
thought
heBr
it
ishr
eleasedGandhi
onaccountofhi
sheal
thi
n
1944,
Gandhi
keptupt
her
esi
stance,
demandi
ngt
her
eleaseoft
he
Congr
essl
eader
shi
p.Byear
ly1944,
Indi
awasmost
lypeacef
ulagai
n,whi
l
e
t
heCongr
essl
eader
shi
pwasst
il
li
ncar
cer
ated.Asenset
hatt
hemov
ement
hadf
ail
eddepr
essedmanynat
ional
i
sts,
whi
l
eJi
nnahandt
heMusl
i
m
League,
aswel
lasCongr
essopponent
sli
ket
heCommuni
stssoughtt
o
gai
npol
i
tical
mil
eage,
cri
ti
ciz
ingGandhi
andt
heCongr
essPar
ty