HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

by
Zekarias H.(M.Sc)

2012
ETHIOPIA

Email: zekariashailu123@gmail.com Mobile 0911395871

 Chapter One
Brief Introduction to General
Communication Model

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Chapter One

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Transmitter

 The transmitter is a collection of electronic

components and circuits that converts the
electrical signal into a signal suitable for
transmission over a given medium.
 Transmitters are made up of oscillators,
amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters,
modulators, frequency mixers, frequency
synthesizers, and other circuits.
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 Communication Channel

 The communication channel is the medium by

which the electronic signal is sent from one place
to another.
 Types of media include
 Guided
 Unguided

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Receivers

 A receiver is a collection of electronic components

and circuits that accepts the transmitted message
from the channel and converts it back into a form
understandable Receivers by humans.

 Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers,

tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or
detector that recovers the original intelligence
signal from the modulated carrier

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Transceivers

 A transceiver is an electronic unit that

incorporates circuits that both send and receive
signals.
Examples are:
 Telephones
 Fax machines
 Cell phones
 Computer modems

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 Noise

 Undesirable interferences and disturbances that

corrupts signal passing through communication
channel (different from channel distortion)
Random, and unpredictable.
 External noise: Interference signals transmitted
on nearby channels, human-made noise
generated from faulty contact switches of
electrical equipment, automobile ignition
radiation, lightening, and cell phones emission.
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Cont’d. . .

 Internal noise: results from thermal motion of

charged particles in conductors, random
emission, and diffusion or recombination of
charged carriers in electronic devices
 Noise limits the rate of telecommunications.

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 Analog and Digital
Communication System

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Analog Signals

 An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously

varying voltage or current. Examples are:
 Sine wave
 Voice
 Video (TV)

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Digital Signals

 Many transmissions are of signals that originate in

digital form but must be converted to analog
form to match the transmission medium.
 Eg. Digital data over the telephone network.
 Analog signals they are first digitized with an
analog-to-digital (A/D) converter.
 The data can then be transmitted and processed
by computers and other digital circuits.
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Comparison of analog and digital signals

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Basic analog communications system

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Type of analog modulation

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Cont’d. . .

• Amplitude Modulation (AM) is the process of

varying the amplitude of a carrier wave in
proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal.
The frequency of the carrier remains constant
• Frequency Modulation (FM) is the process of
varying the frequency of a carrier wave
in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband
signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains
constant
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Cont’d. . .

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Cont’d. . .

 Phase Modulation (PM) In PM transmission, the

phase of the carrier signal is modulated to follow
the changing voltage level (amplitude) of the
modulating signal.
 The peak amplitude and frequency Of the carrier
signal remain constant ,but as the amplitude of
the information signal changes ,the phase of the
carrier change correspondingly

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Cont’d. . .

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Digital Communication - Analog To Digital

 The communication that occurs in our day-to-day

life is in the form of signals.
 These signals, such as sound signals, generally,
are analog in nature
 When the communication needs to be established
over a distance, then the analog signals are sent
through wire, using different techniques for
effective transmission.

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The Necessity of Digitization

 The conventional methods of communication

used analog signals for long distance
communications, which suffer from many losses
such as distortion, interference, and other
losses including security breach.
 In order to overcome these problems, the
signals are digitized using different techniques.
 The digitized signals allow the communication
to be more clear and accurate without losses.
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 Advantages of Digital Communication

 As the signals are digitized, there are many

advantages of digital communication over
analog communication such as –
 The effect of distortion, noise, and interference
Advantages of Digital Communication is much less
in digital signals as they are less affected.

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Cont’d. . .

 Digital circuits are more reliable.

 Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper
than analog circuits.
 The hardware implementation in digital circuits, is
more flexible than analog.
 The occurrence of cross-talk is very rare in digital
communication.
 The signal is un-altered as the pulse needs a high
disturbance to alter its properties, which is very difficult.
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Cont’d. . .

 Signal processing functions such as encryption

and compression are employed in digital
circuits to maintain the secrecy of the
information.
 The probability of error occurrence is reduced
by employing error detecting and error
correcting codes.

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Cont’d. . .

 Spread spectrum technique is used to avoid

signal jamming.
 Combining digital signals using Time Division
Multiplexing is easier than combining analog
signals using Frequency Division Multiplexing .
 The configuring process of digital signals is
easier than analog signals

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Cont’d. . .

 Digital signals can be saved and retrieved

more conveniently than analog signals.
 Many of the digital circuits have almost
common encoding techniques and hence
similar devices can be used for a number of
purposes.
 The capacity of the channel is effectively
utilized by digital signals

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Elements of Digital Communication

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Source of Information

1. Analog Information Sources.

2. Digital Information Sources.

 Analog Information Sources → Microphone

actuated by a speech, TV Camera scanning a
scene, continuous amplitude signals.

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Cont’d. . .

 Digital Information Sources → These are

teletype or the numerical output of computer
which consists of a sequence of discrete
symbols or letters.
 An Analog information is transformed into a
discrete information through the process of
sampling and quantizing.

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Source

 The source can be an analog signal.

 Example: A Sound signal Input Transducer
 This is a transducer which takes a physical input
and converts it to an electrical signal (Example :
Source microphone).
 This block also consists of an analog to digital
converter where a digital signal is needed for
further processes.

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Cont’d . . .

 A digital signal is generally represented

by a binary sequence.
Source Encoder
 The source encoder compresses the data
into minimum number of bits.
 This process helps in effective utilization
of the bandwidth.
 It removes the redundant bits .

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Channel Encoder

 The channel encoder, does the coding for error

correction.
 During the transmission of the signal, due to the
noise in the channel, the signal may get altered
Channel Encoder and hence to avoid this, the
channel encoder adds some redundant bits to
the transmitted data.
 These are the error correcting bits.

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Digital Modulator

 The signal to be transmitted is modulated

here by a carrier.
 The signal is also converted to analog from
the digital sequence, in order to make it travel
through the channel or medium.

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Channel

 The channel or a medium, allows the analog

signal to transmit from the transmitter end to
the receiver end.
Digital Demodulator Channel
 This is the first step at the receiver end. The
received signal is demodulated as well as
converted again from analog to digital. The
signal gets reconstructed here.

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Channel Decoder

 The channel decoder, after detecting the

sequence, does some error corrections.
 The distortions which might occur during the
transmission, are corrected by adding some
redundant bits.
 This addition of bits helps in the complete
recovery of the original signal.

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Source Decoder

• The resultant signal is once again digitized by

sampling and quantizing so that the pure
digital output is obtained without the loss of
information.
• The source decoder recreates the source output
• At the receiver, the source decoder converts the
binary output of the channel decoder into a
symbol sequence.

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Source Decoder
 The decoder for a system using fixed – length
code words is quite simple, but the decoder for a
system using variable – length code words will be
very complex.
 Aim of the source coding is to remove the
redundancy in the transmitting information, so that
bandwidth required for transmission is minimized.
 Based on the probability of the symbol code word
is assigned. Higher the probability, shorter is the
codeword.
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Cont’d. . .

 Output Transducer
This is the last block which converts the signal into
the original physical form, which was at the input
of the transmitter.
 It converts the electrical signal into physical
output (Example: loud speaker).

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Output Signal

 This is the output which is produced after the

whole process. Example - The sound signal
received.
 This unit has dealt with the introduction, the
digitization of signals, the advantages and the
elements of digital communications.
 In the coming chapters, we will learn about the
concepts of Digital communications, in detail.

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 Goals in Communication System Design

 To maximize transmission rate, R

 To maximize system utilization, U
 To minimize bit error rate, Pe
 To minimize required systems bandwidth, W
 To minimize system complexity, Cx
 To minimize required power, Eb/No

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Review of Probability Theory
and
Random Processes

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