CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature and

studies related to the topic at hand. It delves into the key findings, methodologies, and

theoretical frameworks used by researchers in exploring the subject matter. Through an

in-depth analysis of past research, this chapter aims to establish a strong foundation for

the current study and identify gaps that warrant further investigation.

Related Literature

According to Stanford Medicine, Sleep deprivation increases the likelihood teens

will suffer myriad negative consequences, including an inability to concentrate, poor

grades, drowsy-driving incidents, anxiety, depression, thoughts of suicide and even

suicide attempts. Research involving over 3000 high school students, according to the

American Psychological Association, revealed that kids who frequently received Cs, Ds,

and Fs typically slept 25 minutes less and went to bed around 40 minutes later than the

students who reported receiving As and Bs. Teens should be getting about nine hours of

sleep per day, according to studies. As a result, students who don't obtain 8 to 10 hours of

sleep significantly reduce their chances of success. Pupils will struggle with information

processing, understanding how to handle stress, and maintaining focus in the classroom.
 According to Segeren (2019) students adjust to irregular sleeping patterns as a

result of part-time jobs, regular shift work, extracurricular activities, and leisure time.

This can have a detrimental impact on both academic performance and general health and

wellness. They usually go to bed early on weekends or days off to make up for their lack

of sleep, but this just makes the cycle more erratic. The author added that if you are

studying hard and don't get any sleep, the crucial knowledge you have gained and thought

you knew just disappears from your memory, making it difficult for you to remember the

next day. find that during the first month before a midterm, there is a correlation between

longer sleep durations and higher sleep quality.

According to Sharman & Illingworth, (2020). Participants were requested to view

the lesson and take quizzes while being watched for symbols of sleepiness and

inattention. Teens displayed more behavior by absorption deficits drowsiness after a week

of inadequate sleep.

According to Dr. Kushida (as cited in AASM, 2020), in the youth population,

factors such as the self-reported reduce amount of sleep, irregular sleep wake schedules,

late bed and rise times, and lack of sleep have been negatively linked with academic

performance for teenagers ranging from middle school to college. Numerous studies have

also concluded that a night of insufficient sleep harms a student’s academic performance.
 Whereas Jalali et al., (2020), researched to determine whether sleep disturbances

affect academic performance. To compare sleep quality and quantity, a particular simple

of excellence or underperformed student was selected. However,

According to Beebe et al. (2016), there was not statistically significance between

the two groups. Several other studies have rich similar conclusions in a three-week

crossover trial, 87 young adults (aged 14 to 17) participated, with one week of normal

sleep, one week of optimal sleep length, and one week of somewhat short sleep.

Kushida (2020), states that in the juvenile population, there is a negative

correlation between academic performance and characteristics such self-reported reduced

sleep, irregular sleep wake patterns, late bed and rise times, and absence of sleep.

According to Bill Velasco from the Philippine star (2015), that one major

phenomenon that has been gradually eroding the health of the Philippines is

lack of sleep. Proper sleep has been proven to help students perform better in school the

following day, particularly in complicated tasks like mathematics. Decision-making and

emotional stability are also affected by getting the right amount of good sleep. Students

who slept for more hours had higher grade point averages than shorter sleepers, according

to the article. The article also said, "students with sleep disorders probably do not achieve
optimal academic performance, and up to 27 percent of students may be at risk for at

least one sleep disorder." as stated above, having enough sleep specially for students is a

major aspect to perform better in school. Lack of sleep would greatly affect the students’

performance in school and Sleep deprivation is one reason of having a lack of sleep.

According to Afable (2020) the most common reason of students in sleep

deprivation is by using gadgets at night. By this factor almost half of students says that

they feel tired throughout the school day. Most of the population of our generation today,

almost everyone, is very inclined into technology. One of the reasons why a lot of people

uses technology is because of its convenience and the entertainment that it provides. This

is why a lot of teenagers are deprived from sleeping because of too much use of gadgets.

According to Guadiana and Okashima (2021) Sleep deprivation commonly occurs

amongst college students. Lack of sleep can impact one's overall health and performance

both in the classroom and the workplace (post-graduation). If sleep is not properly

maintained, it can have negative effects on the body physiologically, psychologically, and

cognitively. Concerning the identified problem of sleep deprivation, it is important to

understand why adequate sleep is required. Having negative effects on the body

physiologically and psychologically will be a big factor on behaving socially, it would

greatly affect your social interaction due to having an unstable mental health.
Related Studies

According to (Shimura et al., 2018), students in their senior year of high school

are going through a very important developmental stage, and social connection is

essential to both their academic and emotional wellbeing. But chronic sleep deprivation, a

common problem in this age range, can have a big influence on their social conduct in a

lot of different ways. Lack of sleep throws off the brain's emotional processing areas,

making people more sensitive and less able to control their emotions. In social situations,

this shows up as heightened irritation, snappiness, and frustration. Pupils may find it

difficult to control their emotions and get easily agitated, which could lead to stress and

conflict in their relationships.

According to (Chen & Chen, 2019), for cognitive functions, especially

communication abilities, adequate sleep is essential. Lack of sleep can make it difficult

for students to follow conversations, express themselves clearly, and participate in

meaningful debates. Miscommunication, failures in interpersonal interaction, and social

isolation may result from this.

 According to study of S. Zhang et al., (2019), Lack of sleep reduces a person's

ability to empathize with others and comprehend their feelings. Students may become

less perceptive to the needs and emotions of their peers as a result, which may impair

their capacity to form solid social bonds and cultivate wholesome relationships. Feeling

drained and sluggish due to sleep deprivation can lead to a lack of motivation and

engagement in social activities. Students might become less enthusiastic about

participating in group projects, extracurricular activities, or even casual conversations,

leading to social withdrawal and isolation.

According to Nasim et al., (2019), sleep deprivation affects attention and focus,

making it difficult for students to concentrate on social interactions. They might miss

social cues, struggle to follow conversations, and appear disinterested or disengaged,

negatively impacting their social interactions and their ability to make connections.

As a matter of fact, chronic sleep deprivation can contribute to the development of

depression and anxiety in students. These mental health conditions can further exacerbate

social difficulties, making it even harder for students to connect with others and maintain

healthy relationships.
 Lack of sleep, on the other hand, has a detrimental effect on academic

performance, resulting in worse marks and more stress. This may exacerbate their

feelings of overwhelm and withdrawal in kids, making it more difficult for them to

interact positively with teachers and peers and possibly lowering their social status.

According to study of Taghvaee and Mazandarani, (2022), students who don't get

enough sleep may be more vulnerable to peer pressure and take risks in an effort to feel

validated or to find pleasure. This may worsen their connections with family, friends, and

peers and be harmful to their general well-being. It is critical to educate parents, teachers,

and students on the negative effects of sleep deprivation on behavior in social situations

and general wellbeing.

The recommended sleep duration for students is around 7 to 9 hours per night.

Students need to have uninterrupted sleep for the brain to function properly. Nowadays,

students aged 13 to 18 do not get enough sleep; Some sleep for less than 8 hours per

night. According to Garcia et al., (2023), 67% of Senior high school students only sleep

for 4 to 6 hours a day, which falls into the category of inadequate sleep hours. Also,

according to their study, 20% of students sleep for 7 to 9 hours a day, which is considered

recommended sleep. However, 10% of students said that they only sleep for 1 to 3 hours,

which falls under short sleep hours. Furthermore, 2% of students reported being able to

sleep for 10 to 12 hours a day, which falls into the category of extended sleep hours. And
finally, 1% of respondents say that they sleep for more than 12 hours, which is

categorized as excessive sleep hours. Based on the responses, 67% of SHS students

disclose that they only get 4 to 6 hours per day. Despite the limited amount of sleep they

get, 77% of students are still able to obtain a grade of 90 to 100 on their general weighted

average. This study also shows the relationship between sleep hours and the classroom

participation of senior high school students. 49% of students were frequently active in

classroom participation despite their sleep hours. Based on the findings they got, it states

that there is no relationship between sleep hours and academic or classroom participation.

According to Sygaco (2021), 97% of the student population lacks 1 to 2 hours of

sleep compared to the required average of sleep. Some students still manage to get a full

hour of sleep despite the tasks handed down by teachers. 70% of the population is

partially sleep deprived since some of their activities are academic-related, which delays

their sleep. 6% of students are at the next level, which is short-term sleep deprivation. A

kind of sleep debt with no sleep less than or equal to 45 hours. 84.2% of students say that

because of academics and projects, they are unable to get enough sleep. Academics and

projects are the top factors that affect the sleep duration of students. It is followed by the

exams, which are 82%, and some by the use of social media, which is 62% of the

population, which causes students to sleep late. Students complained of having a hard

time falling asleep because 20% is caused by video gaming, 14% is caused by drinking

coffee, 4% is caused by drinking alcohol, and 2% is caused by partying, which is the last

selected cause. 72% of students are engaged in social media during the weekends. These

finding states that there is no linear correlation between the hours of sleep and the general
average of respondents. Based on the sample size of 50 students, 34% of students are not

sleep deprived. This is combined with the fact that 70% of respondents are experiencing

partial sleep deprivation, where most of their time is spent doing school projects and

using social media during the week. These finding states that there is no linear correlation

between the hours of sleep and the general average of respondents. Based on the sample

size of 50 students, 34% of students are not sleep deprived. This is combined with the

fact that 70% of respondents are experiencing partial sleep deprivation, where most of

their time is spent doing school projects and using social media during the week.

According to Nacino et al., (2019) school in Maria Aurora, 78% of students sleep

at night, while 23% do not sleep late. 60% of students are having a hard time falling

asleep early, and 40% are not. 79% of students are getting short-tempered when they are

getting inadequate sleep, which might have an impact on their social behaviors. While

21% are not experiencing this kind of situation, 82% of the respondents say that lack of

sleep affects their studies, while 18% say that it doesn't affect their studies. The factor

that causes sleep deprivation is schoolwork. Based on the findings they got, researchers

knew that sleep deprivation is related to some health issues. Students who have sleep

deprivation have adjustments in their daily routine that can impact their social behavior,

while some can still manage to perform well at school. Insufficient sleep, inadequate

sleep, or disruption to the sleep-wake cycle can have consequences for how to function

during the day, causing sleepiness during class hours, dizziness, and fatigue. Sleep

deprivation is a common problem among senior high school students.

 According to Kathleen (2018), sleep deprivation happens when an individual

sleeps less than they should. Also, according to Velasco (2015), lack of sleep is one of the

major phenomena that has been increasing in the health problems in the Philippines.

According to Afable et al. (2020), the common reasons students lack sleep or have

sleep deprivation are: using gadgets, doing schoolwork, overthinking, being stressed out,

drinking alcohol, having insomnia, having a night party, not having a comfortable bed,

and depression. Out of 40 respondents, 27 students say that they are tired because of the

activities at school. On the other hand, 23 students are having a hard time taking a test,

and 21 students are falling asleep in class. Despite the problems they have, students can

still perform well in recitation. Based on the data gathered by the researchers, it shows

that the most common reason for sleep deprivation is using gadgets at night. According to

the National Sleep Foundation, 95% of people use computers, video games, or phones a

few nights a week before going to bed. Because of these factors, half of the students say

that they feel tired throughout the school day, have a hard time taking tests, and

commonly fall asleep during class hours.

According to the study of Quinagan et al., (2023) On a global scale, lack of sleep

is prevalent across various age groups, and it is considered a public health epidemic.

Sleep quality is described as the satisfaction of an individual when it comes to sleeping.

Sleep is essential for our body, not just physically but also in terms of mental and

emotional health. Sleep deprivation is a visible issue in today's generation. The overall

PSQI score of the respondents is 7. The score is based on the individual scores of seven

components, which are sleep duration, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance,

subjective sleep quality, use of sleep medication, no sleep difficulty, and daytime

dysfunction. ABM, HUMSS, and STEM are 7 or they are having a problem sleeping.

Based on the findings they got, most respondents are commonly female and belong to the

HMS strand, while the other is from STEM. the overall sleep quality of Grade 12

students under the general academic strand. Despite the problems they encountered

sleeping, they still managed their activities.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

In an extensive examination of multiple research studies investigating the

repercussions of sleep deprivation on teenagers' academic performance and holistic well-

being, a clear pattern emerges showcasing the detrimental effects of inadequate sleep on

students. The body of research underscores that adolescents who fall short of the

recommended 8 to 10 hours of sleep per day are at a heightened risk of encountering

challenges in concentration, resulting in subpar grades, instances of drowsy-driving,

heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and distressingly, thoughts of suicide and

suicide attempts. These literatures concur on the adverse effect of sleep deprivation.
 According to Segeren, (2019), the study unveils how irregular sleep patterns

arising from obligations like part-time jobs, shift work, extracurricular activities, and

leisure pursuits can markedly impact both academic achievement and overall health. The

author accentuated that attempts to offset sleep deficits by adjusting bedtime earlier on

weekends may inadvertently disrupt the sleep-wake cycle, thereby impairing memory

consolidation and cognitive abilities.

According to Sharman & Illingworth, (2020), revealed that insufficient sleep

manifests in heightened indicators of drowsiness and inattention among teenagers,

hampering their capacity to actively engage in educational endeavors. Dr. Kushida's

research, as referenced in AASM in 2020, further affirms the adverse association between

reduced sleep duration, irregular sleep routines, and academic performance within the

adolescent demographic.

Additionally, the investigations conducted by Kushida (2020) and Jalali et al.,

(2020) underscore the pivotal connection between sleep disturbances and academic

accomplishments. The collective findings consistently underscore that inadequate sleep,

erratic sleep patterns, and compromised sleep quality detrimentally influence students'

aptitude to excel academically.

 While, according to Beebe et al. (2016), there is no statistical significance

between the two groups they used as their subjects. Because of the conclusion in the

three-week crossover trial, 87 young adults who participated with one week of normal

sleep, one week of optimal sleep length, and one week of short sleep found several

studies that are similar to this literature.

Also, according to Bill Velasco (2015), sleep deprivation is one of the major

phenomena in the Philippines that has been increasing. Having a complete sleep can help

students be more active or productive at school; this also includes decision-making, and

emotional stability can be one of the factors that is affected by the said phenomenon.

Also, according to this article, the majority of students who get high grade points sleep

for more hours than the short sleepers. This article also mentioned that "students with

sleeping disorders do not achieve good academic performance; up to 27% of students

may be at risk for at least one sleep disorder." Having a complete sleep can have a big

impact on humans, especially students, as it helps them perform and do better at school.

Meanwhile, according to Afable (2020), using gadgets at night is the most

common reason for sleep deprivation. Because of this, the majority of students said that

they are already tired, making them lose energy for the day. In the present generation,
society has been technology inclined. Technology is more convenient and entertaining, as

said by others, making them use it more often.

Lastly, according to Guadiana and Okashima (2021), it commonly occurs among

college students. Lack of sleep might influence humans’ overall health and performance

in school or the workplace. Unattended sleeping disorders can have negative effects on

the body, whether psychologically or cognitively. This article focuses on the main reasons

for sleep deprivation. This discusses why it is important to know or understand what lack

of sleep or sleep deprivation can cause and why complete sleep is important to the human

body. Having this kind of negative effect can also affect how we act toward others.

According to the study of Garcia et al. (2023) Entitled "The Relationship of Sleep

Hours on the Academic Performance and Classroom Participation of Senior High School

Students" According to the study of Garcia et al., (2023) it concludes that there is no

significant relationship between sleep hours and academic or classroom participation.

Because most of the students who only sleep 4 to 6 hours a day, which falls into the

category of inadequate sleep hours. are still able to obtain a grade of 90 to 100 on their

general weighted average. Whereas The Study of Sygaco (2021) Entitled "The

Correlation of Sleep and Academic Performance" 97% of the student population lacks 1

to 2 hours of sleep compared to the required average of sleep. most of the students still

manage to get a full hour of sleep despite the tasks handed down by teachers. These

finding states that there is no linear correlation between the hours of sleep and the general
average of respondents. Additionally, According to Quinagan et al., (2023) Based on the

findings they got, most respondents are commonly female and belong to the HMS strand,

while the other is from STEM. the overall sleep quality of Grade 12 students under the

general academic strand. Despite the problems they encountered sleeping, they can still

manage their activities. To sum up, this study shows that there is no significant difference

between academic performance on sleep quality of Students.

On the other hand, according to study of Nacino et al., (2019) Entitled "The

Negative Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance". School in Maria

Aurora Philippines, 82% of the respondents say that lack of sleep affects their studies,

while 18% say that it doesn't affect their studies. Therefore, based on the findings they

got; researchers knew that the factor that causes sleep deprivation is schoolwork. While,

according to study of Afable et al., (2020). Out of 40 respondents 27 students say that

they are tired because of the activities at school. Because of these findings, 67% of the

students say that they feel tired throughout the school day, have a hard time taking tests,

and commonly fall asleep during class hours.

Overall, these local studies of Garcia et al. (2023), Sygaco (2021) and Quinagan

et al., (2023) conclude that students can still manage their school activities, and maintain

their academic performance, despite the problems that they encountered sleeping. While

The Local studies of Nacino et al., (2019) and Afable et al., (2020) conclude that sleep
deprivation have significant impact on academic performance, especially on the social

behavior of students.

According to Shimura et al., (2018) Students in their senior year of high school

are going through a very important developmental stage, and social connection is

essential to both their academic and emotional well-being. Lack of sleep throws off the

brain's emotional processing areas, making people more sensitive and less able to control

their emotions. It concluded that, Pupils may find it difficult to control their emotions and

get easily agitated, which could lead to stress and conflict in their relationships.

Additionally, according to Taghvaee and Mazandarani (2022), Students who don't get

enough sleep may be more vulnerable to peer pressure and take risks to feel validated or

to find pleasure. To sum up this study stated that, the connections with family, friends,

and peers and be harmful to their general well-being may be worsen.

Therefore, in this study of Chen & Chen, (2019), Demonstrate the cognitive

functions, especially, communication abilities that adequate sleep is essential. On the

findings of this study stated that, Sleep deprived can make it difficult for students to

follow conversations, express themselves clearly, and participate in meaningful debates.

And conclude that, Miscommunication, failures in interpersonal interaction, and social

isolation may result from this.

 Furthermore, it is also the same as the study conducted by Zhang et al., (2019), It

shows that, Lack of sleep reduces a person's ability to empathize with others and

comprehend their feelings. The findings of this study concluded that, Students might

become less enthusiastic about participating in group projects, extracurricular activities,

or even casual conversations, leading to social withdrawal and isolation. Lastly,

according to Nasim et.al (2019), Sleep deprivation affects attention and focus, making it

difficult for students to concentrate on social interactions. They might miss social cues,

struggle to follow conversations, and appear disinterested or disengaged, that negatively

impacting their social interactions and their ability to make connections. It concluded

that, this may exacerbate their feelings of overwhelm and withdrawal in students, making

it more difficult for them to interact positively with teachers and peers and possibly

lowering their social status.

In conclusion, these foreign studies of Shimura et al., (2018), Taghvaee and Mazandarani

(2022), Chen & Chen, (2019), Zhang et al., (2019) and Nasim et.al (2019), Obtained by

researchers, all of these are related to this topic since, most of their conclusions say that

sleep deprivation influences person's social behavior.

Theoretical Framework
 The theoretical underpinning of Self-regulation and social behavior during sleep

deprivation Banks et al., (2016); Dorrian and Dinges, (2005), Sleep deprivation can be

broadly characterized as achieving less sleep than required to function. It can be acute

and total, or chronic and partial, with the effects of small amounts of insufficient sleep

accumulating across multiple days, weeks, or longer. More than a century of research

conducted in the laboratory demonstrates the measurable negative impact of sleep

deprivation on neurobehavioral functions, ranging from basic aspects of attention. Sleep

deprivation isn't just about pulling an all-nighter occasionally. It can be short bursts of not

getting enough sleep that add up over time, or even longer periods where you're

constantly sleep deprived. No matter how it happens, the research shows that skimping

on sleep has a real impact on our brains.

Social behavior requires self-regulation of behavior and emotion. Both are

compromised during sleep deprivation. Self-regulation of behavior and emotions in a way

that is consistent with social expectations, requires understanding and monitoring of self

and of others. This includes understanding how others are thinking and behaving in

response to how we are thinking and behaving Heatherton, (2011).

The theory of Sleep Deprivation: impact on cognitive performance National

Foundation Education (2007) and Banks et al., (2016); Dorrian and Dinges, (2005) both

explored the downsides of insufficient sleep, but with a nuanced difference. Sleep

deprivation emphasizes getting less sleep than your body needs overall, whether it's a
short burst (acute) or a long-term pattern (chronic). Even small amounts of missed sleep

can accumulate over time. On the other hand, it focuses on how various factors like work

schedules or lifestyle choices disrupt your sleep patterns. Similar to sleep deprivation, it

can be acute (one night of bad sleep) or chronic (regularly not getting enough rest).

When it comes to understanding the impact of insufficient sleep. Banks et al.,

(2016); Dorrian and Dinges, (2005) is more relevant. While sleep loss highlights

disruptions to your sleep patterns, sleep deprivation focuses on the bigger picture whether

you're getting enough sleep to function properly.

According to Banks et al., (2016); Dorrian and Dinges, (2005) In the model

(Figure 1.0), taken together, research suggests that sleep deprivation impairs social

behavior through a complex, self-reinforcing relationship with conflict and withdrawal.

Sleep deprivation negatively impacts on self-regulation, which includes behavioral and

emotional regulation. Behavioral regulation is impacted through dysregulation of the

HPA axis (the "stress response" system), which includes changes to brain reward

systems.
Theoretical Paradigm

Perpetuates Sleep
Deprivation

• Stress from conflict

Decreased Self-
Regulation
Increased Conflict
Sleep
Deprivation

• Impaired emotional

Social Withdrawal

• Decreased motivation
to interact

• Feeling isolated and

disconnected
Conceptual Framework

The research aims to assess the impact of sleep deprivation on the social behavior

of senior high school students at Saint Louise de Marillac College of Sorsogon,

Incorporated. Sleep deprivation, characterized by insufficient sleep duration or poor sleep

quality, is the independent variable in this study. It will be measured through self-

reported sleep duration and quality, as well as objective measures like actigraphy or sleep

diary records. The dependent variable is social behavior, encompassing interpersonal

relationships, communication skills, emotional regulation, and participation in social

activities. Social behavior will be assessed through self-report measures, observations,

and feedback from peers and teachers.

The conceptual framework hypothesizes that sleep-deprived students may

experience difficulties in forming and maintaining relationships, exhibit increased

irritability or emotional instability, have reduced social engagement, and struggle with

effective communication. Several mediating factors may influence this relationship,

including academic stress, physical health, psychological well-being, and family support.
Academic stress from deadlines and exams, physical health issues like fatigue or illness,

and psychological well-being factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression may

exacerbate the effects of sleep deprivation on social behavior. On the other hand, family

support, including parental involvement and communication, may mitigate these effects.

To ensure the observed effects can be attributed to sleep deprivation specifically,

confounding variables such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and pre-existing mental

health conditions will be controlled for. By accounting for these variables, the study aims

to isolate the effects of sleep deprivation on social behavior.

The proposed conceptual framework provides a comprehensive foundation for

investigating the impact of sleep deprivation on the social behavior of senior high school

students. By considering both self-reported and objective measures of sleep deprivation,

as well as various aspects of social behavior, the study aims to provide a holistic

understanding of the relationship. The inclusion of mediating factors and control of

confounding variables further enhance the study's validity and contribute to a more

nuanced understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

Ultimately, the findings of this research may have implications for educational

institutions, parents, and policymakers in promoting healthy sleep habits and fostering
positive social development among students. By understanding the consequences of

insufficient sleep on social behavior, interventions and support systems can be

implemented to improve the overall well-being of senior high school students.

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

SLEEP SOCIAL
DEPRIVATION BEHAVIOR

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

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