UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

ALFREDO M. VELAYO - COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY

A.Y. 2023-2024
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY

READPH: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

GROUP 1: Customs of the Tagalog ● Leadership is not absolute because of

A. Historical Background: Philippines during the council of elders (datus ask them for
Precolonial Years guidance/advice on how to lead the
- Governmental System and Barangayanic barangay)
Relations ● Council of Elders - believed to be higher
● Barangays in society since older = smarter (more
● Ruled by chieftains / datus experience hence more knowledge)
● Around 30 - 100 families ● Datu
● 1st son will inherit the chieftain ○ Has a vital role in the
positions (based on patriarchy) community and has powerful
● Notes: decisions
○ Chieftains can be selected at ○ Myth: black magic/superpowers
some point (usually by the (Henry Scott)
council of elders iirc!) ❖ Ropok - control or enslave the
○ Not based on gender as long as thoughts of any person
from same family (example: if ❖ Bosong - swelling of person’s
no sons then the eldest daughter intestines
can inherit the position) ❖ Kaykay - pierce an enemy by
- Social Classes and Mobility pointing from a distance
● Datu / chieftains: highest position, ❖ Hokhok - instant death within a
usually leads the wars and other touch or breath
activities within the barangay ❖ Panslus - spear when stepped on
● Maharlikas / noble: handpicked by datus will cause intense swelling
; council of elders ; law makers - Preoccupation and Industries
● Aliping Namamahay / commoners: lives ● Mining, navigation, hunting,
in their own houses (still a property of manufacturing weapons, smithing,
their masters) textiles
● Aliping Saguiguilid / slaves: lives in the ● Barter - exchange of goods without
house of their master money
● Additional Notes from: ● Rich agriculture (Philippines thrived
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/general-blogs/726/s during pre-colonial era since rich with
ocial-structure-of-the-lowland-filipinos-during-pre-hisp
anic-era-and-the-maharlika
natural resources)
○
Maharlikas are also known as - Arts and Music
Warrior class ● Tattoo (by pintados), petroglyphs,
○ Datus are from Maginoo or bul-ul, sarimanok, hagabi, manunggul
Ruling class jar
○ Balangays - sailboats ● Kulintang, kutiyapi
○ Timawas are freeman class; the - Literature
only class that pays taxes ● Epics: narrative about a deeds of a
- Law-making and Judicial System historical hero
● No democratic power ● Legends: describes the origin of things
by: hia! goodluck! aral well <3
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
ALFREDO M. VELAYO - COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
A.Y. 2023-2024
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY

● Riddles: questions or statements that ○ Sheds are constructed

offer a puzzle to be solved temporarily for the purpose of
● Proverbs: short, pithy statement that sheltering people on each side
usually offers life advice, wisdom, or a of the house with a roof called
truth sibi.
● Baybayin ○ Divided into three
○ Early writing system compartments:
○ 17 basic symbols: 3 vowels & - Posts of the house: set small
14 consonants lamps called sorihile
B. Author Biography: Juan de Plasencia - Center of the house: one large
- Franciscan missionary (Spanish friar of the lamp designed with leaves of
Franciscan Order) who first arrived in the the white palm
Philippines in 1578 ○ Use of drums, beated for the
- Tasked by King of Spain (King Philip III) to whole feast usually lasts for 4
document the traditions and customs of the days
colonized (“natives”) ○ Whole barangay or family
- Founded numerous towns in Luzon (Laguna, unites and joins in the worship
Tayabas, Bulacan, Rizal) called nagaanitos.
- Authored several religious and linguistic books ○ The house of the chief is called
including Doctrina Cristiana or Christian a temple for the whole period.
Doctrines – first ever book printed in the ● The Idols:
Philippines ○ Bathala - “All powerful” or
- Defender of the public, especially of the poor, ill “Maker of all things”
or neglected. ○ Sun
- Died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590 ○ Moon - worshiped especially
More Info: when new
https://ofmphilarchives.tripod.com/id8.html#_ftn13
○ Stars
C. The Narrative
(Helpful References:) - Tala - Morning Star
- https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/western-mindan - Pleiades - Seven Little Goats
ao-state-university/nursing/customs-of-the-tagalog-read
- Mapolon - Change of Seasons
ings-in-philippines/7074799
- https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/central-mindana - Balatic - Greater Bear
o-university/history/module-2-lesson-1-customs-of-the- ○ 1k-ha - images with different
tagalogs/14263617
shapes / comes in many forms
- On the Worship of the Tagalogs, their Gods, and
○ Dian Masalanta - patron of
their Burials and Superstitions
lovers and generation
● No temples consecrated to the
○ Lacapati and Idianale - patron of
performing of sacrifices, adoration or
cultivated lands and husbandry
general practice of idolatry.
○ Buaya - crocodiles or water
● Simbahan - temple or place of adoration
lizards paid reverence to due to
● Pandot / Worship
fear of being harmed by them
○ Celebrated in large house of a
● Reasons for Worship:
chief
○ Personal matters
○ Recovery of a sick person
by: hia! goodluck! aral well <3
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
ALFREDO M. VELAYO - COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
A.Y. 2023-2024
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
○ Prosperous voyage
○ Good harvest
○ Propitious result in wars
○ Successful delivery in childbirth
○ Happy outcome in married life
● Festivities last for 30 days if it takes 4.
place among people with rank.
● Young girls who experience their
monthly cycles for the first time, must
have their eyes covered for four days 5.
and four nights. At the end of the period,
a catalonan will bathe, wash and remove
the bandage from her eyes. This is done
in order to bear children, have fortune in
finding husbands based on taste and
would not be left widowed.
- About Catalonans, Mankukulam and Aswangs
Priest of the Devils
1. Catalonan 6.
○ Babaylan / Filipino shamans
○ Either man or woman
○ Honorable among the native,
held ordinarily by people of
rank
○ Communicate, appease, or
harness the spirits of the dead
and the spirits of nature
2. Mangagauay or witches
○ Deceive by pretending to heal 7.
the sick
○ Induced maladies by their
charms, which in proportion to
the strength and efficacy of the
witchcraft, are capable of
causing death.
○ Prolong life for a year by 8.
binding to the waist of a live
serpent believed to be the devil.
3. Manyisalat
○ Similar with mangagauay
○ Applies remedies to lovers that
they would abandon and despise 9.
their own wives, and in fact
by: hia!
could prevent them from having
intercourse with the latter
○ Women abandoned will be
brought sickness – discharge
blood and matter.
Mancocolam
○ Duty was to emit fire from
himself at night once or often a
month
Hacloban
○ Witch with greater efficacy than
mangagauay, can do things with
gestures alone
○ Can kill by simply saluting or
raising hands
○ Can also heal those made ill by
their charms
○ Catanduanes, Luzon
Silagan
○ Anyone clothed in white will
have their liver torn out with
sharp claws and eaten, causing
death
○ Catanduanes
○ Calavan: The intestines of a
Spanish notary were torn out
through the anus, buried in
Calilaya by Fray Juan de Merida
Magtatangal
○ Show himself at night without
head or entrails
○ Devil walked and carried his
head in different places and
return to his body alive
○ Catanduanes
Osuang
○ Sorcerer
○ Flies and murder men and ate
their flesh
○ Visayas Islands ; did not exist
among Tagalogs
Mangagayoma
goodluck! aral well <3
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
ALFREDO M. VELAYO - COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
A.Y. 2023-2024
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
○ Made charms for lovers which
would infuse the heart will love,
deceiving people sometimes
through the intervention of the
devil
10. Sonat or preacher
○ help one to die, at which time he
predicted the salvation or
condemnation of the soul
○ Not lawful to be fulfilled by
others not high of standing
○ spiritual healer
11. Pangatahojan or soothsayer
○ Predicts the future
12. Bayoguin or conquean
○ man whose nature inclined
toward that of a woman
● Burying of the Deceased
○ Deceased is buried beside his house
○ If chief:
■ Placed beneath a little house or
porch
■ Mourned for 4 days before inter
■ Laid on boat which served as
coffin or bier, placing him
beneath the porch, where guard
was kept over him by a slave
○ If rowers:
■ Various animals were placed
within the boat, each one being
assigned a place at the oar by
twos – male and female of each
species being together
○ If warrior:
■ A living slave was tied beneath
his body until in this wretched
way he died.
■ In course of time, all suffered
decay; and for many days the
relatives of the dead man
bewailed him, singing dirges,
and praises of his good
qualities, until finally they were
by: hia!
weary of it. This grief was also
accompanied by eating and
drinking.
○ Aetas or Negrillos (Negritos)
■ Dug a deep, perpendicular hole,
and placed the deceased within
it, leaving him upright with
head or crown unburied, on top
of which they put half a
cocoa-nut which was to serve
him as a shield
■ Then they went in pursuit of
some Indian, whom they killed
in retribution for the Negrillo
who had died.
■ To this end they conspired
together, hanging a certain token
on their necks until some one of
them procured the death of the
innocent one.
■ Maca - paradise or village of
rest ; the valiant, and those who
lived without doing harm, or
who possessed other moral
virtues
■ Cansanaan - place of anguish,
punishment, grief and affliction
➢ Demons - Sitan
➢ Infernal Ministers
○ Priest of Devils
(excluding sonat and
bayoguin)
○ Ghosts - Vibit
○ Phantoms - Tikbalang
○ Tiyanak - if a woman
died during childbirth,
she and the child
suffered punishment
and could be heard
lamenting
GROUP 2: Dasalan at Tocsohan
A. Historical Background: The Propaganda
Movement
goodluck! aral well <3
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
ALFREDO M. VELAYO - COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
A.Y. 2023-2024
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY

(Helpful References:) ● Older brother" Fernando del Pilar (father

https://www.philippine-history.org/la-solidaridad.htm
of Gregorio del Pilar)
- Propaganda Movement (1880 - 1895) was a time
● Older sister: Hilaria del Pilar (wife of
of reform and national consciousness movement
Deodato Arellano, 1st Supremo of
that arose among young Filipino expatriates
Katipunan)
repressed by the Spanish government.
● Studied at Colegio de San Jose and
- Public education was controlled by the church
University of Santo Tomas to pursue
- 1872: growing nationalism sprouted rebellion
law.
- 1888: Graciano Lopez Jaena founded newspaper
● Licenciado en jurisprudencia / Bachelor
La Solidaridad in Barcelona which urged
of laws in 1881.
reforms in both religion and government sectors
C. The Narrative
known as the Propaganda Movement.
- Ang Tanda (Sign of the Cross)
- 3 Leading Figures of PG: Jose Rizal, Graciano
● Money was the sole consideration for
Loper Jaena and Marcelo Del Pilar
assurance during Spanish colonization.
- La Liga Filipina declined after the arrest of Rizal
● Used the cara-i-cruz as a symbol and
leading to La Solidaridad going out of business
emphasized that protection during the
in November 1895.
Spanish era was money instead of
- Del Pilar and Jaema died in 1896 due to poverty
divinity.
and disappointment. An attempt to reestablish
● Worshiping money > Declaring one’s
La Liga Filipina was done but the movement
faith in God.
had split to illustrado – advocates of reform and
● Filipinos believed that in order for the
plebeian constituency – wanted a revolution.
deceased to enter heaven, approval of
B. Author Biography: Marcelo H. Del Pilar
the priest is needed. Hence, priests take
- Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan
advantage of them to make money and
- 1869: Marcelo was 19 years old, got into a fight
abuse daughters.
with a parish priest because of excessive
- Pagsisisi (Act of Contrition)
christening fees.
● Filipinos are used as fuel for friar’s
- Got suspended from UST
greediness.
- Jailed for 30 days at Carcel y Presidio
● Person lamenting his faith in a friar as
Correccional or Old Bilibid Prison.
insulted by the conduct of the church
- Written anti-friar articles under the pen name
● Friars are more likely to kill that offer
Plaridel.
salvation, manipulate rather than act as a
- 1889: got banished to Barcelona, succeeded
barrier to temptation and trade in the
Jaena as EIC of La Solidaridad.
cross than sacrifice.
- Additional Infos:
● The Church failed to fulfill its duties and
● Born in San Nicolas, Bulakan, Bulacan
instead treated religion as business.
on Aug. 30, 1850
● Encomendero - tax collector
● Philippine revolutionary propagandist
- Ang Amain Namin (The Lord’s Prayer / Our
and satirist
Father)
● 9th out of 10 children
● Friars were considered the “second
● Father: Julian H. del Pilar
father” of the Filipinos, next to God as
(gobernadorcillo)
they were heavily influenced and
● Mother: Blasa Gatmaitan (from pre
manipulated by them.
colonial noble family Gatmaitans)
by: hia! goodluck! aral well <3
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
ALFREDO M. VELAYO - COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
A.Y. 2023-2024
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
● To express his rage, Marcelo changed
the start of the prayer to “Ang Amain
Namin” which means stepfather,
referring to friars who Filipinos were
required to obey all the time.
● Illustrated the Amain Namin as someone
greedy and in the convent, an
insinuation to the friars that take
advantage of the nuns in convents to do
immoral acts against their vows as
priests – poverty, chastity/celibacy and
obedience.
● Written to expose tyranny and deter the
people from the heavy influence of
friars.
- Ang Aba Guinoong Baria (Hail Mary)
● The church and religion was used by the
friars to fool the Filipinos and obtain
their hard earned money.
● Reveals the greediness of friars and
misuse of society’s wealth.
● Overpriced Baptisms and Burials
wherein friars pocket the donations to
the Church in the belief that this will
bring them closer to God.
● Filipinos were forced to believe in
everything friars say as it is the God’s
will or else they will be killed.
- Ang Aba Po Santa Baria (Hail Holy Queen /
Salve Regina Prayer)
● Spaniards treated Filipinos as slaves
where they could kill them as if it were a
game of caracruz or coin flip
● Friars were somehow saints of money
who are inhumane.
● Made Filipinos of all ages work various
jobs such as building structures to gain
money.
● Regardless of financial gain, still need to
follow since rules are absolute and have
children or families to support.
● Forced labors: Galleon Trade,
Encomienda System and Polo y Servicio
by: hia!
– males ages 16 - 60 are required to
perform heavy labor for town projects
and when resisted will result in brutal
punishment including death.
- Ang Manga Utos Nang Fraile (The 10
Commandments)
● Filipinos back then were strictly
prohibited from talking against the
Spainiards and ought to follow the friars
above anything else.
● Encapsulated the orders Filipinos are
ought to follow to serve the friars
effectively and survive.
● Warn Filipinos of the ill-effects of the
Spanish colonization.
● Hypocrisy of the friars who preach a
religion they do not follow / double
standards.
● Emphasizes how they took advantage of
Filipinos by oppressing and exploiting
them for wealth and power.
Lecture Notes: (by Jenah Manaog!)
● GOMBURZA sparked injustice, considered as
threats
● 2 organizations of Friars
○ Regular: Spanish friars
○ Secular: Filipino friars
● Father Pelaez initiated justice for filipino friars
(he got killed)
● GOMBURZA continued father pelaez's
initiation
● Propaganda movement died a natural death
● La liga filipina downfall because of what
happened to Jose Rizal in Dapitan (Zamboanga)
● Dorotheo cortez - asked queen regent to remove
friars
● Secularization (transfer of friars)
goodluck! aral well <3