UNDERSTANDING PAULO FREIRE

➔ Native of Brazil
➔ September 19, 1921 - May 2, 1997

CULTURE, ➔ Author of “Pedagogy of the oppressed”

SOCIETY, AND PEDAGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED

POLITICS ➔ Was published in 1968 in Portuguese

Language.
➔ Was then translated into English by Myra
Ramos in 1970
➔ The book is based on Freire's own
experience while teaching Brazilian adults
and helping them read and write.
➔ The goal is to emancipate marginalized or
LESSON 1.1: STARTING oppressed groups by developing, according
to Paulo Freire, conscientização, or critical
POINTS FOR consciousness in students. Critical pedagogy
de- centers the traditional classroom, which
UNDERSTANDING positions teachers at the center.
➔ The pedagogy of the oppressed is a process
CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND wherein the oppressed develop critical
awareness that they are oppressed, and that
POLITICS oppression is dehumanization. Then, and
only then, after this consciousness is
achieved, can they move toward liberation of
both themselves and the oppressors.
INTRODUCTION
- Studying society requires a closer look at the
social and cultural backgrounds of individuals
● Gender
that form part of it. Social actors, agents, - DOH, 2020 - Refers to "the composite
persons, or individuals retain their identities of attitudes and behavior of men and
and/or considered part of descriptive women (masculinity and femininity)"
categorization based on gender, socio- - WHO, 2020 - "Gender refers to the
economic class, ethnicity, religion, and roles, behaviors, activities, attributes,
nationality. and opportunities that any society
considers appropriate for girls and
boys, and women and men. Gender
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS
interacts with, but is different from, the
binary categories of biological sex."
● People or Subjects - Time changes and attitudes so Gender
- They are social actors or agents who Roles change too.
have the capacity to understand and - Filipino families (especially
reshape their world too, in contrast conservative ones) - they typically
with objects, that are merely acted define but not impose masculine and
upon. feminine identities on their members.
- Human beings use fire to cook food. ➢ E.g. #1 Boys are traditionally
Hence, clearly food is an object so is gifted with toy cars and the like
fire. On the other hand, Human beings while Girls are typically given
are subjects that make use of objects. dolls.
- So, Humans write and rewrite history. ➢ E.g. #2 Way back in the days
People play roles in making and of Jose Rizal, women had to
changing history. seek official permission to
establish a women's school (in
Malolos, Bulacan). They are
 ➢ expected to just finish basic
and then become a good
housewives.
● Economic State
- “Money make the world goes round”
- Indeed, we need money to effectively
function as a member of the society.
- From mere survival through buying
basic necessities.
- To ensuring that our talents and skills
honed in schools. For us to become
contributors in the social progress.
- People are understandably usually
classified along socio-economic class.
7 INCOMES CLUSTERS
● Poor
● Low-income but not poor
● Lower Middle income
● Middle Income
● Upper Middle income
● Upper income but not rich
● Rich
Summed up into 3 Labels
● Rich (bourgeoisie)
● Middle Class (petite bourgeoisie)
● Poor (peasant)
● Educational Needs
- With regards to educational needs
categorization of exceptionalities are
also identified.
- According to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Disorder Ontario Network Expertise
(FASD ONE)
- Categories of Exceptionality:
➔ Behavioral, Communicative
(Encompassing Autism, Deaf,
and Hard of Hearing, Language
Impairment, and Learning
Disability)
➔ Intellectual (Giftedness, Mild
Intellectual Disability and
Developmental Disability)
➔ Physical (Physical Disability
and Blind and Low Vision)
● Ethnicity and nationality
- Two of the most common ways of
expressing, constructing, or classifying
shared identities.
➔ Ethnicity - frequently linked
with a person's racial, cultural,
or religious group. (Race,
Language, and Religion)
E.g A Filipino national (A
Philippine passport holder) can
also be Tagalog,
Kapampangan, Pangasinense,
or Maranao.
➔ Nationality - Related to the
state to which an individual
belongs or shares affiliation.
(Specific country or territory
dominated by a certain ethnic
group)
E.g Meanwhile, a British
National (a UK passport holder)
can also be English, Scottish,
or Welsh, and also be BAME
(Black, Asian, and Minority
Ethnic People) at the same
time.
LESSON 1.2: DEFINITION
OF ANTHROPOLOGY,
SOCIOLOGY, AND
POLITICAL SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION
- In view of some of the observations in society
that we have tackled, it is now necessary to
define the fields of study that would help us
understand our society better.
ANTHROPOLOGY
Etymology:
Greek word “Anthropos” means “Human”
Greek word “Logos” means “The Study of”
- Study of people throughout the world, their
evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to
different environment, communicate and
socialize with another.
- According to Royal Anthropological Institute’s
Education Outreach Programme 2020, It is
concerned both with the biological features that
makes us human (such as physiology, genetic
 makeup, nutritional history, and evolution) and
with social aspects (Language,Culture, Politics,
Family, Religion).
- Systematic study of humanity, with the goal
of understanding our evolutionary origins, our
distinctiveness as species, and the great
diversity in our forms of social existence across
the world and through time.
SOCIOCULTURAL
- Is the study of both social and cultural aspect of
the human being.
Sample topics:
￭ Gender relations
￭ Demography
￭ Family Systems
￭ Race
￭ Class
￭ Resistance movements
￭ Cultural politics
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- Study a variety of aspects of human
evolutionary biology.
- Branch of anthropology concerned w ith the
origin, evolution, and diversity of people.
- Work broadly on three major sets of problems:
human and non-human primate evolution,
human variation.
ARCHEOLOGY
- Greek word “arkhaiologia” meaning “ancient/
primitive.” Greek word “logos” meaning “the
study of”.
- The study of the ancient and recent human
past through material remains.
- Study of material remains of present and past
cultural systems to understand the technical,
social, and political organization of those
systems and the larger culture evolutionary
process that stand behind them.
SOCIOLOGY
Etymology:
Latin word “Socius” meaning “Companion”
Greek word “Logos” meaning “The study of”
- Commonly defined as the scientific study of
social relations, social institutions, and
societies, is characterized by a great diversity of
ways of conceiving its objectives, uses, styles,
and methods. (Boudon, 2001)
- The study of Sociology was born in Europe
during the period of Industrial Revolution and
French Revolution.
- The term was first coined by French essayist
Emmanuel- Joseph Sieyes in 1780 in an
unpublished manuscript and later reinvented by
a French Philosopher and considered as
“Father of Sociology” Auguste Comte in
1838.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
1. Structural Functionalism
- It argues that society is made possible
by cooperation and interdependence.
- This views society as a system with
parts and these parts have their
respective functions to perform.
2. Conflict Theory
- Marxist inspired perspective, claims
society is like an “arena” and social
actors are “gladiators” fighting for their
very lives.
- Conflict bring about a new set of
relations and interactions, which
produces new dynamism in society.
3. Symbolic Interactionism
- It explores the issues of meaning
making, and why this is crucial in
understanding order or conflict as
processes that brought about society.
- Humans as social beings have the
capacity to generate meaning from their
surroundings.
Simply put, sociology is the study of societies and
the complex entities and relations inside it.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Etymology:
Greek word “Polis” meaning “City-state”
(for affairs of the cities-for affairs of the state).
Latin word “Scire” meaning “Science or to Know”
- Study of politics and power from domestic,
international, and comparative perspectives.
- Entails understanding political ideas,
ideologies, institutions, policies, processes,
and behavior as well as groups, classes,
government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and
 war.(Department of Political Science of North
Western University, 2020)
- A background in political science is valuable for
citizenship and political action, as well as for
future careers, and government law, business,
or public service.
- Everything Political.
LESSON 2.1: ETYMOLOGY,
DEFINITION, AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
WHAT IS CULTURE?
SIR EDWARD BURNETT TAYLOR (E.B. Taylor)
- English anthropologist, and professor of
anthropology.
- Describes culture as "a complex whole, which
encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member of society
- The Complexity of Culture cannot be simply
broken down into a set of attributes. This
means that to understand a culture, you need
to see the relationship to other part of the
system.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7356
- Law Creating the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts
- Culture is a manifestation of Freedom of
belief and expression and is a human right to
be accorded respect and allowed to flourish.
- It further relates cultures to “national identity” as
the former “reflects and shapes values, beliefs,
aspirations, thereby defining a people’s national
identity.”
POINTS OUT THAT THE COUNTRY’S
CULTURAL POLICIES SHOULD BE:
- Pluralistic, fostering deep respect for the
cultural identity of each locality, region, or
ethnolinguistic locality, as well as elements
assimilated from other cultures through the
natural process of accumulation
- Democratic, encouraging, and supporting the
participation of the vast masses of our people in
its programs and projects
- Liberative having concern for the
decolonization and emancipation of the Filipino
psyche in order to ensure the full flowering of
Filipino culture.
CULTURE IS UNDERSTOOD AS CONSISTING
OF BOTH:
1. Material
- Objects or belongings of a group of
people, or any ponderable objects
produced or used by humans.
2. Non-Material
- Is all the elements of culture that are
not tangible.
CULTURE IS LEARNED
- Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Culture is
also often called "learned ways of behavior"
CULTURE IS SHARED
- Culture is not something that an individual
alone can possess. As culture in a sociological
sense, is shared.
CULTURE IS INTEGRATED
- Culture can be integrated by adopting practices
from another culture without diminishing own's
culture.
CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE
- Culture enables humans to adjust, survive, and
thrive in their environment.
CULTURE IS ABSTRACT
- Culture exists in the minds or habits of the
members of society. Culture is the shared ways
of doing and thinking.
CULTURE IS SYMBOLIC
- Culture's attachment to symbols is arbitrary,
different interpretations of a symbol can occur
in different cultural contexts. Both verbal and
nonverbal in form within cultural systems.