Lecture (5)

Analytical Geometry & Calculus I

MATH 001
 Outline
2

 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
 Taylor and Maclaurin series
 Revision: Definition of Hyperbolic Functions
3

−x
e −e
x
Hyperbolic Sine: sinh ( x ) =
2
−x
e +e
x
Hyperbolic Cosine: cosh ( x ) =
2
sinh ( x ) e x − e− x
Hyperbolic Tan: tanh ( x ) = = x −x
cosh ( x ) e + e
 Revision: Definition of Hyperbolic Functions
4

cosh ( x ) e x + e − x
Hyperbolic Cot: coth ( x ) = = x ,x 0
sinh ( x ) e − e − x

1 2
Hyperbolic Sec: sech ( x ) = = x −x
cosh ( x ) e + e

1 2
Hyperbolic Cosec: csch ( x ) = = x ,x 0
sinh ( x ) e − e − x
 Revision: Identities of Hyperbolic Functions
5
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒙

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 ± 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒚 ± 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒚

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 ± 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒚 ± 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒚

To prove the Identities use the definition

 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
6

d d
sinh x = cosh x cosh x = sinh x
dx dx
d d
tanh x = sec h x
2
coth x = −cs c h x
2

dx dx

d
d
sec hx = −sec h x tanh x cs c hx = −cs c h x coth x
dx dx
 Revision: Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions
7

𝐷: ℜ 𝐷: ℜ 𝐷: ℜ
𝑅: ℜ 𝑅: ሾ1, ∞) 𝑅: −1,1

𝐷: ℜ − 0 𝐷: ℜ 𝐷: ℜ − 0
𝑅: ℜ − 0 𝑅: (0, 1ሿ 𝑅: ℜ − −1,1
 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
8

 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦
 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = cosh 𝑦 , 0≤𝑦
 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = tanh 𝑦
 𝑦 = coth−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = coth 𝑦
 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = sech 𝑦 , 0≤𝑦
 𝑦 = csch−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = csch 𝑦
Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
9

𝐷: ℜ 𝐷: ሾ1, ∞) 𝐷: −1,1
𝑅: ℜ 𝑅: ሾ0, ∞) 𝑅: ℜ

𝐷: ℜ − 0 𝐷: (0, 1ሿ 𝐷: ℜ − −1,1
𝑅: ℜ − 0 𝑅: ሾ0, ∞) 𝑅: ℜ − 0
 Inverse Hyperbolic Identities
10

sinh−1 −𝑥 = − sinh−1 𝑥
tanh−1 −𝑥 = − tanh−1 𝑥
coth−1 −𝑥 = − coth−1 𝑥
csch−1 −𝑥 = − csch−1 𝑥
 Inverse Hyperbolic Identities
11

−1 −1 1
csch 𝑥 = sinh
𝑥
−1 −1 1
sech 𝑥 = cosh
𝑥
−1 −1 1
coth 𝑥 = tanh
𝑥
Proof
−1 1 1
𝑦 = csch 𝑥 ⇒ csch 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ =
csch 𝑦 𝑥
1 −1 1
sinh 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦= sinh
𝑥 𝑥
1
⇒ csch−1 𝑥 = sinh −1
𝑥
 1 1+𝑥
Example () Prove that tanh−1 𝑥 = ln
2 1−𝑥
12

𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 ⇒ tanh 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦
⇒ =𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 1 + 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 1 − 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥
2𝑦 1+𝑥 1 1+𝑥
𝑒 = ⇒ 𝑦= ln
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥

−1
1 1+𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = ln
2 1−𝑥
Example () Prove that sinh−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1

13

𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 ⇒ sinh 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = 2𝑥
2
2𝑦
⇒ 𝑒 −1 = 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 ± 4𝑥 2+4
𝑒𝑦 = = 𝑥 ± 𝑥2 + 1
2
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1 ( 𝑒 𝑦 is always positive )
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1
sinh−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1
Logarithmic Forms of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
14

 sinh−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1
 cosh−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 1 , 1≤𝑥
1 1+𝑥
 tanh−1 𝑥 = ln , 𝑥 <1
2 1−𝑥
1 𝑥+1
 coth−1 𝑥 = ln , 1< 𝑥
2 𝑥−1
−1 1+ 1−𝑥 2
 sech 𝑥 = ln , 0<𝑥≤1
𝑥

−1 1 1+𝑥 2
 csch 𝑥 = ln + , 𝑥≠0
𝑥 𝑥
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
15

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔

1
sinh−1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
1
cosh−1 𝑥 1<𝑥
𝑥2 −1
1
tanh−1 𝑥 𝑥 <1
1 − 𝑥2
1
coth−1 𝑥 𝑥 >1
1 − 𝑥2
−1
sech−1 𝑥 0<𝑥<1
𝑥 1− 𝑥2
−1
csch−1 𝑥 𝑥≠0
𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
16

Proofs

(i) 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 ⇒ sinh 𝑦 = 𝑥

cosh 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 1
′ 1 1 1
𝑦 = = =
cosh 𝑦 1+sinh2 𝑦 1+𝑥 2
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
17

Proofs

(ii) 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 ⇒ tanh 𝑦 = 𝑥

sech2 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 1
′ 1 1 1
𝑦 = = =
sech2 𝑦 1−tanh2 𝑦 1−𝑥 2
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
18

Proofs

(iii) 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥 ⇒ sech 𝑦 = 𝑥

− sech 𝑦 tanh 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 1
′ −1 −1
𝑦 = =
sech 𝑦 tanh 𝑦 sech 𝑦 1−sech2 𝑦
−1
=
𝑥 1−𝑥 2
Example () Find 𝑦 ′ if
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥 + 3𝑥 cosh−1 𝑥
19

𝑥
𝑒
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥 +
1 − 𝑥2
𝑥 −1 𝑥
1
+3 ln 3 cosh 𝑥 + 3
𝑥2 − 1
Example () Find 𝑦 ′
if 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 sech−1 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2
20

′ 1 −1 −1 −2𝑥
𝑦 = + sech 𝑥+𝑥∗ +
1−𝑥 2 𝑥 1−𝑥 2 2 1−𝑥 2
−1 𝑥
= sech 𝑥−
1−𝑥 2
Example () show that 𝑦 ′′ = csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥
if 𝑦 = tan−1 sinh 𝑥 + sech−1 sin 𝑥
21

′
1 −1
𝑦 = 2
cosh 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
1 + sinh 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1 − sin2 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 2 −
cosh 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 1
= − = sech 𝑥 − csc 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = −sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 − − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

= csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥
 Taylor and Maclaurin series

Objective:
How to represent the function in power series
(polynomials)?
 Taylor and Maclaurin series

How to represent the function in power series(polynomials)?

?
 MACLAURIN SERIES

 If a function f(x) has derivatives of all orders at x = 0,

then the series
f "(0) 2 f "'(0) 3
f ( x ) = f (0) + f '(0)( x ) + ( x) + ( x ) + ...
2! 3!

is called the Maclaurin series for f(x) .

Proof.. later
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Example: Find the Maclaurin series

of the function f(x) = ex
f ( x) = e x
f (0) = 1
f ( x) = e
' x
f (0) = 1
'

f ( x) = e
'' x
f (0) = 1
''

f (n)
( x) = e x
f (n)
(0) = 1
f "(0) 2 f "'(0) 3
f ( x ) = f (0) + f '(0)( x ) + ( x) + ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Example: Find the Maclaurin series

of the function f(x) = ex
f "(0) 2 f "'(0) 3
f ( x ) = f (0) + f '(0)( x ) + ( x) + ( x ) + ...
2! 3!

1 1
e = 1 + ( x ) + ( x ) + ( x ) + ...
x 2 3

2! 3!
n 
x
+ ... = 
2 3
x x
e = 1+ x +
x
+
2! 3! n =0 n !
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Guidelines for Finding Maclaurin Series

1. Differentiate f(x) several times
(n)
f (0), f "(0), f '''(0),..., f (0)
Evaluate each derivative at x=0

f ( n ) (0)
2. Find the Maclaurin coefficients Cn =
n!
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Example: Find the Maclaurin series

of the function f(x) = cos(x)
f ( x ) = cos( x ) f (0) = 1
f ( x ) = − sin x
'
f (0) = 0
'

f ( x ) = − cos x
''
f (0) = −1
''

f '''( x ) = sin x f '''(0) = 0

f (4)
( x ) = cos x f (4)
(0) = 1 repetition:
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Example: Find the Maclaurin series

of the function f(x) = cos(x)
f "(0) 2 f "'(0) 3
f ( x ) = f (0) + f '(0)( x ) + ( x) + ( x ) + ...
2! 3!

−1 1
cos x = 1 + 0( x ) + ( x ) + 0( x ) + ( x ) 4 ...
2 3

2! 4!

x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 − + − ...
2! 4! 6!
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Similarly you can proof the following.

x3 x5 x7
sin x = x − + − ...
3! 5! 7!
x3 x5 x7
sinh x = x + + + ...
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
cosh x = 1 + + + ...
2! 4! 6!
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...
1− x
x2 x3 x4
ln(1 − x) = − x − − − − ...
2 3 4
 Maclaurin Series for Composite Function

 What about when f(x) = cos(x2)?

The series for cos x is
x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 − + − + ...
2! 4! 6!

Now substitute by x2 (replace each x by x2)

4 8 12
x x x
cos x = 1 − + −
2
+ ...
2! 4! 6!
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Example: Find the first three non zero terms of the

Maclaurin series of the function f ( x ) = x 2 e x 2
First find the Maclaurin series of ex (as before)
2 3
x x
e = 1+ x +
x
+ + ...
2! 3!
Replace each x by x2
4 6
x x
e = 1+ x + + + ...
2
x 2

2! 3!
Multiply by x 2
6 8
x x
x2ex = x2 + x4 + + + ...
2

2! 3!
 MACLAURIN SERIES

Examples (try): Find the first three non zero

terms of the Maclaurin series of the following

f ( x) = x cosh x

f ( x ) = x 3 sinh( x 2 )

f ( x ) = ln(1 − x 2 )
 Taylor Series(more general)

 If a function f(x) has derivatives of all orders at x = c,

then the series
f "( c )
f ( x ) = f ( c ) + f '( c )( x − c ) + ( x − c ) 2 + ...
2!

f ( n ) (c)
= ( x − c) n

n =0 n!
is called the Taylor series for f(x) at c.
 If c = 0, the series is the
Maclaurin series for f(x) .
 Taylor Series(more general)

Example: Find the Taylor series of the function


f ( x ) = sin x at x=
2

f ( x ) = sin( x ) f( ) =1
2

f '( x ) = cos x f '( ) =0
2

f ''( x ) = − sin x f ''( ) = −1
2

f '''( x ) = − cos x f '''( )=0
2

f (4)
( x ) = sin x f (4)
( ) =1
2
repetition:
 Taylor Series(more general)

Example: Find the Taylor series of the function


f ( x ) = sin x at x=
2
f "( c )
f ( x ) = f ( c ) + f '( c )( x − c ) + ( x − c ) 2 + ...
2!
 −1  2 0  3 1  4
sin x = 1 + 0( x − ) + ( x − ) + ( x − ) + ( x − ) + ...
2 2! 2 3! 2 4! 2

1  2 1  4
sin x = 1 − ( x − ) + ( x − ) + ...
2! 2 4! 2
 Finish

See you next week

 MACLAURIN SERIES(proof)

We start by supposing that f is any function that can be

represented by a power series
f ( x ) = c0 + c1 ( x ) + c2 ( x ) + c3 ( x ) + c4 ( x ) + ...
2 3 4

substitute x=0:
f (0) = c0

By differentiate the series and substitute x=0:

f '( x) = c1 + 2c2 ( x) + 3c3 ( x)2 + 4c4 ( x)3 + ...

f '(0) = c1
 MACLAURIN SERIES(proof)

Differentiate again and substitute x=0:

f ''( x ) = 2c2 + 2  3c3 ( x ) + 3  4c4 ( x ) + ...

2

f (0) = 2C2
'' f '' (0)
 C2 =
2
Let’s apply the procedure one more time.

f '''( x) = 2  3c3 + 2  3  4c4 ( x) + 3  4  5c5 ( x) ...

2

f ''' (0) f ''' (0)

C3 = =
(3)(2) (3)!
 MACLAURIN SERIES(proof)

If we continue to differentiate and substitute

x = 0, we obtain:
f "(0) 2 f "'(0) 3
f ( x ) = f (0) + f '(0)( x ) + ( x) + ( x ) + ...
2! 3!
 Taylor Series(more general)

Examples(try): Find the Taylor series of the

following functions

i.
ii.