Analytical Geometry & Calculus1

(MATH 001)

Lecture #3
• Trigonometric Functions
• Inverse Trigonometric Functions
• Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1
 Trigonometric Functions

Note

sin 
tan  =
cos 
1
sec  =
cos 

1
csc  =
sin 

cos 
cot  =
sin 

2
 Trigonometric Functions

Odd function Even function

3
Trigonometric Functions

Odd function
4
Trigonometric Functions

1
sec  = Reciprocal
cos 

Even function

5
Trigonometric Functions(summary)
6

6
Trigonometric Identities

7
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

sin −1(x) cos −1(x)

tan −1(x) cot −1(x)

sec −1(x) csc −1(x)

𝟏
Note that 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ≠
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)

𝜋 𝜋
sin( )=1 sin−1 1 =
2 2

sin(𝑦)= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 =𝑦
8
 Inverse of 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)

For a function to have an inverse, it must be one-to-one

𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝕽, is not one-to-one
Domain restriction makes 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 one-to-one
𝝅 𝝅
𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ [− , ] is one-to-one
𝟐 𝟐

𝒚 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

1
−  2 x
-/2
/2
−1

𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 exists only in this interval

9
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 : 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Domain = [–/2 , /2]

y = sin(x)
y
Range = [–1, 1] 1

-/2 /2
x

-1
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 exists only in this interval

10
 Inverse of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 : 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠

 π π  π π
D =  − ,  and R =  −1,1 D =  −1,1 and R =  − , 
 2 2  2 2

y
y = sin–1 (x)
y 
2
1 y = sin (x)

  x –1 1 x
− 2 2
–1
− 2
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 Inverse of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝕽, is not one-to-one

Domain restriction makes 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 one-to-one

𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝝅] is one-to-one

y
y = cos(x)
1
−  2 x

−1

𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 𝒙 exists only in this interval

12
 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 : Domain Restrcition

Domain= [0 , ]

y = cos(x)

Range= [–1, 1] y
1

/2  x

-1

𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 𝒙 exists only in this interval

13
 Inverse of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 : Sketching

D =  0,   and R =  −1,1 D =  −1,1 and R =  0,  

y
y =cos (x) y =cos–1 (x)
1.0
1 y = arccos(x) y


5/6

2/3

x
/3 2/3  4/3 /25/3 2

/3

/6

x
1.0
-1 −1.0 1.0

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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Example

Example Find the domain of the following function

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)

−1  ( 2x − 3)  1 Add 3

−1 + 3  ( 2x − 3) + 3  1 + 3

2  2x  4 Divide by 2

1 x  2

D ( f ) = [1, 2 ]
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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Example

Example Find the domain of the following function

𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝟏

x 0 −1  x  1 sin −1 ( x )  1
x  sin(1)
x  0.8414
Take the intersection

D (f ) = [0,1] − sin(1)
16
 Inverse of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝕽, is not one-to-one

y = tan(x)
Domain restriction makes 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 one-to-one
y
𝝅 𝝅
𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ (− , ) is one-to-one
𝟐 𝟐

 3
2 2 x

− 3 −
2 2

𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 exists only in this interval

17
Inverse of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 : Domain and Range, Graphing

     
D =  − ,  and R = ( − ,  ) D = ( − ,  ) and R =  − , 
 2 2  2 2

y
y y =tan–1 (x)
4.0
y = tan(x) /2

3.0

2.0 /4

1.0

x x
−/2 −/4 /4 /2 −4.0 −2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

−1.0

−/4
−2.0

−3.0
−/2
−4.0

18
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Example

Example Sketch in steps

1
a. y=

+ tan −1 x
2
1
b. y=
tan −1 x Try to solve!

19
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙

20
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Symmetry

sin −1(−x) = − sin −1(x) Odd function

tan −1(−x) = − tan −1(x) Odd function
csc −1(−x) = − csc −1(x) Odd function

Other functions are neither even nor odd.

Note

The inverse functions can never be even.

21
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Cancellation Equations for the Inverse Function

sin(sin–1 x) = x - 1 x  1 sin(sin −1(0.5)) = 0.5

sin–1(sin x) = x -
𝜋
2
≤𝑥≤
𝜋
2
sin(sin −1(2))  2

sin −1(sin( )) = 
3 3
cos(cos–1 x) = x - 1 x  1
cos–1(cos x) = x 0x
sin −1(sin( ))  
tan (tan( ))  
−1

tan(tan–1 x) = x -∞<𝑥<∞ tan −1(tan( )) = 

𝜋 𝜋
6 6
tan–1(tan x) = x - <𝑥<
2 2 tan(tan −1(2 )) = 2
22
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Example

−𝟏 𝟐
Example Find the value of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟑

adj
Let  = cos −1 2 , then cos  = 2 =
3 3 hyp

( )
tan cos −1( 2 ) = tan  =
3
opp
adj
= 5
2 3
32 − 22 = 5


2

23
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Example

Example S𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 (𝒙) = 1 − 𝑥 2

adj
Let  = cos x, then cos  = x =
−1
hyp

sin ( cos x ) = sin  = − 2

−1 opp 1 x
= = 1− x 2
hyp 1
1
12 − x 2


x

24
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Example

2𝑥
Example S𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙) =
1+𝑥 2

Let  =tan −1 x, then tan = x

sin ( 2 tan −1 x ) = sin 2 = 2 sin( ) cos( )

sin ( 2 tan −1 x ) = 2 x 1
= 2x 2
1+ x 2 1+ x 2 1+ x
x
1 +x
2 2


1
25
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Identities

Prove that

sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = π/2

tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = π/2
sec −1 𝑥 + csc −1 𝑥 = π/2
Try to solve!
csc −1 𝑥 = sin−1 1/𝑥
sec −1 𝑥 = cos −1 1/𝑥
cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 1/𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0

26
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔

1
sin−1 𝑥 𝑥 <1
1− 𝑥2
−1
cos −1 (𝑥) 𝑥 <1
1 − 𝑥2
1
tan−1 (𝑥)
1 + 𝑥2
−1
cot −1 (𝑥)
1 + 𝑥2
1
sec −1 (𝑥) 𝑥 >1
𝑥 𝑥2 −1
−1
csc −1 (𝑥) 𝑥 >1
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
27
 Finding Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

Example Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

sin(𝑦) = 𝑥
(cos 𝑦) 𝑦 ′ = 1
1 1 1
𝑦′ = = =
cos 𝑦 1−sin2 𝑦 1−𝑥 2
1 1 − 𝑥2
sin−1 𝑥 ′ =
1−𝑥 2

Example Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙

𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 =
2
sin−1 𝑥 ′ + cos −1 𝑥 ′ =0
−1
cos −1 𝑥 ′ =
1−𝑥 2
28
 Finding Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Example Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
tan 𝑦 = 𝑥
sec 2 𝑦 𝑦 ′ =1 𝑥
1 1 1 𝑦
𝑦′ = = =
sec2 𝑦 1+tan2 𝑦 1+𝑥 2 1
1
tan−1 𝑥 ′ =
1+𝑥 2

Example Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙

sec 𝑦 = 𝑥
(sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦)𝑦 ′ = 1
1 1 1
𝑦′ = = =
sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 sec 𝑦 sec2 𝑦−1 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
1
sec −1 𝑥 ′ =
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
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 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Examples

Example Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑥

𝑥 1
𝑦′ = (1) tan−1 𝑥 + + (0.5) sin−1 𝑥 −0.5
1+𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

−1 𝑥
Example Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑦 = 𝑒 sec + ln(tan−1 𝑥൯

−1 𝑥 1 1 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 sec +
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 tan−1 𝑥 1+𝑥 2

30
 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Examples

y = cos x + cos( x ) + ( cos x )

−1 −1 −1
Example Find 𝑦′ if

′
1
𝑦 =− − sin 𝑥 −1 −𝑥 −2 + sec𝑥 tan𝑥
1 − 𝑥2
−1
𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞 cos 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

31
Derivatives of inverse Trigonometric Functions
(General Form)

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒖′
sin−1 𝑢
1 − 𝑢2
−𝒖′
cos −1 (𝑢)
1 − 𝑢2
𝒖′
tan−1 (𝑢)
1 + 𝑢2

−1 −𝒖′
cot (𝑢)
1 + 𝑢2
𝒖′
sec −1 (𝑢)
𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
−𝒖′
csc −1 (𝑢)
𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
32
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Examples

Example Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − sec −1 𝑥 2 + 1

′ 1 𝑥 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∗ 2𝑥
1− 𝑒𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1 2 −1

1
Example Find 𝑦′ if 𝑦= tan−1 𝑥+ cot −1
𝑥
1 1 1 1
𝑦′ = 2 − 1 2
(− 2 )
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑥 1+ 𝑥 𝑥

33
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Examples
𝑦
Example Find 𝒚′ if 𝑦 − 𝑥 = cot −1
𝑥

′
−1 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ′
𝑦 −1= 2 2
= 2
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
1+
𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
1 + 2 2 𝑦′ = +1
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

′ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦
𝑦= 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑥

34
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Examples

2
′ ′′ −1 4−𝑥
Example Find 𝑦 and 𝑦 if 𝑦 = sin cot
𝑥

−1 4−𝑥 2
Let 𝜃= cot
𝑥

4−𝑥 2 𝜃
i.e. cot 𝜃 = 4 − 𝑥2
𝑥

𝑥 1
𝑦 = sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑦′ = ⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 0
2 2

35
 Finish

See you next week