Exponential and logarithmic functions

Function ex ln(x)
Domain (−∞; ∞) (0; ∞)
Range (0; ∞) (−∞; ∞)

e 1

1 1 e

Plot 1

When a; b > 0: When a; b; x; y > 0:

ax ay = ax+y m = loga (y ) ⇔ am = y
(ax )y = ax·y loga (ax ) = x
a−x = a1x aloga (x) = x
ax
ay
= ax−y loga (x z ) = z loga (x)
(ab)x = ax b x loga (x) + loga (y ) = loga (x · y )
a0 = 1 loga (x) − loga (y ) = loga ( yx )
a1 = a loga (1) = 0
1 √
ay = y a loga (a) = 1
x √ loga (x)
a y = y ax loga (b)
= logb (x)
ln(x) = loge (x) where e ≈ 2:718

Trigonometry
Function sin(x) cos(x) tan(x) csc(x) sec(x) cot(x)
ı ı
Domain R R Not + nı any n
2
Not nı any n Not 2 + nı any n Not nı any n
Range [−1; 1] [−1; 1] (−∞; ∞) (−∞; −1] ∪ [1; ∞) (−∞; −1] ∪ [1; ∞) (−∞; ∞)

(n is an integer in the above)

sin2 („) = (sin(„))2
sin−1 („) = arcsin(„) 6= sin(„)
1

sin2 („) + cos2 („) = 1

tan2 („) + 1 = sec2 („)
1 + cot2 („) = csc2 („)
sin(a ± b) = sin(a) cos(b) ± cos(a) sin(b)
cos(a ± b) = cos(a) cos(b) ∓ sin(a) sin(b)
sin(2„) = 2 sin(„) cos(„)
cos(2„) = cos2 („) − sin2 („) = 1 − 2 sin2 („) = 2 cos2 („) − 1
sin2 ( 2„ ) = 1−cos(„)
2
cos2 ( 2„ ) = 1+cos(„)
2
cos(„) = sin( ı2 − „)
sin(−„) = − sin(„) (sine is an odd function)
cos(−„) = cos(„) (cosine is an even function)
 sin(x) restricted to [− ı2 ; ı2 ] tan(x) restricted to [− ı2 ; ı2 ]

1 1

-ı −ı/2 ı/2 ı -ı −ı/2 ı/2 ı

−1 −1

cos(x) restricted to [0; ı] sec(x) restricted to [0; ı2 ) ∪ ( ı2 ; ı]

1 1

-ı −ı/2 ı/2 ı -ı −ı/2 ı/2 ı

−1 −1

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function sin−1 (x) cos−1 (x) tan−1 (x) sec−1 (x)
Domain [−1; 1] [−1; 1] [−∞; ∞] (−∞; −1] ∪ [1; ∞)
Range [− ı2 ; ı2 ] [0; ı] (− ı2 ; ı2 ) [0; ı2 ) ∪ ( ı2 ; ı]
ı/2 ı ı/2 ı

−ı/2
−1 1 −1 1
−1 1 −1 1
Plot −ı/2 −ı/2

sec−1 (x) = cos−1 ( x1 )