Onto function/Surjection: A function : → is Onto if every element of B has

some pre-image in A. i.e. f(A)=B. (OR) Range= Codomain of f.

One-one Onto function/Bijection: A function : → is a bijection if

(a) Different elements of A have different images in B

(b) Every element of B has some pre-image in A.

How to prove : → is Onto:

For every element y in B, prove that there is an element x in A such that f(x)=y,
simplify and express x in terms of y.

Inverse of a function: A function : → is invertible if f is a bijection. Inverse

of f is denoted by f-1.

i.e. If : → is a bijection then : → is a bijection and

( )( ) = ( )( ) = ( ) = .

Composition of functions: A function : → , : → are functions then

( ): → is a function and ( )( ) = ( ) ∀ ∈ . gof is called
composition of functions f and g.

Signum function:

1 >0
( )= 0 =0
−1 <0

Modulus function:

>0
| |= 0 =0
− <0

Step function/Greatest integer function:

( )=[ ]= ∀ ≤ < +1, ∈ .

If n(A)=m, n(B)=n then Number of One-one functions from A to B is np m.

( )
Number of distinct functions from A to B is ( ) .

A function : → is called self-inverse if (fof)(x)=I(x)=x.

2
 2 tan
sin 2 = 2 sin cos =
1+
1−
cos 2 = − =2 −1= 1−2 =
1+

2 tan 3 −
tan 2 = , tan 3 =
1− 1−3
3 =3 −4 , 3 =4 −3

4. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function Domain Range
sin ℝ or (−∞, ∞) [-1,1]
cos ℝ [-1,1]
tan ℝ − {(2 + 1) : ∈ ℤ} ℝ
2
cot ℝ − { : ∈ ℤ} ℝ
sec ℝ − {(2 + 1) : ∈ ℤ} ℝ-(-1,1) or
2 (−∞, −1]∪ [1, ∞)
csc ℝ − { : ∈ ℤ} ℝ-(-1,1)
sin [-1,1] [− , ]
2 2
cos [-1,1] [0, ]
tan ℝ (− , )
2 2
cot ℝ (0, )
sec ℝ-(-1,1) [0, ) ∪ ( , ]
2 2
csc ℝ-(-1,1) [− , 0) ∪ (0, ]
2 2

( )= ∀ ∈ − , , ( )= ∀ ∈ [−1,1]
2 2
( )= ∀ ∈ [0, ], ( )= ∀ ∈ [−1,1]
( )= ∀
∈ (− , ), ( )= ∀ ∈ℝ
2 2
( ) = ∀ ∈ (0, ), ( )= ∀ ∈ℝ
( ) = ∀ ∈ [0, ) ∪ ( , ], ( ) = ∀ ∈ ℝ-(-1,1)
2 2
( )= ∀ ∈ℝ−{ : ∈ ℤ}, ( )= ∀ ∈ ℝ − [−1,1]

In all the above is called the principal of the respective trigonometric

function in order to their inverse to exist.

4
 i.e. =

+
6. + = +
+

7. = + + +

8. If the value of the determinant is ‘0’ for x=a then (x-a) is a factor of
the determinant.
6. Matrices

A matrix is an array of real numbers arranged in row and columns.

Order of a matrix: If there are ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns in a matrix then it is of
order m by n. We write it as × .

= ×
where is an element in a matrix which is in i th and jth column
of the matrix A.

Rectangular matrix: A matrix having ‘m’ row and ‘n’ columns where ≠ .

Row matrix: A matrix having a single row.

Column matrix: A matrix having a single column.

Square matrix: A matrix in which number of rows is equal to number of

columns.

Diagonal elements: If = is a square matrix then all the elements

×
where i=j are called diagonal elements.

E.g. a11, a22, a33, a44, … etc.

Leading diagonal/Main diagonal: The line along which the diagonal elements
of a square matrix is called main diagonal/leading diagonal.

Diagonal matrix: A matrix = is a diagonal matrix if

×

=0 ∀ ≠ .
2 0 0
E.g. . (2 3 4) = 0 3 0
0 0 4

6
Nilpotent matrix: If = then A is called a Nilpotent matrix of order ‘n’
where ‘n’ is the least.

Orthogonal matrix: = = or =

Singular matrix/Irregular matrix: | | = 0

Nonsingular matrix/Regular matrix: | | ≠ 0

Transpose of a matrix: A matrix obtained by changing all the rows into

columns and all the columns into rows.

Product of matrices: If A is a matrix of order × and B is a matrix of order

× then AB is possible and is a matrix of order × .

Note: If AB exists BA does not need to exist, even if it exists they don’t need to
be equal.

The product of matrices is not commutative. i.e. ≠ in general.

= even if ≠ & ≠ .

Matrix multiplication is associative. i.e. A(BC)=(AB)C

Matrix multiplication is distributive over addition. i.e. A(B+C)=AB+AC.

Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A is symmetric if = .

Skew symmetric: =−

Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric and
skew symmetric matrix.

i.e. = + where A is a square matrix.

i.e. A= symmetric + skew symmetric

Cofactor matrix: A matrix obtained by replacing each element of a matrix by

its cofactor.

Adjoint of a matrix: =( )

Inverse of a matrix: =| |

| | = | || |, ( ) = , ( ) = , ( ) =( )

Adj(AB)=(adjB)(adjA), A(adjA)=(adjA)A=(detA)I

8
E.g. ( ) = | | is continuous but not differentiable at x=0.
( )
(0) = lim
)
Since, → = lim → = −1

( )
(0) = lim (0) ≠ (0).
)
And → = lim → = 1, i.e.

8. Differentiation

( ) ( ) ( ) −
= + , = + + , =

Chain rule: If y=f(u), u=g(x) then = × .

[ ( ( ))] = ( ( )) × ( ), | |=√

Differentiation by using first principles: If y=f(x) then

( )
( ) = lim
( )
= → .

( )
Differentiation of f(x) w.r.to g(x) is .
( )

If = ( ( )) ( )
then to find , apply log on both sides so that we get

log = ( ) log( ( )) and find .

(
= = , = = = are the notations for the first order and
second order differential coefficients.

Function f(x) Derivative f1(x) Function f(x) Derivative f1(x)

tanx sec2x
x 1 cotx -cosec2x
k(constant) 0 secx secx tanx
√ 1 cosecx -cosecx cotx
2√
| | Sin-1x 1
| | √1 −
Cos-1x 1
√1 −
log Tan-1x 1
1+
log 1 1 Cot-1x −1
×
log 1+

10
 11. Application of Derivatives

Slope of the tangent to the curve y=f(x) at the point ‘P’ is = and
( , )

Slope of the normal = = .

( , )

Equation of the tangent at the point P(x 1,y1) to the curve y=f(x) is

− = ( − ).
( , )

Equation of the normal at the point P(x 1,y1) to the curve y=f(x) is

− = ( − ).
( , )

Errors and Approximations:

Let y=f(x) be a function if the error happened in measuring ‘x’ then the
corresponding error in ‘f’ is denoted by and = ( )× OR = ×
and the approximate total value of ‘f’ is ( + ) where

( + )= ( )+ ( )× .

Rate measure: If y=f(x) then Rate of change of y = × Rate of change of x.

i.e. = × .

Circle: Area of a circle is = .

Perimeter or Circumference of a circle is =2 .

Cone: Volume of a cone is = ℎ.

Curved surface area of a cone is = .

Total surface area of a cone is = + . Where = +ℎ .

Cylinder: Volume of a cylinder is = ℎ

Curved Surface area of a cylinder is =2 ℎ

Total Surface area of a cylinder is =2 ℎ+2

12
 13,14&15. Integration

= + , = + , = + , = +
+1 log

0 = , log = log − + , sin = − cos +

cos = sin + , = tan + , = − cot +

sec tan = sec + , cot =− +

( )
= log| ( )| + , tan = log|sec | + , cot = log|sin | +
( )

sec = log|sec + tan | + = log tan + +

2 4

= log| − | + = log +
2
1 1
= sin + , = tan + ,
√1 − 1+
1
= sec +
√ −1

= , =

Integration by parts:

= − where u and v are two functions of same variable

The first function ‘u’ can be chosen in the order of ‘LIATE’ where

L: Log functions

I: Inverse trigonometric functions

A: Algebraic functions

T: Trigonometric functions

E: Exponential functions

14
 − = − − log + − +
2 2

To find or √ + + , convert + + into {( ±

) ± } and proceed.

To find or ( + )√ + +

( )
Substitute + = + and then proceed.

To find integrals of the form or or or

,

Substitute tan = , = , sin = , cos = and then proceed.

To find integrals of the form or or or

( )

Divide Numerator and Denominator by and put =1+ , let

tanx=t, sec2x dx=dt and then proceed.

To find integral of the form

( .)
Substitute .= + ( . ), find A and B by putting = 0, = and
proceed further.

16
 ( − 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ . +( − 1) =
2
( − 1) (2 − 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + ( − 1) =
6

( − 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + ( − 1) =
2

( − 1)
+ + + ⋯+ =
−1
−1 ℎ
sin + ℎ sin
sin + sin( + ℎ) + sin( + 2ℎ) + ⋯ sin( + ( − 1)ℎ) = 2 2
ℎ
sin
2
−1 ℎ
cos + ℎ sin
cos + cos( + ℎ) + cos( + 2ℎ) + ⋯ + cos( + ( − 1)ℎ) = 2 2
ℎ
sin
2

17. Differential Equations

A differential equation is an equation that involves independent and

dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent variables.

Order: The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative
occurring in it.

Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the derivative of

the highest order occurring in it after the equation is freed from radical signs
and fractions in the derivatives (if any).

Linear: A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and

all of its derivatives occurring in the equation occur only in first degree and are
not multiplied together.

Formation of a differential equation: From any given relation between the

variables (dependent and independent), a differential equation can be obtained
by differentiating it with respect to independent variable and eliminating
arbitrary constants. If the equation contains ‘n’ arbitrary constants then the
differential equation will be of n th order.

18
Conditional event: The occurrence of an event B after the occurrence of the
event A is denoted by B/A. Its probability is called conditional probability and
( ∩ ) ( ∩ ) ( ∩ ) ( ∩ )
= ( )
= , similarly = ( )
= .
( ) ( )

Probability Multiplication Theorem:

( ∩ )= ( )× , ( ) ( ∩ )= ( )× ( )

( ∩ ∩ )= ( )× ( )× ( ).
∩

If A,B are independent events then ( ∩ ) = ( ) × ( )

If A,B are dependent events then ( ∩ ) = ( ) × OR

( ∩ ) = ( )×

If A,B are independent events then

(i) ( ∩ )= ( )× ( )
(ii) ( ∩ )= ( )× ( )
(iii) ( ∩ )= ( )× ( )

If p1,p2,p3,…,pn are probabilities that certain events happen then probability of

failing of all the events is P=(1-p 1)(1-p2)(1-p3)…(1-pn).

Probability of at least one of the above events to happen is equals to

1-(1-p1)(1-p2)(1-p3)…(1-pn).

If A,B,C are independent events then ( ∩ ∩ )= ( )× ( )× ( )

If ′ ′ is the first term and ′ ′ is the common ratio of a A.G.P. then

+ + + ⋯+ ∞ =
1−

20
Binomial Distribution: If p is the probability of success in a random
experiment and q is the probability of failure and if it is conducted n times then
the probability of r successes is ( = ) = , 0≤ ≤

And the Binomial Distribution is ( + ) .

is the (n+1)th term in the expansion of ( + )

Mean= = and Variance= =

Standard Deviation= =

If the n trials are repeated N times, the frequency of the event happening r
times exactly is given by × .

22