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Table of content
Content page
1, Introduction 1
2, Motivation 2
3,quality of motivated student 2
4,Extrinsic motivation 5
5,intrinsic motivation 6
6,Theories of motivation 7
7,Maslow's hierarchy pyramid 10
8,conflict of motives 11
9,How emotions are created 14
10,theories of emotions 17
11,conclusion 19
 Introduction
Motivation can be defined as the psychological force that drives an individual to behave in a certain way,
whether it is to achieve a goal, fulfill a need, or satisfy a desire. It is the driving force behind an individual’s
actions, behaviors, and decisions.
The quality of motivated student refers to the degree to which a student is driven by internal or external
factors to engage in learning activities. Internal motivation, also known as intrinsic motivation, comes from
within the student and is driven by a desire to learn, explore, and master new skills. External motivation,
on the other hand, comes from outside factors such as rewards, grades, or recognition.
Motivation is a fundamental concept in psychology, referring to the driving forces that influence
individuals’ behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Theories of motivation aim to explain why people behave and
think the way they do, and what factors influence their actions. These theories have been developed over
time by various psychologists, each offering unique perspectives and insights.
Emotions have been a subject of fascination and study for centuries, leading to the development of
various theories that attempt to explain their nature, origin, and function. These theories provide different
perspectives on how emotions are experienced and expressed by individuals.

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1,Define motivation and list the
quality of a motivated student
Motivation can be defined as the driving force that initiates,
guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is the internal
process that energizes and directs individuals towards achieving
their goals, desires, and needs. Motivation can stem from
various sources such as intrinsic factors like personal satisfaction
or extrinsic factors like rewards or recognition.
Quality of a motivated student
1 Goal-Oriented: A motivated student sets clear and achievable
goals for themselves, whether they are short-term or long-term
objectives. They have a strong sense of purpose and direction in
their academic pursuits.
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 2 Persistence: Motivated students demonstrate resilience in the face
of challenges and setbacks. They do not easily give up when faced with
obstacles but instead persevere to overcome difficulties.
3 Self-Discipline: Motivated students exhibit self-discipline in
managing their time effectively, staying organized, and prioritizing their
tasks to ensure they make progress towards their goals.
4 Intrinsic Drive: Motivated students are driven by internal factors
such as passion for learning, curiosity, and personal growth rather than
solely relying on external rewards or pressures.
5 Positive Attitude: Motivated students maintain a positive attitude
towards their studies, viewing challenges as opportunities for growth
and learning rather than insurmountable barriers.
6 Engagement: Motivated students actively engage in their learning
process, participating in class discussions, seeking out additional
resources, and taking ownership of their education.
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7 Resilience: Motivated students bounce back from failures or setbacks,
using them as learning experiences to improve and grow stronger in their
academic journey.
8 Adaptability: Motivated students are flexible and adaptable in adjusting
their strategies or approaches when faced with changing circumstances or
new information.
9 Curiosity: Motivated students possess a natural curiosity and thirst for
knowledge, constantly seeking to explore new ideas, concepts, and
perspectives beyond the required curriculum.
10 Self-Motivation: Motivated students are capable of self-regulating their
behavior and maintaining their drive towards achieving their academic
goals without constant external supervision or motivation.
In conclusion, a motivated student embodies qualities such as goal
orientation, persistence, self-discipline, intrinsic drive, positive attitude,
engagement, resilience, adaptability, curiosity, and self-motivation to excel
academically and reach their full potential.
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2,Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation,support your responses with
practical example
Extrinsic motivation:
-It causes people to do something for a tangible reward.
-This type of motivation drives from the consequences of an activity.
- Extrinsically motivated behaviors are performed up on needs satisfied externally.
Extrinsic motivation stems from the possibility and includes:
#Participating in a basketball event because you want to win the trophy;
#Studying especially hard to win a scholarship;
#Studying hard because your parents promised you that they would buy you your
favorite toy if you got a good grade;
#Helping to wash dishes to get extra pocket money;
#Completing tasks at work to get a promotion;
#Taking ballet lessons because your parents expect you to do so;
#Cleaning your room to avoid punishment;
#Organizing your home because your spouse told you that both of you would be
having dinner at a romantic restaurant
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Intrinsic motivation
-It Instigates people to participate in certain activities for their own enjoyment rather
than for any tangible reward.
-Intrinsic motives are those, which are satisfied by internal reinforces.
-Behavior that is intrinsically motivated is engaged in it for its own sake, for sheer joy
and satisfaction derived from the performance itself.

Intrinsic motivation includes:

#A sense of accomplishment because you’ve learned a new scale on the piano;
#A sense of fulfillment because you see progress in your work;
#Feeling that you belong when you participate in group activities;
#You wash the dishes because you like it when things are spotless;
#Feeling fulfilled when you volunteer at a shelter;
#You are feeling gratified when you complete your homework because you’ve had the
chance to practice your skills.
EXAMPLES OF EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION TO MORE CLARIFICATION
An example of intrinsic motivation is when someone starts a charity out of personal
fulfillment; extrinsic drive may be demonstrated if the goal is financial gain.
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3,compare and contrast theories
of motivation
1 Instinct Theory of Motivation
Instinct theory suggests that certain behaviors are innate and instinctual, meaning
they are not learned. Instincts are pre-programmed into an individual’s genetic
makeup and are triggered by specific stimuli in the environment. This theory was
popularized by William James and William McDougall in the late 19th and early
20th centuries. Instinct theory has been criticized for its lack of flexibility, as it does
not account for individual differences in behavior.
2 Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation
Drive reduction theory posits that individuals are motivated to reduce
physiological needs or drives, such as hunger, thirst, or sex. When a drive is
aroused, an individual will engage in behaviors to reduce the drive and return to a
state of homeostasis or balance. This theory was developed by Clark Hull in the
1940s and 1950s. Critics argue that drive reduction theory is too simplistic and
does not account for the complexity of human motivation.
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3 Arousal Theory of Motivation
Arousal theory suggests that individuals are motivated to achieve an optimal
level of physiological arousal. When arousal is too low, an individual may
become bored and lethargic, while too much arousal can lead to anxiety and
stress. This theory was developed by Robert Yerkes and John Dodson in the
early 20th century. Arousal theory has been criticized for its lack of specificity,
as optimal arousal levels may vary depending on the task and individual
differences.
4 Incentive Theory of Motivation
Incentive theory proposes that individuals are motivated by rewards or
incentives in the environment. This theory emphasizes the role of external
factors in shaping behavior. According to this theory, behavior is directed
towards obtaining positive outcomes or avoiding negative outcomes. Incentive
theory was developed by B.F. Skinner in the mid-20th century and is based on
operant conditioning principles. Critics argue that incentive theory does not
account for intrinsic motivation or the role of internal factors in shaping
behavior.
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5 Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Cognitive theories of motivation suggest that individuals are motivated by their
thoughts, beliefs, and expectations about behavior and its outcomes. These theories
emphasize the role of cognitive processes in shaping behavior. Two prominent cognitive
theories of motivation are expectancy theory and self-efficacy theory. Expectancy
theory proposes that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that they believe
will lead to desired outcomes, while self-efficacy theory suggests that individuals are
motivated by their beliefs about their ability to perform a behavior successfully.
Cognitive theories have been criticized for their lack of attention to emotional factors in
motivation.
6 Humanistic Theories of Motivation
Humanistic theories of motivation emphasize the importance of intrinsic motivation,
self-determination, and personal growth in shaping behavior. These theories propose
that individuals are motivated by their desire to fulfill their potential and achieve self-
actualization. Two prominent humanistic theories of motivation are Maslow’s hierarchy
of needs and self-determination theory. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that
individuals have a hierarchical set of needs, ranging from basic physiological needs to
higher-order needs such as self-actualization. Self-determination theory proposes that
individuals have three innate psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and
relatedness, which are essential for optimal functioning and well-being. Critics argue
that humanistic theories are too subjective and lack empirical support.
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Maslow's hierarchy
 4,in what situation does an individual experience
conflict of motives?state each conflict of motives with
practical example
In psychology, “A conflict is the anticipated frustration entailed in the choice of either
alternative.” – Coleman.
The conflict that occurs within an individual and is affected by his motives is dubbed as
Conflicts of Motives. This form of conflict occurs in an intrapersonal level.
Even if the concept is new to you, the phenomenon however is natural and occurs in
everyone. We, as human beings, are often stuck and confused about whether or not
performing certain actions. The urge to do something worthy or pleasurable is often
directly opposed by the fact that it involves hard work or pain. The organism is then
conflicted between two opposite motives.
The conflict doesn’t always occur between two opposing motives, and one may also
feel torn between two different pleasures. Another circumstance may be that the
individual is forced to choose between two pains. This is usually the toughest conflict
where a logical person always chooses a lesser evil.
There are three major types of Conflict of Motives:
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1.Approach-Avoidance Conflict
The type of conflict, in which, a person is both attracted and repulsed by the
results of same stimulus or situation.
For example, a man wants to marry for sexual gratification, but he denies to
holding social responsibilities. It involves strong tendencies both to approach
and to avoid the same goal. This can happen with desirable goals as well as
things. In a more general term, it’s often called getting cold feet.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict also has another aspect to it, which is termed as
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict.
The term explains the same thing as the Approach-Avoidance Conflict, with
only difference being in the number of valences.
For example, a girl is to be married. She is looking forward to the marriage
because of the positive valences like security, affection, etc. However, she has
second thoughts because she will lose her job, salary, independency, which is
the negative valences repellent to her, as it builds up tension in her. Similar
situations can be pretty confusing, and normally, in these situations, an
individual is most likely to make a decision by weighing the valences.
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2. Approach-Approach conflict
As the term suggest, a person is motivated to make two different approaches. The
organism is forced to choose between two different desirable stimuli. In simple
terms, this means choosing between two desirable goals, when only one among
the two is available.
For example, an individual is invited at two different parties and both of them are
equally tempting, but he cannot make up his mind about which party to attend.

3.Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Putting it in a more general term, this conflict leads to choosing “the lesser of two
evils”. This situation is continuously occurring in life, similar to the above two.
For example, we may have to choose between finishing a job we intensely dislike
or quitting and being called a failure. We wish we could avoid making a choice in
such situations and still come out unaffected, however, that’s unavoidable.
Although problems are momentarily solved, these situations often lead to stress
and frustrations, causing a mental imbalance, and demand our action to restore
the balance.
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5,How emotions are created? What elements do they
have.
Emotions are complex psychological and physiological experiences
that are typically triggered by various external and internal factors.
While there is ongoing research and debate in the field of
psychology and neuroscience regarding the nature of emotions,
here is a general understanding of how emotions are created and
the elements they involve:
1. Cognitive Appraisal: Emotions often arise from our cognitive
appraisal of a situation or event. Our interpretation and evaluation
of the circumstances, based on our beliefs, values, past experiences,
and cultural influences, can lead to the activation of specific
emotions. For example, if we perceive a situation as threatening,
we might experience fear or anxiety.
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2. Physiological Response: Emotions are accompanied by
physiological changes in our bodies. When we experience emotions,
various bodily systems, such as the autonomic nervous system and
endocrine system, are activated, leading to changes in heart rate,
breathing, hormone levels, and other physiological responses.
These changes can contribute to the intensity and experience of
different emotions.
3. Subjective Experience: Emotions are subjective experiences,
meaning they are personal and unique to each individual. The way
we interpret and label our internal sensations and physiological
responses plays a crucial role in shaping our emotional experiences.
For instance, the feeling of increased heart rate and sweaty palms
could be interpreted as excitement or anxiety, depending on the
context and personal interpretation.
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4. Expressive Behavior: Emotions often involve observable behaviors and
expressions. Facial expressions, body language, vocal tone, and other non-
verbal cues can convey our emotional states to others. Expressive behavior
can also influence and reinforce our internal emotional experiences.
5. Social and Cultural Influences: Emotions are influenced by social and
cultural factors. Cultural norms, socialization, and interpersonal interactions
shape how we express, perceive, and regulate emotions. Different cultures
may have specific emotional norms, meaning they dictate which emotions are
considered appropriate or inappropriate in certain situations.
It's important to note that emotions are a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon, and the exact mechanisms behind their creation and
experience are still being explored by researchers in fields such as psychology,
neuroscience, and philosophy. The elements described above provide a
general framework for understanding emotions, but individual experiences
and variations can be significant
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6,Explain theories of emotion
The theory of emotion explores how emotions are
experienced and expressed. There are several theories:

1. James-Lange Theory: Emotions arise from physiological

arousal. For example, we feel afraid because we tremble. This
theory suggests that the body's response precedes the
emotional experience.

2. Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions and physiological

responses occur simultaneously. This theory posits that
stimuli trigger emotions and bodily responses independently.
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3. Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Emotions involve
both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of
that arousal. In this theory, a person's interpretation of the
situation influences the emotion experienced.
4. Lazarus Theory: Emotions arise from the interpretation
of events. This theory emphasizes the role of cognition in
determining emotions, suggesting that appraisal of a
situation precedes the emotional response.
These theories offer different perspectives on the complex
interplay between physiological responses, cognitive
processes, and emotional experiences.
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 Conclusion
#In conclusion, a motivated student possesses a combination of goal-oriented behavior, self-discipline,
resilience, curiosity, perseverance, positive attitude, proactivity, passion, and collaboration skills. These
qualities enable them to excel academically, overcome challenges, and continuously strive for personal
growth and success.
#theories of motivation provide valuable insights into understanding what drives human behavior in
various contexts. While content theories focus on identifying specific motivators, process theories delve
into the mechanisms through which motivation occurs. By combining both content and process theories,
researchers and practitioners can develop comprehensive strategies to enhance motivation and
engagement in individuals and organizations.
#The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is complex and can have both positive and
negative effects on an individual’s engagement and performance in various activities. Research suggests
that a balance between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is ideal for long-term success and well-being.
However, excessive external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation by shifting the focus from the
inherent pleasure of the activity to the outcome.
#There is no single comprehensive theory of emotion that can fully explain the complexity and diversity of
emotional experience. Instead, researchers have proposed a variety of different theories that highlight
different aspects of emotional experience. While these theories have provided valuable insights into the
nature and origin of emotional experience, there is still much to be learned about this complex and
multifaceted phenomenon.

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 Reference

#Eyob Ayenew(phd),(2021).
#general psychology (psyc-1011).ppt
#Ambachew M. ,(2019)ppt

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