SECTION 1

1) In which one of the following Lewis structures does the central atom not obey the octet rule?

H
O
S H Si H O
A) O O B) C) C D)
H H H H
H
2) Which of the following phase transitions indicates sublimation?

A) solid  liquid
B) solid  gas
C) liquid  solid
D) gas  liquid

3) According to the Lewis theory, the total number of lone pair electrons in a PCl3 molecule is

A) 10 B) 9 C) 3 D) 1

4) Which of the following is the correct Lewis symbol for the bromide ion, Br–?

A) Br B) Br C) Br D) Br

5) Predict which of the following bonds would be the shortest.

A) C═C B) C≡C C) C−C D) Cl−Cl

6) Which combination of atoms would be most likely to produce an ionic bond?

A) Al, F B) S, Br C) C, Si D) O, Cl

7) What is the maximum number of hybrid orbitals that a nitrogen atom can possess?

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 1
8) Consider the phase diagram below. In going from phase A to phase C,

D
C
A

pressure
B

temperature
A) liquid becomes gas
B) gas becomes solid
C) solid becomes gas
D) solid becomes liquid

9) Which of the following compounds would not have a tetrahedral electron group geometry?

A) SiH4 B) CH2Cl2 C) BeCl2 D) CCl4

10) When two atomic orbitals (AOs) are combined to form two molecular orbitals (MOs), which of the
following statements is the most accurate description for the energy of the new MOs?

A) The MOs are of higher energy than the AOs

B) One MO is higher and one MO is lower than the AOs
C) The MOs are the same energy as the AOs
D) The MOs are of lower energy than the AOs

11) Use the bond energies below to estimate the heat of formation of one mole of hydrogen fluoride gas, in
kJ/mol according to the equation H2(g) + F2(g)  2HF(g)
(Bond dissociation energies: H−H 436 kJ/mol; H−F 569 kJ/mol; F−F, 159 kJ/mol)

A) −543 B) −569 C) −284.5 D) −271.5

12) Molecules of BF3 are planar, with F−B−F angles of 120°. This means that the B atom in BF3 is

A) unhybridized
B) sp hybridized
C) sp3 hybridized
D) sp2 hybridized

13) It is found that 7.24 kJ of heat is required to vaporize 21.5 g of liquid hexane, C6H14. Calculate the
enthalpy of vaporization (Hvap) of hexane in kJ/mol.

A) 0.333 B) 15.1 C) 0.879 D) 29.0

14) For which of the following molecules is the electron group geometry the same as the molecular
geometry?

A) XeF4 B) SF6 C) H2O D) NH3

15) For which one of the following species does the central atom follow the octet rule?

A) NO2 B) SF6 C) BCl3 D) CO2

16) How many sigma bonds and pi bonds are there in a triple bond?

A) 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

B) 2 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond
C) 3 sigma bonds and 3 pi bonds
D) 0 sigma bonds and 3 pi bonds

17) Consider the sketch below, containing one molecule of HF and one molecule of CH3CH2OH. What type
of interaction is represented by the dotted H···F line?

CH3CH2O−H······F−H
A) Intramolecular force
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Repulsive force
D) Dispersion force

18) Which of the following molecules would not be angular?

A) H2O B) CO2 C) OF2 D) SO2

19) Sketch a molecular orbital diagram for the combination of two 1s atomic orbitals in the space below and
then answer the following question:
According to molecular orbital theory, what is the bond order for He2+?

A) 0.5 B) 1 C) 1.5 D) 2

20) Which is the best Lewis structure for COF2? (Formal charges are not shown.)

O O C
F F C F C F F O F F C O F
A) B) C) D)
 SECTION 2 – COMPREHENSIVE

51) For the following measured numbers, the number in parentheses should be the number of significant
figures. Which one is assigned the correct number of significant figures?

A) 0.0130 (three)
B) 2038 (three)
C) 4  103 (two)
D) 40.04 (two)

52) How many protons are there in an atom of 235U?

A) 235 B) none C) 92 D) 143

53) Which of the following compounds is incorrectly named?

A) SBr2 sulfur dibromide

B) N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
C) NH4Cl ammonium chloride
D) Na2O sodium(II) dioxide

Questions 54 – 56 apply to the following balanced reaction equation:

A + 3B  C + 2D

54) How many moles of compound D will be formed from 12.3 moles of compound B?

A) 12.3 B) 24.6 C) 8.2 D) 18.45

55) When 10 moles of compound A are allowed to react with 15 moles of compound B, how much reactant
will be left over?

A) 5 moles of A
B) 5 moles of B
C) 5 moles of A and 2 moles of B
D) all reactants are consumed

56) Compounds A and D are gases. What volume of A is required to produce 5 liters of D?

A) 10 liters B) 5 liters C) 2.5 liters D) 22.4 liters

57) Calculate the molecular mass of P2O5.

A) 46.36 B) 141.94 C) 77.95 D) 283.89

58) How many F– ions are present in 2.50 moles of BaF2? (Avogadro’s Number, NA = 6.02  1023)
A) 6.02  1023 B) 5 C) 3.01  1024 D) 1.51  1024
59) Calculate the percent of chlorine by mass in PCl3.

A) 25.0 B) 22.6 C) 77.4 D) 53.4

60) Which of the following cannot be an empirical formula?

A) CH2 B) C3H8 C) C4F8Cl2 D) CH2Cl

61) What is the molarity of nitrate ions in a 2.50 M solution of magnesium nitrate?

A) 2.50 M B) 5.00 M C) 1.25 M D) 3.0 M

62) What volume of 2.0 M sodium hydroxide solution is required to completely neutralize 25 mL of 2.0 M
sulfuric acid solution?

A) 25 mL B) 50 mL C) 12.5 mL D) 100 mL

63) Which of the following compounds is incorrectly described?

A) NH3 – weak base

B) HBr – strong acid
C) NaOH – strong base
D) CH3COOH – strong acid

Questions 64 – 65 apply to the following balanced reaction equation:

Mg(s) + Cl2(g)  MgCl2(s)

64) Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Mg is reduced
B) Cl2 is the oxidizing agent
C) The product is an ionic solid
D) The reaction is a redox process

65) Which of the following combinations correctly shows the oxidation number for the three substances?

Mg Cl2 MgCl2
A) 0 0 +2, −1
B) 0 −1 +2, −1
C) 0 −1 +2, −2
D) 0 0 −2, +1

66) Calculate the number of moles of N2(g) that are present in a sample at 25 °C whose volume is 12.0 L,
and whose pressure is 0.04 atm. (R = 0.0821 L atm mol–1 K–1.)

A) 0.020 B) 0.010 C) 0.234 D) 0.117

67) Given the following equation:

4Al(s) + 3MnO2(s)  3Mn(s) + 2Al2O3(s) H° = –1792 kJ

and that the standard enthalpy of formation of Al2O3(s) is −1676 kJ/mol, what is the standard enthalpy of
formation of MnO2(s), in kJ/mol?

A) 520 B) 1560 C) −520 D) −1560

68) How many electrons are there, in total, in a filled s orbital plus a filled pz orbital?

A) 0 B) 4 C) 6 D) 10

69) How many valence electrons are there in a B atom?

A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2

70) How many valence electrons are there in the Lewis Structure of CH2F2?

A) 5 B) 20 C) 40 D) 26

71) Which of the following processes is not endothermic?

A) vaporization
B) C―C bond dissociation
C) freezing
D) the ionization energy for the reaction Na(g)  Na+(g) + e–

72) What is the correct polarity order for the following bonds (most polar  least polar)?

A) C−C > C−Cl > C−O > C−F

B) C−Cl > C−C > C−O > C−F
C) C−C > C−Cl > C−F > C−O
D) C−F > C−O > C−Cl > C−C
Answers

1. A
The octet rule requires eight electrons. Count up the number of electrons that the central atom has a share of,
lone pair electrons or bonding electrons: for SO2, the S has a lone pair (2 electrons) plus 2 double bonds (4
electrons each), so a total of ten electrons. (For SiH4 and H2CO, the central atom has four bonds = eight
electrons; for H2O, the central atom has 2 bonds (= 4 electrons) plus 2 lone pairs (= 4 electrons), so a total of
eight.)
Review: octet rule, Lewis structures, bonding electrons, lone pairs…

2. B
Sublimation is a solid converting directly to a gas, without passing through the liquid phase. Just a definition
directly from your notes.
Review: states of matter and phase changes (and the names for all the processes)

3. A
For this you need to draw the Lewis structure of PCl3:
P
Cl
Cl
Cl
and then count the number of lone pairs = 10. MAKE SURE YOU ARE VERY COMFORTABLE DRAWING
LEWIS STRUCTURES
Review: procedure for drawing Lewis structures; valence electrons, lone pairs

4. D
The bromide ion Br– is formed from a bromine atom by gain of one electron. Bromine is in group 7A, so has 7
valence electrons and hence the bromide anion has eight valence electrons. The only Lewis symbol showing 8
valence electrons is D
Review: Lewis symbols; formation of ions and electron configurations of ions

5. B
Increasing bond order corresponds to shortening of a bond, so the triple bond will be shorter than all the others.
Review: bond order, and how bond order affects bond length and bond strength

6. A
Ionic bonds are formed between a metal and a non-metal, in other words elements with a large difference in
electronegativity. Answer A contains a metal/non-metal combination, but all of the others are pairs of non-
metals. (OK, C is non-metal/metalloid, but that’s almost the same…)
Review: electronegativity; electronegativity differences and bonding type

7. C
The maximum number of hybrid orbitals will equal the maximum number of atomic orbitals that are available
to hybridize. This means the number of available valence orbitals which, for N, a second period element, is four
(1  2s and 3  2p orbitals).
Review: hybridization; atomic orbitals

8. D
Region A corresponds to solid and region C corresponds to liquid (B is gas and D is supercritical fluid).
Remember that the different phases on a phase diagram can be “predicted”: for example, solid should logically
be at lower temperature and higher pressures, so it’s towards the top-left corner of the phase diagram… etc…)
Review: phase diagrams, states of matter, phase changes
9. C
To answer this completely requires a Lewis structure for each compound. SiH4 is shown in question 1 (B); the
others are shown below.

H Cl

C C
Cl Cl Be Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
H

Answers A, B, and D all have 4 bonds = 4 electron groups around the central atom, so a tetrahedral electron
group geometry; BeCl2 is linear, with only two electron groups.
Review: VSEPR, electron group geometry, molecular geometry

10. B
This is directly from your notes.
Review: molecular orbitals: their formation, and properties of the bonding and anti-bonding MOs

11. D
To form one mole of HF, we need to divide the equation by 2, giving: ½H2(g) + ½F2(g)  HF(g). To carry
out this reaction, in terms of bond-breaking/bond-forming, we need to break half a mole of H–H bonds and half
a mole of F–F bonds and form one mole of H–F bonds. Remember that bond breaking is endothermic and bond
forming is exothermic, so the overall enthalpy change, H = ½(BDE for H2) + ½(BDE for F2) – (BDE for HF)
= ½(436) + ½(159) – (569) = –271.5 kJ mol–1. Be sure you know the distinction (endo/exothermic) for bond
breaking/forming.
Review: bond energies and using them to calculate H

12. D
Bond angles of 120° correspond to sp² hybridization – this is directly from your notes. (You could also go
through the Lewis structure and the electron group geometry, which is trigonal planar: three electron groups
require three hybrid orbitals, which must be sp² hybrids.)
Review: Hybridization

13. D
This Hvap could be expressed as 7.24 kJ per 21.5 g of C6H14; this is straightforwardly converted to kJ mol–1
using the molar mass of C6H14: Hvap = (7.24 kJ/21.5 g C6H14)  (86.18 g C6H14/1 mol C6H14) = 29.0 kJ mol–1.
Review: Enthalpy of vaporization; enthalpy changes associated with phase changes

14. B
If the electron group geometry is the same as the molecular geometry, this means there are no lone pairs on the
central atom. Lewis structures for each of these compounds are as shown below:

F F
F F
F Xe F S O N
H
F F H
F F H H H

The only one without lone pairs on the central atom is SF6.
Review: drawing Lewis structures; lone pairs; VSEPR, electron group geometry and molecular geometry and
the relationships between them
15. D
Again, you need Lewis structures to answer this question:
F
F F Cl Cl
S B
O N O F F O C O
F Cl
Only the central C atom of CO2 obeys the octet rule; for the others, N in NO2 has a share of 7 electrons, S in SF6
has a share of 12 electrons, and B in BCl3 has a share of 6 electrons.
Review: Lewis structures, octet rule; exceptions to the octet rule

16. A
Definition directly from your notes
Review: multiple covalent bonds, sigma and pi bonds

17. B
We have H bonded to O and attracted to F; both O and F are highly electronegative elements, so we expect
polarization as shown:
+
CH3CH2O−H······F−H
– –

with strong attraction between the H and the F, which is known as a hydrogen bond. This is more or less
directly from lecture notes.
Review: hydrogen bonds and intermolecular forces

18. B
Again we need Lewis structures:
O
O
O C O F F S
H H O O
H2O and OF2 have tetrahedral electron group geometry, with 2 lone pairs on O, which gives an angular (bent,
V-shaped) molecular geometry. SO2 has trigonal planar electron group geometry, with 1 lone pair on S, which
again gives an angular (bent, V-shaped) molecular geometry. CO2 has a linear electron group and molecular
geometry.
Review: VSEPR, electron group geometry, molecular geometry

19. A

*1s
The required MO diagram is:

1s 1s

1s
He2+
(this is just from your notes: 2  1s atomic orbitals combine to form a  bonding molecular orbital plus a *
antibonding molecular orbital). He2+ will have a total of 3 electrons (2 from each He atom, but then one is
removed because it’s a cation), which will fill up the molecular orbitals as shown. Two electrons in the bonding
MO plus one electron in the antibonding MO give a net bond order of 0.5. (Bond order = ½[(#electrons in
bonding MOs) – (# electrons in antibonding MOs)])
Review: molecular orbital theory, bond order, bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals

20. B
This is the only structure with C (the least electronegative atom) as the central atom. (The others also have non-
zero formal charges.) Answer D is also discounted because it’s linear, rather than the compact form that is
usually preferred.
Review: rules for drawing Lewis structures, formal charge

51. A
This should be straightforward; the other answers have B) 4, C) 1, and D) 4 significant figures.
Review: significant figures

52. C
The element with symbol U has atomic number 92 (you can read this from a Periodic Table), which equals the
number of protons (by definition).
Review: isotopes, mass number, atomic number, properties of atoms and of the nucleus

53. D
This name is wrong for a large number of reasons. Primarily, simple binary ionic compounds involving main
group elements like this don’t need to have “di” (etc.) prefixes because the elements always form the same ions
so the (2:1) stoichiometry is already implied by simply “sodium oxide”. Also there is only one oxide anion so
the “di” prefix is wrong; likewise the Na+ ion has only one unit of positive charge (as it always does), so the
“(II)” after sodium is both wrong and unnecessary.
Review: naming binary molecular compounds and binary ionic compounds

54. C
The stoichiometry of the equation tells us that 3 moles of B produce 2 moles of D, so we can generate a
conversion factor that is (2 mol D/3 mol B). Now use this to calculate how many moles of D are formed from
12.3 moles of B = (12.3 mol B)  (2 mol D/3 mol B) = 8.2 mol of D
Review: conversion factors, stoichiometry, using balanced equations to form conversion factors in
stoichiometric problems

55. A
The stoichiometry of the equation tells us that 3 moles of B react with 1 mole of A, so 15 moles of B will react
with 5 moles of A (moles B/moles A always = 3), meaning that 5 moles of A are left over.
Review: conversion factors, stoichiometry; limiting reactants

56. C
The stoichiometry of the equation tells us that 1 mole of A produce 2 moles of D, and by using Avogadro’s law
(and/or the law of combining volumes) we know that the number of moles of each gas is proportional to its
volume, so we can say that 1 liter of A will produce 2 liters of D and we can generate a conversion factor that is
(1 liter A/2 liters D). Now use this to calculate how many liters of A are required to give 5 liters of D = (5 liters
of D)  (1 liter A/2 liters D) = 2.5 liters of A
Review: conversion factors, stoichiometry, gases in reaction stoichiometry; molar volume etc.
57. B
A molecule of P2O5 contains 2 atoms P and 5 atoms O, so the mass of that molecule = Molecular mass P2O5 =
2(atomic mass of P) + 5(atomic mass of O) = 2(30.97) + 5(16.00) = 141.94 u
Review: representing molecules using formulas; molecular mass

58. C
From the formula of BaF2, there are two F- ions for each formula unit of BaF2, so 2.50 mol BaF2 contains 2.50 
2 = 5.00 mol F–. Avogadro’s number is the number of things (atoms, ions, etc.) in one mole, so 5.00 mol F–
contains 5.00  NA = 3.01  1024 ions
Review: moles, stoichiometry, Avogadro’s number and the relationships between atoms/molecules/ions/moles

59. C
The mass of one molecule of PCl3 is (atomic mass of P) + 3(atomic mass of Cl) = 137.33 u. Within each
molecule, there are 3 atoms of Cl, whose total mass is 3(atomic mass of Cl) = 106.36… so the % Cl is
(106.36/137.33)  100 = 77.4 %
Review: percentage compositions

60. C
An empirical formula must contain the atoms in the simplest whole-number ratios – it can’t be simplified any
further. Formula C is not as simple as it could be: all of the numbers can be divided by two to give C2F4Cl,
which then would be acceptable as an empirical formula.
Review: molecular formulas and empirical formulas

61. B
Firstly here we need the formula of magnesium nitrate: magnesium ions are Mg2+ and nitrate ions are NO3–, so
to get an electrically neutral unit, we need to combine one Mg2+ with two NO3– ions, and the formula is
Mg(NO3)2. Now if a solution is 2.50 M in Mg(NO3)2, that means it contains 2.50 moles of Mg(NO3)2 in 1 liter
of solution; each formula unit of Mg(NO3)2 contains two moles of nitrate ions, so 2.50 moles of Mg(NO3)2 in 1
L corresponds to 5.00 moles of nitrate ions in 1 L; in other words, a concentration of 5.00 M
Review: molarity, concentrations; solutions of ionic compounds; stoichiometry; names of polyatomic ions

62. B
For this we first need a balanced equation for the neutralization reaction:
2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
so 2 mol NaOH neutralize 1 mol H2SO4, giving a conversion factor of (2 mol NaOH/1 mol H2SO4). So we have
25 mL of 2.0 M H2SO4 = (25 mL H2SO4)  (1 L H2SO4/1000 mL H2SO4)  (2.0 mol H2SO4/1 L H2SO4)  (2
mol NaOH/1 mol H2SO4)  (1 L NaOH/2.0 mol NaOH)  (1000 mL NaOH/1 L NaOH) = 50 mL NaOH.
(The concentrations give the (mol / L) conversion factors. Keeping track of units like this, including the
compound formulas in the units, makes sure that you get to the correct answer in the correct units.)
Review: acids + bases, neutralization reactions, stoichiometry calculations; molarity

63. D
These are just directly from your notes.
Review: acids and bases; make sure you know which are the strong acids and the strong bases

64. A
In the product, MgCl2, the magnesium is present as Mg2+ ions, so Mg has lost electrons in forming these ions –
in other words, it has been oxidized (not reduced).
Review: oxidation, reduction, redox reactions, oxidation numbers
65. A
The reactants Mg and Cl2 are both present as elements, so by definition their oxidation numbers are both zero;
in the product MgCl2, magnesium is present as Mg2+ ions and chlorine is present as Cl– and oxidation numbers
of monoatomic ions = the charge on the ion. So for Mg2+ oxidation number is +2, and for Cl– oxidation number
is –1. (Also remember Mg is in group 2A and its oxidation number is the same as the group number = +2.)
Review: oxidation numbers: rules, definitions; ionic compounds, charges on ions

66. A
For this we need the Ideal Gas Law, PV = nRT and in this case we want to calculate n, so rearrange to get n =
PV/RT = (0.04 atm  12.0 L)/(0.0821 L atm mol–1 K–1  298 K) = 0.020 mol
Review: gases and the Ideal Gas Law

67. C
For this we need to use standard enthalpies of formation (H°f) and remember that H°f = zero for elements.
For the overall reaction, H° = (sum of H°f values for products) – (sum of H°f values for reactants) = [3(H°f
for Mn) + 2(H°f for Al2O3)] – [4(H°f for Al) + 3(H°f for MnO2)] = [3(0) + 2(–1676)] – [4(0) + 3(H°f for
MnO2)] = –3352 – 3(H°f for MnO2) = –1792; hence H°f for MnO2 = (–3352 + 1792)/3 = –520 kJ mol–1.
Review: enthalpy of reaction; standard enthalpies of formation – definitions and using them to calculate H

68. B
Any filled orbital can only accommodate two electrons, so two filled orbitals will hold 4 electrons
Review: properties of atomic orbitals; Pauli exclusion principle

69. C
Electron configuration of a B atom is 1s22s22p1, of which only the 2s and 2p subshells are in the valence shell
(highest numbered principal shell) and so only their electrons count as valence electrons; hence 3 valence
electrons
Review: electron configurations; valence electrons

70. B
For this you don’t need to draw the Lewis structure, just count up the number of valence electrons from each
atom: C provides 4, each H provides 2, and each F provides 7, so the total is 20
Review: valence electrons; elements and the Periodic Table

71. C
Vaporization requires energy to overcome intermolecular forces; breaking bonds always requires energy; and
removing electrons from atoms always requires energy. Only freezing forms intermolecular attractions, so will
give out energy
Review: everything – this question covers several chapters (8, 9, 11)!

72. D
The most polar bond has two atoms with the greatest difference in electronegativity: F is the most
electronegative element, followed by O, then Cl, and C is less electronegative than the other three… hence C–F
bonds will be the most polar (biggest difference in electronegativity), followed by C–O, C–Cl, and then C–C
will be non-polar (both atoms the same).
Review: electronegativity and bond polarity