Econ SL Syllabus G13

wd¾Ól úoHdj
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
13 fY%aKsh
^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&
jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
Y%S ,xldj
web : www.nie.lk
Email : info@ nie.lk
wd¾Ól úoHdj
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
13 fY%aKsh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
Y%S ,xldj
web : www.nie.lk
wd¾Ól úoHdj
13 fY%aKsh - .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
  cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m% :u uq øKh - 2018
ISBN :
úµd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uqøKh (
ii
mgqk
msgqj
wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh iv
úIhud,d lñgqj v-viii
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia ix
bf.kqï m, yd wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï 01-228
uQ,dY% 229
iii
wOHlaI ckrd,a;ñ
= hf.a mKsúvh
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr
.ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h
mokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj
ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq woshr" j¾I 2007 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska
Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,os'
m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yjhka bosrsm;a l<
fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsrSfï l%shdj,shl
m%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks woshr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSu 2015
jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;¡
fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha oS ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia
uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh
Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays oS tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bosrsm;a ùu
yels;dla wju lsrSu" úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsrSu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re
úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡
.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsrSu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu"
mka;s ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mrsos fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY
,nd oSfï wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd oS we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=< oS jvd;a
M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i lghq;= lsrSug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldrS jkq we;¡ isiqkaf.a
ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag
wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska ,nd oS ;sfí¡ tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh
lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iuÕ iu.dó j Ndú; lsrSu w;HjYH fõ¡
;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñoS isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd
jvd;a l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu uÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH
jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh
lsrSuhs¡
kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha oS odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u
iïm;aodhlhska yd fjk;a md¾Yjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla
lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡
wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iv
WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkqu;sh - Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIh iïnkaëlrKh ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd"

lÓldpd¾h"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
úIhud,d WmfoaYl lñgqj
iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"
reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'
uydpd¾h B' ohdr;ak uhd jdKsc úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'
uydpd¾h m%ikak fmf¾rd uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h'
wdpd¾h tï' .fKaYuQ¾;s uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h'
wdpd¾h î' ví' wd¾' ouhka;S ñh wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'
mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh wOHlaI jev wdj¾K"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
tï' luks fmf¾rd ñh wOHdmk wOHlaI" jdKsc YdLdj"

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'
t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'
whs'mS' iS;d moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"

Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h" lE.,a,'
ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"

úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'
t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;nq;af;a.u'
v
î'tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"
iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'
yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'
úIhud,d lñgqj
mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh wOHlaI jev wdj¾K"

tï' ta' whs' mS' fmf¾rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

fla' m%Ndyrka uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"

tia' wd¾' r;akcSj uhd iyldr lÓldpd¾h"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ã' ã' oSmjxY ñh ixLHd f,aLk{"

ckf,aLk yd ixLhd f,aLk
fomd¾;fïka;=j'
t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Ok ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'
tï't*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"

ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
.d,a,
fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"
f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'
mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"

fmdf,af.dv uyd úoHd,h fydrK'
t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"

vi
ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh
t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"

úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'
whs' mS' iS;d moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"
Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h"
lE.,a,'
t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'
î' tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'
fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'
t'tï' t*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"

ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
.d,a,'
yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'
t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"

fla' mS' pkao%,;d ñh .=re fiajh I"
úoHdlr nd,sld úoHd,h" uyr.u'
mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"

fmd,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'
mS' ã' Oïñld ñh .=re fiajh II"

fmdf,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'
tï' cS' fþ' mú;%dkS .=re fiajh II"

isrsudfjda nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'
ixialdrl uKav,h
iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uy;d wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"
reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'
vii
mß.Kl joka ieliq u
1' cdklS oikdhl" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
úúO iyh
1' à' tia' ueKsfla ñh" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
2 ví' t' t' úl%udrÉÑ uhd" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
viiii
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia
wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh" jir wglg jrla
l%shd;au; jkakd jQ úIhud,d kùlrK m%;sm;a;shg wkqj kùlrKh lr 2017 j¾Ifha
isg l%shd;aul fõ' m<uqjrg 2009 j¾Ifha § ksmqK;d mdol j y÷kajd fok ,o wd¾Ól
úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh hdj;ald,Sk lr 12 yd 13 fY%aKs i|yd ksmqK;d 12la hgf;a fm<
.iajd we;' 13 fY%aKsh i|yd wod< jk úIh ks¾foaYfha y;a jk ksmqK;dfõ isg 12 jk
ksmqK;dj olajd jk ksmqK;d uÜgï 42 i|yd mka;s ldurh ;=< l%shd;aul l< yels
m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla fuys fhdckd flf¾'
wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfha 13 fY%aKsh i|yd
jk ish¨ u ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ilia lr we;'
fuys § wod< ksmqK;dj" ksmqK;d uÜgu" tu ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd fjka lr we;s
ld,Éfþo .Kk yd ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § <`.d lr .; hq;= bf.kqï M, m<uqj
±lafjk w;r" wk;=re j mdvï ie,iï lsÍu i|yd fhdackd flfrk Wmfoia yd úIh
lreKq o meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la o bÈßm;a lr we;'
fuys fhdð;" mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd jk Wmfoia wkqj" wd¾Ól úoHdj úIhhg wod<
úIh lreKq ms<sn| ±kqu muKla fkdj ta ms<sn| isiqkaf.a wdl,am" l=i,;d yd mqreÿ
ixj¾Okh flfrk mßÈ mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lr .kq
we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' ta i|yd wjYH u`. fmkaùu fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhka ,efí
hehs wfmalaId flf¾'
mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia yd úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la ys
i|yka lrekq mßYS,kfhka mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï lghq;= i|yd wjYH mdvï
ie,iqï ilia lr m%dfhda.sl bf.kqug isiqka fhduq lsÍu iEu .=reNjf;l= úiska l<
hq;= fõ'
wd¾Ól úoHdj m%dfhda.sl úIhhla jk neúka tÈfkod wd¾Ólfha fjkia ùï ms<sn|

wOHkfha isg úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< úIh lreKqj, we;sjk fjkia ùï ms<sn| j
ie,ls,su;a ù .=reNj;=ka úiska mdvï ie,iqï ilia lr .kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'
ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr

jHdmD;s kdhl'
ix
bf.kqï m, yd
wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï
ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( uqo,a yd ñ, uÜgïj, yeisÍu y÷kd .ksñka wd¾Ólfha
l%shdldß;ajhg nexl= moaO;sh odhl jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( uqo,a" uqo,a j¾. yd uqof,a ld¾hhka úuid n,hs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 uqo,a w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 fyd| uqo,l ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 uqof,a ld¾hhka ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 uqo,a j¾.j, úfYaaI ,laIK bÈßm;a lrñka tajdg ksoiqka imhhs'
mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 w;S;fha uqo,a jYfhka Ndú; l< ismams lgq" f,day len,s" merKs ldis yd
j¾;udkfha uqo,a jYfhka Ndú; lrk ldis" fkdaÜgq" fplam;a" NdKavd.dr
ì,am;a" Khm;a" yrm;a wdÈh isiqkg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
 ta ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.ka woyia úuikak'
 ta weiqfrka my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 w;S;fha uqo,a jYfhka ismams lgq" f,day len,s jeks oE Ndú;hg f.k
we;'
 j¾;udkfha uqo,a jYfhka ldis yd fkdaÜgq" fplam;a" NdKavd.dr
ì,am;a" Khm;a wdÈ úúO oE Ndú; lrhs'
 w;S; uqo,a yqjudre l%h
s dj,sfha § mej;s we;eï ÿ¾j,;d j¾;udk uqo,a
Ndú;h;a iuÕ uÕ yeÍ we;'
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'
bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (
 my; i|yka uQ,H WmlrK w;=frka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk uQ,H
WmlrK ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 remsh,a oyila jákd uqo,a fkdaÜgqjla
 remsh,a oi oyila jákd fplam;la
 remsh,a oi oyila jákd NdKavd.dr ì,a m;la
 remsh,a oi oyila jákdlu we;s Khm;a
 Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s uQ,H WmlrKh fydoska mÍlaId lrkak
 tys olakg ,efnk wx. ,laIK y÷kd .kak'
1
 wod< uQ,H WmlrK Ndú; lr Tng l< yels ld¾hhka kï lrkak'
 Tng ,eî we;s uQ,H WmlrKh wfkla uQ,H WmlrK iu. ii|ñka
tys we;s iqúfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .kak'
 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,s j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï
jkak'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lsÍfï § f.ùï udOHhla jYfhka fmdÿfõ

ms<s.kakd jQ ´kE u fohla uqo,a jYfhka i,lkq ,efí'
 fyd| uqo,l my; i|yka ,laIK ±lsh yels h'
 fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula ;sîu
 l,ameje;au
 iucd;Sh nj
 l=vd fldgiaj,g fnÈh yels ùu
 myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.khdug yels ùu
 jákdlu ia:djr j mej;Su
 kS;Hdkql+, j,x.= Ndjh
 iq,n fyda ÿ¾,N fyda fkdùu
 wkqlrKh l< fkdyels ùu
 myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels ùu
 uqof,a m%Odk ld¾h y;r my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'
1' úksuh ^f.ùï& udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu
2' jákdlfï ikaksêh;a f,i lghq;= lsÍu
3' .sKqï tallhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu
4' ú,ïì; f.jqï udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu
^l,amiq jQ f.jqï udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu&
 úksuh udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka .kqfokq
lsÍfï § ke;fyd;a NdKav yd fiajd iy ksIamdok idOl yqjudre lsÍfï
§ w;rueÈhl= jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu hs'
 fuu ld¾hh ksid uqo,a fjk;a j;alïj,ska meyeÈ,s j fjka fldg
y÷kd .; yels h' NdKav yqjudre l%ufha ^ndg¾ l%ufha& mej;s oaúl
iumd;h" m%jdyKh" .nvd lsÍu" l=vd fldgiaj,g fn§u wd§ .eg¨
fndfyduhla uqo,a Ndú;h ksid ksrdlrKh úh'
2
 yqjudrejg iïnkaO jk fomd¾Yajfha jqjukd wfkHdakH jYfhka .e,mSu
jqjukdjkaf.a oaúl iumd;h kï fõ'
 NdKav yqjudre l%ufha § oaúl iumd;hla fkdue;s úg .kqfokqj isÿ lr
.ekSu w;sYh ÿIalr ld¾hhla úh'
 tfy;a uqo,a Ndú;h ksid .kqfokqj isÿ lr .ekSfï § uqo,a w;rueÈhl=
fia lghq;= lrk fyhska oaúl iumd;hla wjYH fkdfõ'
 uqo,a úksuh udOHhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu ksid Y%u úNckh yd úfYaIl
S rKh
mq¿,a jQ w;r uyd mßudK ksIamdokhg uÕ mEÈKs'
 wjodkulska yd wmyiq;djlska f;dr j wkd.; wjYH;d i|yd jákdlu
/ia lr ;nd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a fhdod .ekSu jákdlï ikaksêhla f,i
lghq;= lsÍu hkafkka woyia flf¾' NdKavj,ska jákdlu /ia lsÍfï §
.nvd lsÍfï wmyiqj" blaukska kYH ùu wd§ .eg¨ mek keÕ=K o
uqo,aj,ska jákdlu /ia lsÍfï § tu ÿIalr;d we;s fkdfõ'
 jákdlu /ia lsÍug jeä fofkl= uqo,a Ndú; lrkafka uqo,a mQ¾K
øjYS, j;alula jk ksid h' uqof,a l%h Yla;sh ia:djr uÜgul mej;Su
uqof,a fuu ld¾hh jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lrkq we;'
 .sKïq tallhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka iEu NdKavhl
u" fiajdjl u" j;alïj, jákdlï w;r fjki y÷kd.; yels ùu yd
yqjudre l%shdj,sh ld¾hlaIu j isÿ lsÍug yelshdj ,eîu h'
 uqo,a jákdlfï ñkqula f,i l%shd lsÍu ksid jHdmdr .sKqïlrKh"
cd;sl .sKqïlrKh" rdcH whjehlrKh" f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh ieliSu
wd§ uQ,H jd¾;dlrKh myiq ù we;'
 ú,ïì; f.jqï udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu hkafkka woyia lrkqfha
l,a miq ù lrkq ,nk f.ùï ld¾hlaIu j isÿ lsÍug uqo,a fhdod .ekSug
we;s yelshdjhs' jHdmdr wdh;k NdKav Khg wf,ú lsÍfï § yd uQ,H
wdh;k Kh ieliSfï § tu f.ùï iudma; lsÍug ld,hla .; fõ'
wúksYaÑ;;djlska fyda wjodkulska f;dr j tu f.ùï ksu lsÍug uqo,a
Ndú; lsÍu ksid yelshdj ,eî we;'
 uqof,a w.h ia:djr j mej;Su ú,ïì; f.jqï udOHhla f,i uqof,a
ld¾hh jvd;a ld¾hlaIu ùug fya;= fõ'
 j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk uqo,a j¾. my; ±lafõ'
 jHjydr uqo,a
 nexl= uqo,a
 wdikak uqo,a
 uqo,a wdfoaYl
3
 úoHq;a uqo,a / äðg,a uqo,a
 jHjydr uqo,a hkq hï ffki¾.sl jákdlula wka;¾.; fkdjk kuq;a
lsishï jákdlula ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd uQ,H wêldßh úiska ksl=;a
lrkq ,nk ldis yd fkdaÜgq jk w;r jHjydr uqo,a rg ;=< ´kE u
.kqfokqjla lsÍug kS;sfhka j,x.= jk w;r jHjydr uqo,a mQ¾K
øjYS,;djlska hqla; fõ'
 fplam;a ,sùu u.ska m%fhdackhg .; yels b,a¨ï ;ekam;=j, we;s uqo,a
fYaIh nexl= uqo,a jYfhka ye¢kafõ' nexl= uqo,a ;=< by< øjYS,;djla
mj;S'
 jákdlfï ikaksêhla f,i ls%hd lrk" tfy;a yqjudre udOHhla f,i
l%h
s d fkdlrk by< øjYS,;djlska hq;= j;alï wdikak uqo,a f,i y÷kajhs'
wdikak uqo,a myiqfjka yqjudre udOHhla njg ûqo,a& fmr<d .; yels
h'
 ia:djr ;ekam;=" b;=reï ;ekam;=" NdKavd.dr ì,am;a" úksuh ì,am;a"
fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgq wdikak uqo,a i|yd ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'
 uqo,a wdfoaYl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafka jákdlfï ikaksêhla jYfhka
ls%hd fkdlrk kuq;a ;djld,sl j yqjudre udOHhla jYfhka lghq;=
lrk WmlrK fõ' Khm;a yd yrm;a uqo,a wdfoaYl i|yd ksoiqka jYfhka
±laúh yels h' jHjydr uqo,a fyda fplam;a fyda Ndú;hla fkdue;s j
flá ld,Sk .kqfokq i|yd fuu uqo,a wdfoaYl fhdod .; yels h'
 hï uQ,H wdh;khla úiska wkqu; jQ uqo,a iSudjka hgf;a NdKav yd
fiajd ,nd .ekSug;a wjYH úgl uqo,a ,nd .ekSug;a wjirh ,nd §
ksl=;a lrk úoHq;a ldâ m; Khm;ls'
 my; i|yka fya;= ksid Khm;a uqo,a f,i fkdie,fla'
 uqo,aj,ska bgq lrk ish¨ ld¾hhka Khm;a u.ska bgq fkdùu
 Khm;a u.ska .kqfokqlrejd g ,nd fok Wmßu Kh iSudj blaujQ
miq ;jÿrg;a Khm;a m%fhdackhg .ksñka .kqfokq lsÍug kï wod<
uQ,H wdh;kh fj; Kh uqo, f.úh hq;= ùu ûqo,a f,i ie,flkafka
uQ,H wdh;kh fj; f.jk uqo,a ñi Khm; fkdfõ&'
 yrm;a hkq .kqfokqlrejka uQ,H wdh;khl hï uqo,la ;ekam;a l< úg
iajhxl%sh fg,¾ hka;%hla u.ska wdmiq uqo,a .ekSug fjk;a .sKqulg
udre lsÍug Ndú; lrk WmlrKhls'
 yrm;a uqo,a f,i fkdie,flkafka uqo,ska bgq lrkq ,nk ish¨ ld¾hhka
fuu.ska bgq fkflfrk ksid h'
 uqo,a" úoHq;a l%uh Ndú;fhka .nvd lr ;nd uDÿldx.hla u.ska .kqfokq
i|yd fhdod .kakd l%ufõoh úoHq;a uqo,a jYfhka ye¢kafõ' yrm;a"
Khm;a" E-banking, Easy Cash Bit coin úoHq;a uqo,a i|yd ksoiqka f,i
±laúh yels h' 4
ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( uqo,aj, yd ñ, uÜgïj, yeisÍu y÷kd .ksñka wd¾Ólfha
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2( uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùug n,mdk fya;= iy uqo,a
b,aü ;SrKh lrkq ,nk idOl úuid n,hs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 uqo,a b,aü w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùug fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'
 uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùug fya;= m%ia;dr igyka Ndú; lrñka ú.%y lrhs'
 uqo,g we;s b,aü ;SrKh lrk idOl ú.%y lrhs'

 isiqkag uqo,a wjYH wehs ±hs úuikak'
 tfia uqo,a wjYH ùug fya;= isiqkaf.ka wid fm<.iajkak'
 my; i|yka lreKq wkdjrKh jk whqfrka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 isiqka fuka u ish¨ u ck;dj úúO lghq;= i|yd uqo,a <`. ;nd .kS'
 tfia uyckhd uqo,a <`. ;nd .ekSug we;s leue;a; uqo,a b,aü f,i
y÷kajhs'
 uqo,a b,aü i|yd úúO idOl n,mdhs'
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
 my; i|yka jkafka mqoa.,fhl=g uqo,a wjYH jk wjia:d lsysmhls' ta
w;ßka Tn lKavdhug ,efnk wjia:d flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 iy,a ñ, § .ekSu i|yd
 ksjfia we;s jk yÈis wjYH;djla i|yd
 fldgfia fjf<|fmdf<a wdfhdackh i|yd
 Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s wjia:dj flfrys ie,ls,su;a jkak'
 tjeks uqo,a wjYH jk fjk;a wjia:d i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrkak'
 Tng hï ksYÑ
a ; udisl wdodhula mj;S hehs Wml,amkh lr tu uqo,ska
fldmuK m%udKhla wod< ld¾hh i|yd fjka lrkafka±hs ;SrKh
5
lrkak'
 Tnf.a udisl wdodhu fo.=K jqjfyd;a wod< ld¾hhg fjka lrk uqo,
;SrKh lrkak'
 by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka wdodhu fjkia ùula yd wod< ld¾hhg uqo,a fjka
lsÍu w;r iïnkaOh ±lafjk m%i; a drhla ks¾udKh lrkak' ^;sria wlaIfha
wod< ld¾hhg fjka lrk uqo, o isria wlaIfha wdodhu o&
 wod< m%ia;dr igyk weiqfrka wdodhu yd Tng wod< ld¾hhg uqo,a fjka
lsÍu w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,s j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï
jkak'
 lsishï wjia:djl § uqo,a" uqo,a jYfhka <`. ;nd .ekSug uyck;dj ;=<
we;s leue;a; uqo,a b,aü ^øjYS,;djrKh& hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk fya;= ;=kls'
1' .kqfokq fÉ;kdj
2' wdrlaIK fõ;kdj
3' iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj
 mqo.a ,hdg ,efnk wdodhï iy mqo. a ,hd lrk úhoï tlsfklg fkd.e<mSu
ksid tÈfkod .kqfokq lsÍfï wruqfKka uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSu
.kqfokq fÉ;kdj ksid we;s jk uqo,a b,aü f,i ye¢kafõ'
 wdodhï Wmhk ld,h;a úhoï isÿ lrk ld,h;a w;r ld, mrdihla
mj;sk w;r tu ld, mrdih ;=< iqug f,i we;s jk .kqfokq isÿ lsÍu
i|yd uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .; hq;= h'
 .kqfokq fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g we;s b,aü ;SrKh lrk m%Odk idOlh
jkafka mqoa.,hkaf.a wdodhuhs'
 .kqfokq fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g lrk b,aü;a wdodhu;a w;r wkqf,dau
iïnkaO;djla mj;S' th my; i|yka mßÈ m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh
yels h'
L3 M   f Y 
t
d
L2
.kqfokq fÉ;kdfjka
uqo,g we;s b,aü q
L1
 wdodhu (Y)
0 Y1 Y2 Y3
6
 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj mqoa.,hdf.a wdodhu jeä jk úg tÈfkod
.kqfokq i|yd jeä uqo,a m%udKhla <`. ;nd .ekSug fm<fò' wdodhu wvq
jk úg tÈfkod .kqfokq i|yd wvq uqo,a m%udKhla ;nd .ekSug fm,fò'
 wdodhug wu;r j .kqfokq fÉ;kdj i|yd uqo,g we;s jk b,aü flfrys
fmd<S wkqmd;slh" ñ, uÜgu" uQ,H fjf<|fmd< kjH;d yd wdh;ksl
idOl o n,mdhs'
 ie,iqï l< fkdyels wkfmalaIs; j we;s jk úhoï ld¾hlaIu j mshjd
.eksfï wruqfKka mqo.
a ,hka uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSu wdrlaIl fÉ;kdj
ksid uqo,g we;s b,aü f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka ( yÈis wk;=re" f,v frda. jeks wjia:dj, § m%fhdackhg .ekSu
i|yd uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSuhs'
 wdrlaIK fÉ;kdj ksid uqo,g we;s jk b,aü;a wdodhu;a w;r wkqf,dau
iïnkaO;djla mj;sk w;r th my; m%ia;drfhka ±lafõ'
M  d
p
wdrlaIl fÉ;kdj ksid uqo,g

M   f Y 
d
p
L3
L2
we;s jk b,aü
L1
 (Y)
0 Y1 Y2 Y3 wdodhu
d
M p  f Y  wdrlaIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g we;s jk b,aü
(Y) = wdodhu
 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj mqoa.,hkaf.a wdodhu jeä jk úg wdrlaIK

wruqK u; jeä uqo,a m%udKhla <`. ;nd .ekSug fm,fUk w;r wdodhu
wvq jk úg wdrlaIK wruqK u; wvq uqo,a m%udKhla <`. ;nd .ekSug
fm,fò'
 ms<sKm;aj, uqo,a wdfhdackh lsßfuka wkd.; jdis ^m%;s,dN& ,nd .ekSfï
7
wruqfKka uqo,a <`. ;nd .ekSu iufmalaIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g we;s
b,aü hs' ke;s kï j;alula f,i uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSu iufmalaIK
uqo,a b,aü fõ'
 ck;dj úúO j;alï <`. ;nd .ekSug fm,fUk w;r ish j;alï
f.dkqfõ uqo,a yd ms<sKm;a w;r f;aÍï lsßu fmd<S wkqmd;slh wkqj isÿ
fõ' fï wkqj fmd<S wkqmd;slh yd j;alula f,i uqo,a b,aü w;r
m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla we;s fõ' tu m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj my; rEm
igyk u.ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
 .ekqï keUqre
r1
M   f (r )
l
fmd<S wkqmd;lh
úl=Kqï keUqre
r2
Q2
 M d
S
0 Q1
iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we;s
b,aü
 by; rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg iufmalaIK

fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we;s b,aü wvq fõ' fmd<S wkqmd;slh my< hk
úg iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we;s b,aü jeä fõ'
 fmd<S wkq m d;s l h yd ms < s Km;a j, ñ, w;r mj;s k q fha m% ;s f,da u
iïnkaO;djls' tkï fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg ms<sKm;aj, ñ,
my< hk w;r fmd<S wkqmd;slh my< hk úg ms<sKm;aj, ñ, by< hhs'
 i;H jYfhka j¾;udkfha fmd<S wkqmd;slh wvq kï ms<sKm;aj, ñ,
by< uÜgul mj;S' kuq;a wkd.;fha § fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< h;ehs iy
Bg m%;sf,dau j ms<sKm;aj, ñ, my< h;ehs ck;dj ;=< wfmalaIKhla
we;s fõ' fï ksid ck;dj ms<sKm;a ñ, oS .ekSug fm<ffUk fyhska
fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g
we;s b,aü wvq fõ' wkd.;fha § fmd<S wkqmd;slh my< h;ehs iy Bg
m%;sf,dau j ms<sKm;aj, fjf<|fmd< ñ, by< h;ehs ck;dj ;=<
wfmalaIKhla we;s jqjfyd;a ck;dj ms<sKm;a úlsKSug fm,fò' ^by;
rEm igyfkys b ,laIHfhys ±lafjk mßÈ& fï ksid fmd<S wkqmd;slh
my< h;a u iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we; b,aü jeä fõ'
8
uqo,g we;s b,aü ;SrKh ùu flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'
 uQ¾; wdodhu
 fmd<S wkqmd;slh
 ñ, uÜgu
 wkd.; wfmalaIK
 wdh;ksl idOl
 uQ,H fjf<|fmd< kjH;d
 uQ¾; wdodhu yd uqo,a b,aü w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S' tkï
uQ¾; wdodhu by< hk úg uqo,a b,aü by< hhs'
 fmd<S wkqmd;slh yd uqo,a b,aü w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'
tkï fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg uqo,a b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fõ'
 ñ, uÜgu by< hk úg uqo,a b,aü o by< hhs'
 wkd.;fha § WoaOuk wkqmd;slh by< h;ehs wfmalaId lrk úg
j¾;udkfha NdKav yd fiajd ñ, È .ekSug fm,fUk neúka <`. ;nd
.kakd uqo,a m%udKh jeä fõ'
 ms<K
s m;aj, ñ, wkd.;fha § jeä fj;ehs wfmalI
a d lrk úg j¾;udkfha
ms<sKm;a ñ, § .ekSu fm,fUk neúka <`. ;nd .kakd uqo,a fYaI wvq
fõ'
 wdh;ksl idOl hkqfjka woyia lrkafka wdodhï ,efnk jdr folla
w;r ld, mr;rhs' wju ld, mr;rhla ;=< wdodhï ,efnk úg uqo,a
b,aü my< hhs' uqo,a ,efnk ld, mr;rhka §¾> jk úg <`. ;nd
.kakd uqo,a m%udKh by< hhs'
 uQ,H fjf<|fmd< kjH;d jeä ÈhqKq jk úg uqo,a <`. ;nd .kakd
m%udKh my< hhs'
9
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( uqo,a iemhqu úYaf,aIKd;aul j bÈßm;a lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 10
bf.kqï m, (
 uqo,a iemhqu w¾: olajhs'

 uqo,a iemhqfï ks¾jpk wkqms<sfj<ska w¾: olajhs'
 uqo,a iemhqfï ks¾jpk ú.%y lrhs'
 uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl bÈßm;a lrhs'
 mokï uqo,a ;SrKh lrk idOl ú.%y lrhs'
 uqo,a .=Klh yd mokï uqo,a w;r iïnkaO;dj iólrK Ndú;fhka
ú.%y lrhs'
 uqo,a iemhqu hkq lsishï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § uyck;dj w;r ixirKh

jk uq¿ uqo,a f;d.h hs' uqo,a iemhqu uQ,H iuia;h jYfhka o y÷kajhs'
 uqo,a iemhqu ks¾jpkh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd ks¾jpk ld,h;a iuÕ
fjkia fõ' ta i|yd n,mdk m%Odk idOl folls'
1' rgl uQ,H jHqyfha we;s jk fjkialï
2' uqo,a f,i ie<lsh hq;= mQ¾K øjYS,;dfjka hq;a j;alïj, isÿ jk
fjkialï
Y%S ,xldfõ uqo,a iemhqu ms<sn| j bosrsm;afldg we;s úúO ks¾jpk my;
±lafõ'
 mgq uqo,a iemhqu M 1 
 mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu M 2 
 taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu M 2b 
 mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu M 4 

mgq uqo,a iemhqu hkq uyck;dj i;= jHjydr uqo,a ^ldis yd fkdaÜgq& yd
uyckhd kñka jdKsc nexl=j, we;s b,aü ;ekam;=j, tl;=j hs'
10
M 1  C P  DD P
M 1 } mgq uqo,a iemhqu

Cp } uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a
DDP } uyckhd i;= jdKsc nexl=j, we;s b,a¨ï ;ekam;=
 mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu M 2  hkq" mgq uqo,a iemhqu M 1  yd uyckhd

i;= j jdKs c nexl= j , we;s ld,S k yd b;= r eï ;eka m ;= j ,
(TSDCPtl;=jhs'
M2 = M1 + TSDCP
M2 - mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu

M 1 } mgq uqo,a iemhqu
TSDCP} uyck;dj i;= j jdKsc nexl=j, we;s ld,Sk yd b;=reï
;ekam;=
 mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqug M 2  wfkajdisl úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKqïj,
we;s ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;= m%udKfhka 50] la yd úfoaY jHjydr
uqo,a nexl= tallj, we;s fkajdislhka i;= ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;=
m%udKh tl;= ùfuka taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu ( M 2b ) iEfoa'
M2b = M2 + TSDNRFC + RDFCBU
TSDNRFC } wfkajdisl úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKqïj, we;s ld,Sk yd

b;=reï ;ekam;= m%udKfhka 50]
RDFCBU } úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a nexl= tallj, we;s fkajdislhka i;=
ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;=
 taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqug ( M 2b ) n,m;% ,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=j,
we;s uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd ld,Sk ;ekam;= iy ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H
iud.ïj, we;s uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd ld,Sk ;ekam;= tl;=
ùfuka mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu M 4  iEfoa'
11
M 4  M 2 b  LSB  REC
M4 = mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu
M2b = taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu
LSB = uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd ia:djr ;ekam;=
RFC = ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ïj, we;s uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd
ia:djr ;ekam;=
uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl my; ±lafõ'
^1& nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;alï
^2& nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO úfoaYSh j;alï
^3& wfkl=;a Y=oaO j;alï

 nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;alï" nexl= l%uh u.ska rchg ,nd
fok Y=oaO Kh yd jdKsc nexl= úiska fm!oa.,sl wxYhg fok ,o
Khj,ska iukaú; fõ'
 rch whjeh ys`.h mshùu i|yd uy nexl=fjka yd jdKsc nexl=j,ska
ms<sKm;a yryd Kh ,nd .kS' tajd jHjydr uqo,a f,i uyck;dj
w;g m;aùfuka uqo,a iemhqfï fldgila njg m;a ù uqo,a iemhqu
by< kÕS'
 jdKsc nexl= úiska fm!oa.,sl wxYhg Kh §fï § b,a¨ï ;ekam;=
ks¾udKh fõ' b,a¨ï ;ekam;= uqo,a iemhqfï fldgila ksid uqo,a
iemhqu by< hhs'
 nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï kñka ye¢kafjkafka uy nexl=j
iy jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY j;alï yd j.lSï w;r fjkihs'
 uy nexl=j i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï iy jdKsc nexl= i;= Y=oaO úfoaY
j;alï ,efí'
 uy nexl=j i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY uqo,a
 úfoaY rgj, iq/l=ïm;aj, uy nexl=j lr we;s wdfhdack
 uy nexl=j kñka mj;ajd f.k hk úfYaI .ekqï ysñlï (SDR)
 uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY j.lSï my; mßÈ fõ'
 uy nexl=j úfoaY rgj,ska ,nd f.k we;s Kh
12
 wka;¾cd;sl wdh;k yd úfoaY nexl= uy nexl=fõ ;ekam;a lr
we;s uqo,a
 jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY j;alï my; ±lafõ'
 úfoaY nexl=j,g imhd we;s Kh iy wdOdr
 jÜgï l< ì,am;a
 jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY uqo,a
 jdKsc nexl=j,g wh;a úfoaY YdLdj, we;s uqo,a
 jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY j.lSï my; i|yka ixrplj,ska iukaú;
fõ'
 jdKsc nexl= úiska úfoaY nexl=j,ska ,nd f.k we;s Kh
 úfoaYSh nexl= foaYSh nexl=j, mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;=
 nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï by< hk úg nexl= i;= ixÑ;
by< f.dia Kh §ï jeä fõ' túg b,a¨ï ;ekam;= m%idrKh ù uqo,a
iemhqu jeä fõ'
 nexl= l%uh i;= wfkl=;a Y=oaO j;alï f,i ie,flkqfha by; i|yka
lrk ,o foaYSh yd úfoaYhS Y=oaO úfoaYSh j;alïj,g yiq fkdjQ nexl=
l%ufha j;alï yd j.lSï w;r fjkihs'
 nexl= l%uh i;= wfkl=;a Y=oaO j;alï by< hk úg uqo,a iemhqu o
by< hhs'
 lsishï rgl iuia; uqo,a iemhqug moku imhk uy nexl=j i;=
>Dcq uQ,H j.lSï mokï uqo,a jYfhka ye¢kafõ' fïjd wên,e;s
uqo,a" ixÑ; uqo,a hk kïj,ska o ye¢kafõ'
 rfÜ iuia; uqo,a iemhqu mokï uqo,a fuka lSm .=Khls'
 mokï uqo,a my; i|yka ixrplj,ska iukaú; fõ'
 uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a (Cp)
 jdKsc nexl= i;= jHjydr uqo,a (CCB)
 jdKsc nexl= úiska uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;= (RR)
 rdcH ksfhdað; wdh;k uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd .k hkq ,nk
;ekam;= (DOI)
13
uy nexl= fYaI m;%h
j.lSï j;alï
 uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a CP
 jdKsc nexl=j,g ÿka
 jdKsc nexl= i;= jHjydr uqo,a CCB Kh AKB
 jdKsc nexl= i;= uy nexl=fõ  rchg ÿka Kh CGCB
we;s ;ekam;= RR  úfoaY ixÑ; FACB
 fjk;a wdh;kj, ;ekam;= DOI  fjk;a j;alï OACB
 rcfha ;ekam;= DG CB
 úfoaY Kh FBCB
 fjk;a j.lSï OL CB
uq¿ j.lSï TLCB uq¿ j;alï TACB
by; fYaI m;%hg wkqj mokï uqo,a iemhqug wh;a jk uy nexl=fõ

m%Odk j.lSï whs;u my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
1' uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a
2' jdKsc nexl= i;= jHjydr uqo,a
3' uy nexl=fõ we;s jdKsc nexl= i;= ;ekam;=
4' fjk;a wdh;k i;= j uy nexl=fõ we;s ;ekam;=
uy nexl= fYaI m;%hg wkqj mokï uqo,a flfrys n,mdk idOl ^;SrKh
lrk idOl& my; i|yka mßÈ y÷kd.; yels h'
1' uy nexl=j i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;alï (CGCB - DGCB)
 uy nexl=j úiska jdKsc nexl=j,g fokq ,nk w;a;sldrï
 uy nexl=j úiska rchg imhkq ,nk Y=oaO Kh
2' uy nexl=fõ Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï (DACB - FBCB)
3' uy nexl=fõ fjk;a j;alï
by; i|yka whs;uj, Y=oaO j;alï jeä jk úg mokï uqo,a iemhqu jeä
jk w;r tajdfha Y=oaO j;alï wvq jk úg mokï uqo,a iemhqu wvq fõ'
 ^mokï uqo,aj,g wh;a fkdjk wksl=;a j.lSï iy uy nexl=fõ j;alï
ixrplhka weiqfrka mokï uqo,aj,g n,mdk idOl y÷kd.; yels nj
14
isiqka iuÕ wOHkh lrkak&'
 wd¾Ólfha uq¿ uqo,a iemhqu yd mokï uqo,a w;r iïnkaOh uqo,a .=Klfhka
±lafõ' th my; i|yka mßÈ iólrKhla u.ska ±laúh yels h'
M = kH
M= uqo,a iemhqu
k = uqo,a .=Klh
H = mokï uqo,a
uqo,a .=Klh yd uqo,a moku w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj

 ta wkqj uqo,a .=Klh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'
M
k
H
 Y%S ,xldfõ uqo,a iemhqu l%u lsysmhlg .Kkh lrk ksid uqo,a .=Klh
o M1, M2B M2B, M4, M5 wd§ jYfhka wdldr lsysmhlg .Kkh l< yels
h'
ksoiqka (
mgq uqo,a iemhqu (M1)
uqo,a .=KlhM1}
mokï uqo,a
mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu (M2)

uqo,a .=KlhM2}
mokï uqo,a
15
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( ñ, uÜgu wdY%s; ixl,am" kHdh iy ñkqï úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk (
bf.kqï m, (
 ñ, uÜgu w¾:l:kh lrhs'

 tu uÜgu wdY%s; ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 WoaOukhg n,mdk fya;= úúO m%fõY Tiafia ú.%y lrhs'
 WoaOukfha m%;súmdl ú.%y lrhs'
 WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels ls%hdud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkia ùï uekSug fhdod .kakd ñ,
o¾Yl y÷kajhs'
 ñ, o¾Yl weiqfrka Y%S ,xldfõ ñ, uÜgu wdY%s; m%jK;d mÍlaId lr
n,hs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .eksug w;aje,la (
 NdKavj,;a fiajdj,;a jákdlu ñ, hkafkka woyia fõ'
 ñ, fjkia jk úg hï fok ,o uqo,a m%udKhlska ñ, § .; yels NdKav

yd fiajd m%udKh ûqof,a jákdlu& fjkia fõ'
 ksrfmalaI ñ," idfmalaI ñ, yd fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu îdudkH ñ, uÜgu&

f,iska NdKavhl fyda fiajdjl fyda ñ, yd iïnkaO jeo.;a iajrEmhka
;=kla mj;S'
 lsishï NdKavhl fyda fiajdjl fyda fjf<|fmd< ñ, ksrfmalaI ñ,hs'
ksoiqka ( mEkl ñ, remsh,a 25 hs'
iy,a lsf,dajl ñ, remsh,a 100 hs'
 NdKavj, ñ, .Kka w;r wkqmd;h idfmalaI ñ,hs'
ksoiqka ( iy,a lsf,dajl ñ, mEkl ñ, fuka y;r .=Khls ^1 ( 4&
16
 ish¨ u NdKav yd fiajdj, ksrfmalaI ñ, .Kkaj, idudkH w.h fmdÿ
ñ, uÜgu kñka ye|skafõ'
 fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu wdY%s; j ixl,am lsysmhls'
 WoaOukh
 wjOukh
 ksreoaOukh
 fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfuys yg .kakd wLKav by< hdula WoaOukh kñka

ye|skafõ'
 wjOukh hkq fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfuys wLKav j isÿ jk my< hduls'
 WoaOuk wkqmd;fhys w.h l%ufhka wvq ùula ksreoaOukh hs'
 WoaOukhg fya;= meyeÈ,s flrkqfha kHdhd;aul m%fõYhlsks'
 ta wkqj WoaOukhg fya;= meyeÈ,s lsÍfï m%Odk kHdh folls'
1' b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOuk kHdhh
2' msßjefhka ;,a¨ jqKq WoaOuk kHdhh
 iemhqug idfmalaI j b,aü jeä ùu ksid NdKavj, yd fiajdj, fmdÿ

ñ, uÜgu by< hk nj b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOuk kHdhh hkafkka
woyia fõ'
 tkï iuia; b,a¨fï w;sßla;hla ksid fmdÿ ñ, uÜgï by< hdu hs'
 iSñ; NdKav m%udKhla miqmi yUd hk w;súYd, uqo,a m%udKhla hkqfjka

ye|skafjkafka o b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOukh hs'
 b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOuk kHdhfhys úl,am m%fõY folls'
1' uqo,a m%udKjdoh
2' flakaishdkq kHdh
 uqo,a m%udKjdoh hkq úksuh iólrKh mokï lr .ksñka ñ, uÜgfï

yeisÍu ms<sn| j bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk kHdhhls'
 uqo,a f;d.h fjkia ùu;a ñ, uÜgu fjkia ùu;a w;r >Dcq yd iudkqmd;sl
iïnkaOhla we;s nj uqo,a m%udKjd§ kHdhfhka fmkajd foa'
17
ksoiqka ( uqo,a f;d.h oi .=Khlska by< ±uqjfyd;a ñ, uÜgu o oi
.=Khlska by< hkq we;'
 uqo,a m%udKh iy ñ, uÜgu w;r mj;sk fuu iïnkaO;dj fmkajd §ug

i|yd uqo,a m%uKjdoh MV = PT hk úksuh iólrKh fhdod .kS'
 úksuh iólrKh a ks¾jpkh lrk wdldrfhka u mQ¾K i;H m%ldYkhls'
 th iólrKhla f,i olajk kuqÿ th ieneúka u wkkH;djls î¾j

iduHhls&' tu ksid th MV  PT hk f,i ±laúh yels h'
 PThkq wd¾Ólfha uq`: .kqfokqj, jákdluhs' ^ P = ñ, uÜgu" T =

.kqfokq m%udKh&
MV hkq uqo,a fhdod .ksñka isÿ l< .Kqfokq m%udKfha jákdluhs'
 fï ksid ieneúka u MV = PT úh hq;=u h'
 úksuh iólrKh ;=< wvx.= úp,Hhkaf.a yeisÍu iïnkaOfhka lrkq

,nk Wml,amkhka mokï lr .ksñka úksuh iólrKh kHdhhla
ûqo,a m%udKjdoh& njg fmr<d .; yels h'
ta i|yd fhdod .kakd Wml,amk folls'
1' uqof,a ixirK m%fõ.h (v) ia:djr j mj;S' th ia:djr j mj;skafka

wdh;ksl idOl mqreÿ u; ;SrKh jk úp,Hhla neúks'
2' wd¾Ólfha .kqfokq mßudj (T) fkdfjkia j mj;S' T ia:djr j mj;skf

a ka
wd¾Ólh mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgul mj;akd neúks'
^ T fjkqjg Y o Ndú; flf¾&'
 fuf,iska úksuh iñlrKfha V iy T hk mo ia:djr j mj;skafka

hhs Wml,amkh fldg uqo,a f;d.hg (M) iudkqmd;sl j ñ, uÜgu (P)
fjkia jk nj uqo,a m%udKjd§ kHdhh fmkajd foa'
 flakaishdkq kHdhfha § WoaOukhg fya;= meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd ie,ls,a,g

.kq ,nkafka iudydr wdodhï yd iudydr úhoï úYaf,aIKh hs'
 wd¾Ólh mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s iu;=,s;h lrd <`.d ùfuka miq j ;jÿrg;a
iudydr b,aü jeä jQjfyd;a" NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh jeä l< fkdyels
neúka idudkH ñ, uÜgu by< hdug mgka .kS'
 WoaOukh ms<sn| flakaiaf.a fuu ú.%yh my; rEm igykska fmkakqï

flf¾'
18
 rEm igfykka Y1 u.ska ±lafjkafka mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksujqï uÜgu
hs'
 tu wjia:dj wod< iudydr b,aü AD1jl%fhka ±lafõ'
 mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksujqï uÜgu blaujd wd¾Ólfha iudydr b,aü

by< .sh fyd;a fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu P1 , P2, P3 wd§ f,iska wLKav j by< hdu
;=<ska WoaOukh yg .kS'
 msßjefhka ;,a¨ jqKq WoaOuk kHdhfhka ±lafjkafka fhojqï ñ, fyj;a

ksIamdok msßjeh by< hdu ksid iudydr iemhqu wvq ùfuka NdKav yd
fiajdj, ñ, by< hdu u.ska fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfï by< hdula yg .; yels
nj hs'
 fuys § cd;sl wdodhfï mx.= w,a,d .ekSug úúO mSvk lKavdhï úiska
lrkq ,nk wr.,j, m%;sM, jYfhka ksIamdok msrsjeh jeä ù NdKavj,
yd fiajdj, fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu by< hk nj fuu kHdhjd§yq fmkajd
fo;s'
 tu mSvk lKavdhï jkafka"
 ixúOdkd;aul Y%uh
 l;smhdêldÍ wdh;kj, l%shdldrlï h'
 ixúOdkd;aul Y%uh jeä jegqma b,a,d lrkq ,nk Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,
19
jYfhka jegqma jeä lsÍug isÿ ùfuka fhojqï ñ, by< f.dia ksIamdok
msßjeh jeä ù" iemhqu wvq ù ñ, uggu by< hhs' fujekakla jegqfmka
;,a¨ jQ WoaOukhla fia ie<fla'
 wfkla w;g l;smhdêldÍ wdh;kj, ls%hdl,dmh ksid ,dN jeä lsÍug

isÿ ùfuka ksIamdok msßjeh jeä ù" iemhqu wvq ù ñ, uÜgu by< hhs'
fuh ,dNfhka ;,a¨ jQ WoaOukhls'
 fhojqï ñ, jeä ùfuka ksIamdok msßjeh jeä ù" iemhqu wvq ùfuka
WoaOukhla yg .kS' msßjefhka ;,a¨ jqKq WoaOukh my; m%ia;dr
igyfkys ±lafõ'
uQ¾; ksIamdÈ;h
 rEm igykg wkqj Y2 ksujqï uÜgfï § ñ, uÜgu P1 fõ' msßjeh jeä

ùu ksid iuia; iemhqï jl%hAS1 isg AS2 f,iska jug ú;eka ù we;'
tfy;a wd¾Ólfha iuia; b,a¨ï uÜgfuys fjkila isÿ ù fkdue;s

neúka iudydr iemhqu wvq ùfï m%;sM,h jYfhka ñ, uÜgu P1isg P2
olajd by< f.dia we;' ta WoaOukSh ;;a;ajhls'
 WoaOukh wd¾Ólhg ys;lr yd wys;lr jYfhka úúO m%;súmdl f.k

fohs' tn÷ m%;súmdl lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
1' wdodhï yd Ok jHdma;sh whym;a ùu

2' wd¾Ól ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh úlD;s ùu
3' Khysñhkag wjdisodhl jk w;r Kh.e;shkag jdis ùu
4' b;sß lrkakkag whym;a ùu
 fuh my; mßÈ meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
20
 WoaOukhla ksid b;sß lrkakkaf.a b;sß lsÍug we;s yelshdj wvq ùu
ksid b;sß lsÍï wvq ùu isÿ úh yels h'
 wfkla w;g uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slfha my< neiSula ksid o b;sß lsÍï
wvqùu isÿ úh yels h'
 uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slh } kdñl fmd<S wkqmd;slh - WoaOuk
wkqmd;slh
ksoiqk ( kdñl fmd<S wkqmd;slh } 16]
WoaOuk wkqmd;slh } 20]
uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slh } 16] - 20]
} -4]
 uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slh RK w.hla .ekSu b;sß lrkakkag wys;lr
-
;;a;ajhls'
 tfiau uQ¾; fmd,S wkqmd;slh RK w.hla .ekSu ia:djr wdodhï
,dNSkag wys;lr jk w;r úp,H wdodhï ,dNSkag ys;lr fõ'
 úY%dñlhka" ld¾hd, fiajlhka" rdcH fiajlhka iy rcfhka ,efnk
Y=NidOk §ukd u; hefmkakka ia:djr wdodhï,dNSka i|yd ksoiqka
h'
 WoaOukhl § ia:djr wdodhï,dNSkag wys;lr jkafka uqo,a wdodhfï
^kdñl wdodhfï& l%h Yla;sh fyj;a uQ¾; wdodhu wvq jk fyhsks'
uqo,a wdodhu
uQ¾; wdodhu =
ñ, o¾Ylh
 by; meyeos,s l< m%;súmdlj,g wu;r j my; i|yka m%;súmdl o

WoaOukh ksid isÿ fõ'
1' wkd.; ñ, wúksYaÑ; ùu ksid È.= ld,Sk wdfhdackh wffO¾hj;a

jk w;r flá ld,Sk wdfhdackh flfrys muKla keUqre ùu
2' im;a;= iï msßjeh iy fukqm;a msßjeh we;s ùu
3' mqoa.,hkaf.a Ôjk úhou by< hdu iy Ôjk ;;a;ajh my< hdu
4' wmkhkj, ;r.ldrs;ajhg ndOd t,a, ùu
5' úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùu
10' ksrfmalaI oßø;dj by< hdu
 WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾.

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
21
 iudydr b,a¨fï j¾Okh iSud ùu
 iudydr iemhqfï j¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu
 iDcq rdcH ueÈy;a ùu
 ld¾hlaIu iïm;a fnod yeÍfuys ,d mj;sk ndOl bj;a lsßu
 iudydr b,a¨fï j¾Okh iSud lsÍu hkafkka woyia jkafka WoaOukh

md,kh lsÍug kï iudydr b,aü j¾Okh ùu my< uÜgul mj;ajd
.; hq;= nj hs'
 WoaO ukhg fya;= ±la ù fï b,a ¨fuka we÷Kq kHdhhg wkq j uQ , H

m%idrKhla ksid iuia; b,a¨fï by< hdula ;=<ska WoaOukhla yg
.kafka kï th md,kh lsÍug iuia; b,a¨fï j¾Okh iSud l< hq;= h'
 uQ,H m%;sm;a;s yd rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fhdod .ekSfuka iuia; b,aa¨fï

j¾Okh iSud l< yels h'
 WoaOukhla mj;sk úfgl iudydr iemhqfï j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .ekSug

yels kï WoaOuk fõ.h my< uÜgul mj;ajd .; yels nj iemhqï
md¾Yaùh wd¾Ól úoHd{hkaf.a woyi h'
 iemhqï md¾Yaúh wd¾Ól úoHd{hska fmkajd fokafka iemhqfï wvq ùula

ksid WoaOukhla we;s jk nj hs'
 tu ksid Tjqyq b,a¨ï l<ukdlrK m%;sm;a;s flfrys t;rï Wkkaÿjla

fkd±lajQ w;r" ksIamdokfha j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .ekSu flfrys jeä
wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;' fï i|yd nÿ lmd yeÍfï jeo.;alu o Tjqyq
wjOdrKh lr we;'
 nÿ lmd yeÍu ksIamdolhkag yd wdfhdaclhkag úYd, idkqn,hla jk

fyhska th ksIamdokfha j¾Okhg fya;= fõ'
 fuys § ksIamdokfha j¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu i|yd fm!oa.,sl wdfhdaclhka

Èß .ekaúh hq;= nj o Tjqkaf.a woyi hs'
 WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels ir, m%;m

s ;a;u
s h l%h
s dud¾.hla
f,i Rcq rdcH ueÈy;aùï ie,fla'
 ñ, md,kh yd wdodhï md,k m%;m

s ;a;s Rcq md,k m%;m
s ;a;s i|yd ksoiqkh
a '
 jegqma wkqmd;slh iy ñ, by< hdfï m%udKh iïnkaOfhka hï hï

iSudjka mekùu fuys § isÿ fõ'
22
 fuu Rcq md,k m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu m%dfhda.sl jYfhka t;rï myiq
ld¾hh fkdfõ'
 ie,iqï .; wd¾Ólhl jegqma yd ñ, md,k m%;sm;a;s idudkH ,laIKhla
jQj;a fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl § jegqma wkqmd;sl yd ñ, .Kka wdY%s; j
Rcq ueÈy;a ùï olakg ,efnkafka hqoaO wr., jeks hï hï wrnQoldÍ
;;a;ajhka mj;sk úfgl § h'
 ld¾hlaIu iïm;a fnod yeÍfuys ,d ndOl mej;Su ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk rgj, fuka u ixj¾ê; rgj, o ±lsh yels ,laIKhls'
 nÿ mekùu" iykdOdr lmd yeÍu" kshduk wdh;k úiska ñ, kshu lsÍu"
wdkhk i,dlkh wdÈh tn÷ ndOl i|yd ksoiqka h'
 fuu ndOl bj;a lsÍfuka ksIamdokh jeä lr WoaOukh md,kh lr .;
yels h'
 lsishï ld, mrdihla ;=< idudkH ñ, uÜgfuys isÿ jk fjkia ùï
uek n,k ixLHd;aul ñkqu ñ, o¾Ylhla kñka ye¢kafõ'
 ñ, o¾Ylhla ms<sfh< lsÍfï § iei£u i|yd fhdod .kakd j¾Ih mdo
j¾Ih fia ie,fla'
 tu mdo j¾Ifha ñ, o¾Yl w.h 100 fia i,ld fiiq j¾Ij, § tu ñ,
o¾Ylh fjkia ù we;af;a flfia o hkak uek ne,Su isÿ flf¾'
 úúO l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka ñ, o¾Yl ms<sfh< lrkq ,nk w;r" ñ,
o¾Ylhla ms<sfh< lsÍfï § NdKav mei ;SrKh lsÍu" nr ;eîu" kshÈh
;SrKh lsÍu" mokï j¾Ihla f;dard .ekSu jeks lreKq ie,ls,a,g .kS'
 Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkialï uekSu i|yd j¾;udkfha
jeo.;a ñ, o¾Yl lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 fld<U mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh
 cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh
 ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh
 fld<U mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh yd iïnkaO úfYaIs; ,laIK my; mßÈ
fõ'
 2007 fkdjeïn¾ udifha § m%ldYhg m;a fldg 2008 uehs ui isg
l%shd;aul jk Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkialï uekSug
Ndú; jk ñ, o¾Ylhls'
 ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska m%ldYhg m;a flf¾'
23
 2002 j¾Ifha ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mkjk
,o wdodhï-úhoï iólaIKhg wkqj ms<sfh< lrk ,oaols'
 mdo j¾Ih 2006$2007 fõ'
 N+f.da,Sh wdjrKh fld<U Èia;%slalhg iSud fõ'
 úu¾Ys; ck.ykh fld<U Èia;%slalfha ish¨ u kd.ßl l,dmj,
.Dy tall wdjrKh lrkakla ùu
 fld<U kd.ßl m%foaYfha l=gqïnj, uq¿ úhoug idfmalaI jYfhka
nr ;eîu isÿ fldg ;sîu
 o¾Ylhg mokï lr .;a NdKav ldKav 10la iy NdKav .K 95la ùu'
 o¾Ylh ms<sfh< lsÍfï § u;ameka" ÿïfld< yd u;aøjH i|yd lrkq
,nk úhoï w;a yeÍu
 fld<U kd.ßl m%foaYh wdjrKh jk mßÈ ñ, .Kka /ia lsÍfï
uOHia:dk 14la ùu
 2013 mdo j¾Ih f,i ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ^2013}100& iuia; Èjhsk u
wdjrKh flfrk mßÈ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkialï uek ne,Su
i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ ms<sfh< lr we;s kj; u ks, mdßfNda.sl ñ,
o¾Ylh cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh hs'
 cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylfhys úfYaIs; ,laIK my; ±lafõ'
 cd;sl md¾fNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh b;d mq¿,a N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhla wdjrKh
lsÍu ^Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a kjh u wdjrKh lrñka o¾Ylh ieliSu
i|yd wjYH ñ, .Kka ms<sfh< flf¾&'
 ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ms<sfh< fldg m%ldYhg
m;a flf¾'
 cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Yl ilikq ,nkafka 2012$2013 j¾Ih ;=<
uq¿ Èjhsk u mokï lrñka f;dard .kq ,enq kshÈhla mokï lr f.k
jk w;r" th mdßfNda.sl yeisÍï ms<sn| mq¿,a ksfhdackhls'
 b;d uE; ld,Sk mokï j¾Ihla Ndú; lsÍu ^2013 } 100&
 o¾Ylh ieliSfï § Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ u l=gï
q nj, uq¿ úhoug idfmalI
a
jYfhka nr ;eîu isÿ lr ;sîu
 Èjhsk mqrd tla Èia;%slalhl m%Odk k.rfhys ñ, .Kka /ia lsÍfï
uOHia:dk ;=k ne.ska mj;ajd f.k hdu
 ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
úiska 2015 j¾Ifha fojk ld¾;=fõ isg y÷kajd § we;s kj ñ,
o¾Ylhls'
24
 foaYSh ksIamdolhkag ;uka úiska ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKav yd
fiajd i|yd ,efnk idudkH ñ, .Kkaj, ld,h;a iuÕ isÿ jk
fjkialï fuu ñ, o¾Ylh u.ska ukskq ,efí'
 ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh y÷kajd §u ;=<ska fjf<|fmdf<ys ñ,
.Kkaj, isÿjk úp,khka jvd ksjerÈ j fmkakqï lrk w;r tu
m%jK;d Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka jvd;a ksjerÈ j ;SrK .ekSug yelshdj
,efí'
 ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh jeo.;a id¾j wd¾Ól o¾Ylhla o fõ'
 tfia u flá ld,Sk j we;s úh yels WoaOukh ;;a;ajka mqfrdal:kh
l< yels ix{djla f,iska o" ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh ie,fla'
 id¾j wd¾Ól úYaf,aIK l%shdj,sfha § ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, o¾Yl
ld¾hh fï olajd imqrkq ,enqfõ Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska .Kkh
lrk ,o f;d. ñ, o¾Ylfhks'
tfy;a j¾;udkfha f;d. ñ, o¾Ylh fjkqjg Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka
ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylhhs'
o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys wjOuklh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ; f;dr;=rej,ska

fy<s jk o¾Ylhls'
 .uH ñ, o¾Ylh" wdfrdams; ñ, o¾Ylh hkd§ kïj,ska ye¢kafjkafka

o o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys wjOukhls'
lsishï j¾Ihl foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h mj;akd ñf,ka iy ia:djr ñf,ka

.Kkh lsÍfï §" mj;akd ñ,g wkqj ,efnk jákdlu by< hdu
;=<ska ms<sìUq jkafka wd¾Ólfha ñ, uÜgïj, by< hduls'
tf,i mj;akd ñ, iy ia:djr ñf,ka .Kkh lsÍfï § mj;sk ñ,

uÜgfï by< hdu ms<ì
s Uq lrk o¾Ylh o< foaYh
S ksIm
a dÈ;fha wjOuklh
kï fõ'
o< foaYh
S ksIm
a dÈ;fha wjOuklh .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka my; wdldrhg
h'
o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

wjOuklh = X 100
ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h
^fuys § 100 f,iska olajd we;af;a mdo j¾Iha ñ, o¾Ylh hs' o< foaYSh
ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh ms<sfh< lsÍfï mdo j¾Ih 2010 } 100 fõ&'
25
(i) ksoiqk ( 2010 j¾Ifha"
mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h } re' ñ' 8 000
ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h } re' ñ' 8 000
kï"
foaYsh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh } 100
(ii) ksoiqk ( 2011 j¾Ifha"

mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdokh } re' ñ' 10000
ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h } re' ñ' 8000
o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh } 125
 2010g idfmalaI j 2011 j¾Ifha ñ, o¾Ylh 25lska by< f.dia we;'

 lsishï ñ, o¾Ylhl w.h by< hdu ;=<ska ms<sìUq jkafka idudkH ñ,
uÜgfï by< hdu hs'
 ta wkqj ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdfï m%;sY;h hkq WoaOuk wkqmd;slh hs'
 uE; ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jk ta ta ñ, o¾Ylhka weiqfrka ñ,

uÜgfï yeisÍï ms<sn| m%jK;d my; ±lafõ'
o¾Ylh j¾Ih ñ, o¾Ylh

fjkia ùfï
2015 2016 m%;sY;h - 2016
fld<U mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh 109'8 114'7 4'5

^2013 } 100& - - -
cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh 113'2 118'0 4'2
^2013 } 100&
o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh 126'8 131'4 3'6
^2010 } 100&
26
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'5 ( Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sfha ld¾hNdrh úuihs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 uQ,H moaO;sh w¾: olajhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sfha ixrpl ú.%y lrhs'

 uQ,H moaO;shla hkq foaYSh yd úfoaYSh l=gqïn" jHdmdßl wdh;k" rch
hk m% O dk wd¾Ól ta l lhka f .a uQ , H ;S r Khka l% s h d;a u l lrk
fjf<|fmd<j,a" uQ,H wdh;k" uQ,H WmlrK iy uQ,H há;, myiqlï
hkdÈfhys tl;=jls'
 uQ,H moaO;sh my; i|yka ixrplj,ska iukaú; fõ'
 uq,H wdh;k
 uQ,H fjf<|fmd<
 uQ,H WmlrK
 uQ,H há;, myiqlï
 uQ,H wdh;k wëlaIKh lrk kshduk wdh;k
 uQ,H wdh;k hkq úúO uQ,H WmlrK wdY%s; .kqfokqj, fh§ isák úúO
uQ,H fiajdjka imhkq ,nk wdh;khka h'
Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H wdh;k jHQyh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 4 lska iukaú; fõ'
1' Y%S ,xldfõ uy nexl=j
2' w;rueÈ uQ,H wdh;k
3' uQ,H fiajd imhk wdh;k
4' uQ,H wëlaIKh yd kshduk wdh;k
27
 w;rueÈ uQ,H wdh;k hkq w;sß s la; wruqo,a we;s tallj,ska b;=reï talrdYS
lr .ekSu;a" wruqo,a ys`. tallj,g tu b;=reï ,nd §u ;=<k s a ,dN Wmhd
.ekSu;a isÿ lrk uQ,H wdh;k fõ'
 Y%S ,xldfõ we;s tjeks w;rueÈ uQ,H wdh;k my; ±lafõ'
1' ;ekam;= ndr .ekSu iy tu.ska nexl= lghq;= lsÍug wjir ,nd we;s
wdh;k
2' w¾: idOl yd úY%du wruqo,a
3' rlaIK iud.u
4' wdfhdack iud.ï
5' tallNdr
6' l,anÿ iud.ï
 ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSug yd tu.ska nexl= lghq;= lsÍug wjir ,nd we;s
uQ,H wdh;kj, m%Odk ld¾hhka my; ±lafõ'
 úúO ;ekam;= j¾. uyck;djg y÷kajd§u u.ska Tjqkaf.a w;sßla;
uqo,a /ia lr .ekSu
 tfia /ia lr .;a uqo,a" Kh yd wdfhdack jYfhka uy ck;djg ,nd
§u
 ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSug yd tu.ska nexl= lghq;= lsÍug wjir ,nd we;s
uQ,H wdh;k lSmhla my; ±lafõ'
 n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=
 n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=
 ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï
 iuQmldr .%dóh nexl=
 iliqrejï yd Kh .kqfokq iuqmldr iñ;s î'K'i&
 fjk;a Kh fok iuQmldr iñ;s
 uyck;djg iy jHdmdr wdh;kj,g uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<a isÿ jk
.kqfokq ld¾hlaIu j mj;ajd f.k hdug wjYH fiajd iemhSug
úfYaIfhka ixúOdkh jQ uQ,H wdh;k uQ,H fiajd imhk wdh;k jYfhka
y÷kajhs'
28
 tjeks uQ,H fiajd imhk wdh;k i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'
 jKsla nexl=
 wruqo,a l<ukdlrK wdh;k
 uQ,H ;e/õldr wdh;k
 wdKavqfõ iq/l=ïm;a ms<sn| m%d:ñl fjf<÷ka
 uQ,H wëlaIK yd kshduk wdh;k hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka uQ,H moaO;shl
ia:dhs;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd wKmk;a yd fr.=,dis lghq;= bgq
lsÍug rch úiska ia:dms; lr we;s wdh;khka h'
 Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j" iq/l=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdj" Y%S ,xld
rlaIK uKav,h Y%S ,xldfõ we;s uQ,H wëlaIK yd kshduk wdh;k fõ'
 Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ uQ,H wdh;k my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. lr
we;'
 uy nexl=j
 n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=
 n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=
 ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wfkl=;a uQ,H wdh;k
 n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ï
 iuQmldr yd Kh .kqfokq iuQmldr iñ;s
 úfYaIs; uQ,H wdh;k

 úfYaIs; l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï
 m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka
 fldgia ;e/õlrejka
 tall Ndr $ tall Ndr l<ukdlrK iud.ï
 fjf<|fmd< w;rueÈhka
 jHjidhl m%d.aOk iud.ï
29
 .súiqï.; b;sß lsÍfï wdh;k
 rlaIK iud.ï
 fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,
 fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,
 wkqu; úY%du yd w¾: idOl wruqo,
 rdcH fiajd w¾:idOl wruqo,
 flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd uQ,H
WmlrK ñ,g .ekSu yd úlsKSu isÿ jk iuia; fjf<|fmd< uQ,H
fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 uQ,H fjf<|fmd< m%Odk wxY follska iukaú; fõ'
1' uqo,a fjf<|fmd<
2' m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd<
 jirlg wvq ld,hlska mßK; jk NdKavd.dr ì,am;a" jdKsc m;%sld yd
;ekam;= iy;sl m;a jeks fmd<S Wmhk fláld,Sk j;alï fjf<|du isÿ
jk fjf<|fmd< uqo,a fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka y÷kajhs'
 uqo,a fjf<|fmd< my; i|yka Wm-fjf<|fmd<j,ska iukaú; fõ'
1' wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh uqo,a fjf<|fmd<
2' NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd<
3' jdKsc m;%sld fjf<|fmd<
4' wka;¾ nexl= úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<
 wka;¾ nexl= talaIK fjf<|fmd< hkq jdKsc nexl= ;u ffoksl
øjYS,;djfha mj;sk wiu;=,s;;d iukh lr .kakd fjf<|fmd<ls'
øjYS,;d ys`.hg uqyqKmd issák jdKsc nexl= øjYS,;d w;sßla;hla we;s
nexl=j,ska b;d flá ld,hlg wruqo,a Khg .ekSu fuys § isÿ fõ'
 NdKavd.dr ì,am;a hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka rch j¾Ihlg fyda Bg wvq
ld,hlg fyda Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk uQ,H WmlrKhls'
fuu NdKav.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd< m%d:ñl fjf<|fmd< yd oaú;Shl
fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka fldgia follg fnfoa'
 jHdmdßl wdh;k flá ld,Sk wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú;
lrk uQ,H WmlrKh jdKsc m;%sld hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' úYajdih u;
mokï jk ksid" fïjd Ndú; lsÍfï § iq/l=ïm;a wjYH fkdfõ'
30
 úfoaY úksuh ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSu wdY%s; fjf<|fmd< wka;¾ nexl=
úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' mj;akd ñ,g fuka u
wkd.;fha tl`. jQ ñ,lg úfoaY úksuh ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSu fuys
§ isÿ fõ'
 j¾Ihlg jvd jeä ld,hla mßK; jk uQ,H WmlrK yd iud.ïj,
fldgia hkdÈh yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ'
 m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< my; i|yka Wm-fjf<|fmd<j,ska iukaú; fõ'
1' NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr fjf<|fmd<
2' iud.ñl ne÷ïlr fjf<|fmd<
3' fldgia fjf<|fmd<
 uOHu yd È.= ld,Sk mokñka rch Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk
m%Odk uQ,H WmlrKh NdKvd.dr ne÷ïlr hkqfjka y÷kajhs' fïjd
yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< m%d:ñl fjf<|fmd< yd oaú;Shl fjf<|fmd<
hkqfjka fldgia follg fnfoa'
 fm!oa.,sl iud.ï úiska uOHu yd È.= ld,Sk wruqo,a imhd .ekSu i|yd
iud.ñl ne÷ïlr yq j udre jk fjf<|fmd< iud.ñl ne÷ïlr
fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 fldgia fjf<|fmd< hkq uyckhdg fldgia wf,ú lsÍu u.ska jHdmdßl
iud.ï tajdfha jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd wjYH m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr
.kakd fjf<|fmd<hs' fuu .kqfokq fld<U fldgia yqjudrej (CSE)
u.ska isÿ fõ'
 Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ;=< .kqfokq isÿ jk uQ,H WmlrK my;
±lafõ'
 rch ksl=;a lrk Kh WmlrK
 NdKavd.dr ì,am;a
 NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr
 rcfha Kh iq/l=ïm;a
 iud.ï ksl=;a lrk Kh WmlrK
 jdKsc m;%sld
 Khlr
31
 jdKsc nexl= Ndú; lrk WmlrK
 ;ekam;= iy;sl
 j;alï mokï lr.;a iq/l=ïm;a
 l,anÿ fyj;a l=,S msg .ekqï
 talaIK Kh
 jHdmdßl fldgia
 uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ixj¾Okh ùu;a iu. yqjudre jk uQ,H WmlrK
ixLHdj o jeä ùu ksid tajdfha wdfhdackh lrk wdfhdaclhkag tu
WmlrKj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh y÷kd f.k wdfhdack f;aÍï lsÍu i|yd
úêu;a uÕ fmkaùula f,i Kh fY%aKs.; lsÍu y÷kajd § we;'
 Kh fY%aKs.; lsÍu hkq Kh fyda uQ,H WmlrK fyda ksl=;a lrkakdf.a
uQ,H Yla;sh ms<sn| we.hSula bÈßm;a lsÍu hs' fuu.ska ksl=;a lrkakdg
tu ksl=;=j mj;ajd f.k hdug we;s yelshdj yd mßK; jk ld,hg th
iïmQ¾Kfhka u mshjd oeóug we;s yelshdj fidhd nef,a'
 Kh fY%aKs.; lsÍu wdh;k i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'
 uQãia iud.u
 iagEkav¾â yd mqj¾ia iud.u
 *sÜ f¾áka.aia
32
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'6 ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqKq yd ld¾hh úuihs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j w¾: olajhs'
 Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾h f.k yer olajhs'
 uQ,H m%;sm;a;s w¾: olajhs'
 uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK kï lrñka ú.%y lrhs'

 Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j 1949 wxl 58 ork uqo,a kS;s mk; u.ska 1950 wf.daia;=
28 jeks Èk mssysgjkq ,eî h' fcdaka tlaiag¾ uy;d úiska bÈßm;a lrk
,o jd¾;dj wkqj uy nexl=j msysgqjkq ,eî h'
 Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha uQ,H m%;m
s ;a;s fufyhùu uQ,H lghq;= i|yd WmfoaYkh"
wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj iy uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu
i|yd msysgjQ iajdëk wdh;kh jkafka uy nexl=j hs'
 2002 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § uqo,a kS;s mkf;a lrk ,o ixfYdaOkhg
wkqj uy nexl=fõ j;auka wruqKq folla ±lafjhs'
1' wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu
2' uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu
 wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj hkafkka woyia lrkafka wvq WoaOuk fõ.hla
lrd <`.d ùug uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍu hs' wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj
jeo.;a ùug fya;= lsysmhla mj;S'
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh m%j¾Okh lsÍu
 ld¾hlaIu f,i iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu
 ksIamdolhka" mdßfNda.slhka yd wdfhdaclhkaf.a wjodku wvq lsÍu
 wd¾Ól ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
 wd¾Ól" uQ,H" foaYmd,k yd fjk;a ljr u fyda fCIa;%hl mek kÕsk
wNHka;r fyda ndysr fyda lïmkhka yuqfõ fkdie,S isàfï yelshdj
uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhs;dj hs'
33
 uy nexl=fõ tÈfkod ld¾h rch" uyckhd" nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;k
i|yd fjka fjka jYfhka fyda fmdÿfõ fyda rfÜ wd¾Ólhg lrk
fiajdjla jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h' tu ld¾h lsysmhls'
 uQ,H m%;sm;a;s fufyhùu
 úksuh wkqmd;sl m%;sm;a;s fufyhùu
 jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍu
 ks, úfoaY ixÑ; l<ukdlrKh
 nexl= uQ,H iud.ï iy rcfha iq/l=ïm;a ms<sn| lghq;=j, kshe¿Kq
m%d:ñl fjf<÷kag n,m;% ,nd §u" kshdukh yd wëlaIK lghq;=
lsÍu
 rcfha WmfoaYl nexl=lre yd uQ,H ksfhdað; jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu
 ksfhdacHdh;k lghq;=
 rdcH Kh l<ukdlrKh
 úfoaY úksuh md,kh
 fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, l<ukdlrKh yd mßmd,kh
 l=vd mßudK uQ,HlrK jev igyka iy .%dóh Kh fhdackd l%u
 wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj iy uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha ia:dhs;dj hk wruqKq
fj; <`.d ùug fmd<S wkqmd;slh iy uqo,a iemhqu flfrys n,mEï
lsÍug uQ,H WmlrK yeisrùfï l%shdj,sh uQ,H m%;sm;a;s f,i ye¢kafõ'
 uqo,a m%;sm;a;s rduqj jeä ÈhqKq lrñka th kuHYS,S WoaOuk b,lallrK
rduqjla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j lghq;= lrñka isà'
 j¾;udk uq,H m%;sm;a;s rduqfõ m%Odk wruqKq lsysmhls'
 uqo,a b,lallrKh
 kuHYS,S WoaOuk b,lallrKh
 uy nexl=j jeä ÈhqKq l< uQ,H m%;m s ;a;s rduqjla u; by; i|yka wruqKq
fol bgq lsÍug uQ,h m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrhs'
 uqo,a b,lallrKh woyia lrkafka uqo,a .=Klh yryd ixÑ; uqo,a iuÕ
ne£ we;s w;rueÈ b,lalh jk mq¿,a uqo,a iuia; md,kh lsÍu ;=<ska
wjidk b,lalh jk ñ, ia:dhs;dj <`. lr .ekSu hs' fuu uqo,a
m%;sm;a;sfhys fufyhqï b,lalh jyfhka ixÑ; uqo,a l%shd;aul úh'
tfy;a ixÑ; uqo,a ;jÿrg;a fufyhqï b,lalh fkdjqk o uQ,H m%;m
s ;a;h
s g
uÕ fmkaùu i|yd we;s m%Odk w;rueÈ o¾Ylhla f,i mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu
fhdod .kS'
34
 j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j ish fufyhqï b,lalh f,i ixÑ;
uqo,a fjkqjg Nß; idudkH talaIK uqo,a wkqmd;slh Ndú; lrkq ,nk
w;r m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;slh iy újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= jeks
m%;sm;a;s WmlrK flfrys jeä úYajdihla ;nd f.k we;'
 kuHYS,S WoaO uk b,lal lrKh hkqfjka woyia jkafka WoaO uk
b,lalhka wdikakfha WoaOukh fuka u uQ¾; wd¾Ólh o ia:dhs lsÍu
jk w;r ±ä WoaOuk b,lalrKfha § isÿ jkafka uQ¾; wd¾Ólh ms<sn| j
t;rï ie,ls,su;a fkdù yqfola WoaOukh muKla ia:dhs lsÍug W;aidy
lsÍuhs'
 fuu jeä ÈhqKq l< uQ,H m%;sm;a;s rduqj hgf;a kuHYS,S WoaOuk
b,lallrKh úksuh wkqmd;slh l<ukdlrKfha kuHYS,s;j a hg iydh
fok w;r u ueÈ ld,Sk j WoaOukh ueÈ ;ks w.hl mj;ajd .ekSug;a
fya;= fõ'
 wd¾Ólfha ñ, ia:dhs;dj" wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj yd uQ,H ia:dhs;dj hk
wruqKq bgq lsÍug uqo,a iemhqu" fmd<S wkqmd;slh n,mEï lsÍug uy
nexl=j úiska Ndú; lrk WmlrK uQ,H m%;m s ;a;s WmlrK f,i y÷kajhs'
fuu uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK m%Odk fldgia folls'
1' m%udKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK
2' .=Kd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK
 Kh iemhqu wvq lsÍu i|yd ^md,kh lsÍu i|yd& fmdÿfõ .kq ,nk
l%shdud¾. m%udKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
 Kh mßudj iy Kh .,d hk ÈYdj md,kh lsÍu i|yd uy nexl=j
.kakd l%shdud¾. .=Kd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK f,i ye¢kafõ'
 m%udKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK ;=kls'
1' uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slh
2' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;slh
3' újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;=
 øjYS,;d ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK fok jdKsc nexl=j,g wjidk Kh fokakd

jYfhka uy nexl=j úiska jdKsc nexl=j,ska wh lrk fmd<sh uy nexl=
fmd<S wkqmd;slh hs' fuu fmd<S wkqmd;slh jeä l< úg jdKsc nexl=
Kh .ekSï wvq ù" ixÑ; wvq ù Kh §ï wvq ù" Kh ueùfï yelshdj o wvq
ù uqo,a iemhqu ixfldapkh fõ' uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slh wvq l< úg
uqo,a iemhqu m%idrKh fõ'
35
 jdKsc nexl= úiska uy nexl= kshuhkag wkqj ;u ;ekam;= m%udKfhka
lsishï m%;sY;hla w;e;s uqo,a yd nexl= uqo,a f,i ;nd .ekSu jHjia:dms;
ixÑ; wkqmd;slh f,i y÷kajhs' uy nexl=j jdKsc nexl=j, uyckhdf.a
;ekam;=j,ska 10] la" 7] la 5] hkd § jYfhka uy nexl=fõ ;ekam;a l<
hq;= nj ;SrKh lrhs'
 uq,H m%idrKhla we;s lsÍug wjYH wjia:dj, § uy nexl=j jHjia:dms;
ixÑ; wkqmd;slh my; fy<k w;r tys § jdKsc nexl=j, ixÑ; by<
hdfuka Kh §fï yelshdj jeä fõ' tfuka u uQ,H ixfldapkhla we;s
lsÍug wjYH wjia:dj, § uy nexl=fõ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;slh
by< ouhs' tys § jdKsc nexl=j, ixÑ; wvq jk w;r Kh §fï yelshdj
wvq fõ'
ksoiqk (
jdKsc nexl=j, uyckhd i;= ;ekam;= } re' ñ,shk 10 000
jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h } 10]
hehs Wml,amkh lruq'
10
;nd .; hq;= ixÑ;h  10000
100
} re' ñ' 1 000
5
5] la f,i jHjia:dms; ixÑ;h my<  10000
100
±uQ úg ;nd .; hq;= ixÑ;h } re' ñ' 500
 jHjia:dms; ixÑ; my< ±óu ksid Kh m%idrKh jeä ùfuka uqo,a

iemhqu jeä fõ'
 úúg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= f,i y÷kajkafka újD; fjf<|fmdf<a uy
nexl= iq/l=ïm;a úlsKu
S iy ñ,g .ekSu hs' uy nexl=j újD; fjf<|fmdf<a
iq/l=ïm;a ñ, § .;a úg uy nexl=fõ isg uqo,a fjf<|fmd< lrd uqo,a
.,d hdu isÿ fõ' uy nexl=j újD; fjf<|fmdf<a iq/l=ïm;a úlsKSfuka
uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<ka uy nxl=j fj; uqo,a .,d hdu isÿ fõ'
 uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fufyhùfï § uy nexl=j úiska wkq.ukh lrk fmd<S
wkqmd;sl m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;sl hkafkka woyia fõ'
 by; ±la jQ uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slhg wu;r j ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï
wkq m d;s l hka iy ks ; H Kh myiq l ï wkq m d;s l m% ;s m ;a ;s fmd<S
wkqmd;slhkag wh;a h'
36
 uy nexl=j m%;s ñ, § .ekSfï yd m%;s úl=Kqï fmd<S wkqmd;slhka isÿ lsÍu
m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;slh hkafkka woyia lrhs'
 wka;¾ talI
a K uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a fmd<S wkqmd;slh i|yd fmd<S wkqmd;sl
fldßfvdajla ilia lr we;' tys my< iSudj ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï
wkqmd;slh jk w;r by< iSudj ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd; fõ' fuu
fmd<S wkqmd;sl fldßfvdaj uy nexl=j we;s lrl ,oafoa fjf<|fmdf<a
flá ld,Sk fmd<S wkqmd;slh úYd, jYfhka WÉpdjpkh j<lajd,Su
hs' fmd<S wkqmd;sl fldßfvdaj ;=< fmd<S wkqmd;slh WÉpdjpkh ùug
bv i,id we;s w;r th uy nexl=j úiska isÿ lrk ,o kj m%jK;djls'
 wdmiq ñ, § .ekSfï tl`.;dj u; uy nexl=j i;= iq/l=ïm;a uqo,a
fjf<|fmdf<a wf,ú lsÍu m%;s ñ, § .ekSï f,i y÷kajhs' th j¾;udkfha
ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajhs' uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a
w;sßla; øjYS,;djla mj;S kï m%;s ñ, § .ekSï u.ska th wjfYdaIKh
lr .; yels h' fuu.ska wka;¾ talaIK Kh fjf<|fmdf<a fmd<S
wkqmd;slfha my< iSudj iSud fõ'
 wdmiq úls KS fï tl`.;dj u; uy nexl= j uq o ,a fjf<|fmdf<ka
iq/l=ïm;a ñ,g .ekSu m%;s úl=Kqï f,i ye¢kafõ' th j¾;udkfha
ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajhs' uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a øjYS,;d
ys`.hla mj;S kï uy nexl=j m%;s úl=Kqïj, fhfoa' fuu.ska uqo,a
fjf<|fmdf<a øjYS,;d iemhqu jeä fõ' wka;¾ talaIK fjf<|fmdf<a
fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hdu fuu.ska iSud l< yels h' fï ksid m%;s
úl=Kqï fmd<S wkqmd;slh wka;¾ talaIK uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a by< iSudj
fmkajhs'
 Kh mßudj yd Kh .,d hk ÈYdj md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd
l%shdud¾. .=Kd;aul Kh md,k WmlrK kï fõ'
 .=Kd;aul uQ,H WmlrK lSmhls'
 Kh YS¾I ms<sn| Wmßu iSud kshu lsÍu
 hy fm,Uqu
 jrKd;aul fmd<S wkqmd;hla kshu lsÍu
 wem iq/l=ï fjkia lsÍu
 nexl= Kh md,kh
37
ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( uqo,aj, yd ñ, uÜgïj, yeisÍu y÷kd .ksñka wd¾Ólfha
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'7 ( jdKsc nexl=jl ld¾hNdrh úuihs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 jdKsc nexl=jla hkak w¾: olajhs'
 jdKsc nexl=j, m%Odk wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jdKsc nexl=j, wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § uqyqK fok .eg¨ meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 jdKsc nexl=j, ld¾hh úia;r lrhs'
 jdKsc nexl=j, fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& olajhs
 jdKsc nexl=jl j;alï jHQyh y÷kajhs'
 jdKsc nexl=jla uqo,a ueùu isÿ lrk wdldrh fYaI m;%hla weiqfrka
bÈßm;a lrhs'

 fplam;lska" úOdkhlska yda wkH wdldrhlska b,aÆ úfgl wdmiq f.ùfï
fmdfrdkaÿjg hg;a j uyckhdf.ka uqo,a ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu ish m%Odk
ld¾hh lr .;a ,dN bmhSfï wruqK iys; j uQ,H w;rueÈlrKfha ksr;
jk b;d m%n, yd m%uqL uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIh jdKsc nexl= f,i ye¢kafõ'
 jdKsc nexl=jl m%Odk wruqKq folls'
uyck úYajdikShNdjh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd øjYS,;dj wdrlaId lr
.ekSu
,dNodhl;ajh by< kxjd .ekSu
 øjYS,;dj hkq mdvq fkdù j;alï blaukska uqo,a njg yerùfï yelshdj
hs' ;u ;ekam;= uqo,a ;ukag wjYH ´kE u úfgl nexl=fjka wdmiq ,nd
.; yels hk uyck úYajdih wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ieu wjia:djl u
jdKsc nexl=j,g ish øjYS,;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSug isÿ fõ'
 ,dN odhl;ajh hkq Khla ,nd §fuka iy wdfhdack j;alï u.ska Wmhd
.kakd wdodhfuka ;ekam;= i|yd f.jk fmd<S úhoï wvq lsÍfuka ,efnk
Y=oaO fmd<S wdodhu hs'
38
 jdKsc nexl=j,g by; i|yka wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § wruqKq
w;r .eàula we;s fõ'
 jdKsc nexl= ish øjYS,;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSug hdfï § ,dNodhl;ajh
wvq fõ' ,dNodhl;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSug hdfï § øjYS,;dj wvq fõ'
fuu wruqKq fol w;r we;s jk m%;súreoaO l%shdj,sh ksid ksr;=re j u
øjYS,;dj yd ,dNodhl;ajh w;r iu;=,s;;djla mj;ajd f.k hdug
jdKsc nexl=j,g isÿ fõ'
 jdKsc nexl=j, m%Odk ld¾hhka my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu
b,a¨ï ;ekam;= fyj;a cx.u .sKqï mj;ajd f.k hdu' fuu .sKqïj,
uqo,a ;ekam;= fplam;a ud¾.fhka .kqfokq l< yels h'
b;=reï ;ekam;= mj;ajd f.k hdu' fuu ;ekam;=j,g fmd<S f.ùï
isÿ flf¾' .sKqï yssñhdg wjYH jQ úfgl uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .; yels
h'
ld,Sk $ ia:djr ;ekam;=' kshñ; Èkhl l,a msfrk Èkh wjika jQ
miq j hs' wjYH jq úfgl th wemhg ;nd Khla ,nd .; yels h'
 Kh iy w;a;sldrï ,nd §u
 flá ld,Sk Kh
 whsrd myiqlï u; Kh ,nd §u
 ld,Sk Kh
 l,a nÿ Kh
 ì,am;a jÜgï lsÍu
 weiqreï Kh
 ksfhdað; fiajd iemhSu ^ms<sKm;a úlsKSu yd ñ, È .ekSu&
 fmdÿ Wmfhda.s;d fiajd iemhSu
 Wiia fiajd iemhSu
 úfoaY úksuh .kqfokqj,g wjYH myiqlï iemhSu
 úfoaY nexl= lghq;=j, § iydh iemhSu
 nexl= wKlr" Khm;a ksl=;a lsÍu
 jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%h fyj;a uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYhlska fmkakqï
lrkqfha j¾Ih wjidk Èkfha § nexl=fõ uQ,H ;;a;ajh hs' fuh
j;alï yd j.lSï hk fldgia folska iukaú; fõ'
39
 jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%hl ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYhl& wdlD;shla my;
±lafõ'
YS¾Ih m%udKh ^re' ñ,shk&
j;alï
(i) øjYS, j;alï xxx
w;e;s uqo,a xxx
uy nexl=fjka wh úh hq;= uqo,a fYaI xxx
foaYSh nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= uqo,a fYaI xxx
tl;= fjñka mj;akd uqo,a fYaI xxx
w;e;s yd msgrg nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= uqo,a xxx
NdKavd.dr ì,am;a xxx
NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr xxx
rcfha fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a xxx
fjk;a wdfhdack xxx
ñ,g .;a yd jÜgï l< ì,am;a xxx
wmkhk ì,am;a xxx
wdkhk ì,am;a xxx
foaYSh ì,am;a xxx
(ii) Kh yd w;a;sldrï
Kh xxx
w;a;sldrï xxx
(iii) ia:djr yd wfkl=;a j;alï xxx
j.lSï
(i) m%d.aOk .sKqu xxx
(ii) uq¿ ;ekam;=
b,a¨ï ;ekam;= xxx
ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;= xxx
(iii) Kh .ekSï
foaYSh Kh .ekSï xxx
úfoaYSh Kh .ekSï xxx
(iv) wfkl=;a j.lSï xxx
uq¿ j;alï $ j.lSï xxxxx
40
 jdKsc nexl=jl jHqyh by; i|yka fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&
wkqj fufia úYaf,aIKh l< yels h'
 jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%fha ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYfha& i|yka my; ±lafjk
uqo,a whs;uhka m%d:ñl ixÑ; jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
 w;e;s uqo,a
 uy nexl=fjka wh úh hq;= fYaI
 foaYSh nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= fYaI
 tl;= fjñka mj;akd uqo,a fYaI
 w;e;s yd msgrg nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= foaYSh uqo,a fYaI
 jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%fha ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYfha& olajd we;s my; i|yka
whs;u bmehSï j;alï f,i ±lafõ'
 NdKavd.dr ì,am;a
 NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr
 rcfha fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a
 ñ,g .;a yd jÜgï l< ì,am;a
 Kh
 w;a;sldrï
 by; i|yka bmehSï ysñlïj,ska fldgila jk my; i|yka oE oaú;Sh
ixÑ; f,i o fhdod .efka'
 rcfha iq/l=ïm;a
 jdKsc m;%sld
 wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh
 jdKsc nexl=j úiska ;u wêixÑ; Khg §u ;=<ska mej;s m%udKh fuka
lsysm .=Khl ;ekam;= ìys lsÍu uqo,a ueùu f,i ye¢kafõ'
 jdKsc nexl= moaO;shla f,i lghq;= lsÍfï § uqo,a ueùu fyj;a b,a¨ï
;ekam;= ueùu isÿ l< yels h' jdKsc nexl= moaO;shla uqo,a ueùfï
l%shdj,sh isÿ lrk úg my; i|yka Wml,amk mokï lr f.k th isÿ
fõ'
 lsis ÿ nexl=jla wêixÑ; mj;ajd fkd.ekSu
 uQ,sl ;ekam;= l< miq nexl= l%uh ;=<g w¨f;ka uqo,a .,d taula
fyda nexl= l%ufhka msg;g uqo,a .,d hdula fyda isÿ fkdùu
 ish¨ u Kh .ekqïlrejka ;uka ,o Kh uqo,a iïmQ¾Kfhka fjk;a
nexl=jl kekam;a lsßu
41
;ks jdKc nexl=jl iy jdKsc nexl= moaO;shl wêixÑ; Khg §u isÿ jk
wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
 ;ks nexl=jla f,i l%shd;aul fjñka wêixÑ; Khg §u
jdKsc nexl=jla úiska uy nexl= kshuhka g wkqj ;u ;ekam;= m%udKfhka
lssih
s ï m%;sY;hla w;e;s uqo,a iy nexl= uqo,a f,i ;nd .ekSu jHjia:dms;
ixÑ;h f,i y÷kajhs'
ksoiqk ( jdKsc nexl=jl b,a¨ï ;ekam;= re' 10"000 la kï ;nd .; hq;= wjYH
ixÑ;h my; i|yka f,i .Kkh l< yels h'
wjYH ixÑ;h } ;ekam;= X wjYH ixÑ;h

20
 1000
100
} re' ñ,shk 2000
fuu nexl=fõ wêixÑ;h jkafka remsh,a ñ,shk 8000$-
ls'
} re 10 000 - 2 000
} re' ñ,shk 8 000$-
 fuu jdKsc nexl=jlg ,nd Èh yels Wmßu Kh m%udKh re'ñ,shk 8000-
ls' ;ks nexl=jla f,i lghq;= lrk ksid wê ixÑ;h muKla Kh §u isÿ
fõ'
 jdKsc nexl=jl mj;sk fYaI m;%hla ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& u.ska o
wêixÑ;h Kh f,i ,nd fok wdldrh meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
j.lSï jákdlu re' ñ,shk j;alï jákdlu re' ñ,shk

;ekam;= 10 000 ixÑ; 6 000
Kh 4 000
uq¿ j.lSï 10 000 uq¿ j;alï 10 000
 fuu jdKsc nexl=fõ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h 20] la kï ;ekam;=

i|yd wjYH lrk ixÑ;h re' ñ,shk 2 000 ls'
mj;akd ixÑ;h } re' ñ,shk 6 000
20
wjYH ixÑ;h } re' 10000  } re' ñ,shk 2 000
100
wêixÑ; m%udKh } 6 000 - 2 000 } re' ñ,shk 4 000
42
 fuu nexl=jg ,nd Èh yels w¨;a Kh m%udKh re' ñ,shk 4 000$} ls'
jdKsc nexl= moaO;shla f,i l%shd;aul fjñka wêixÑ; Khg §u isÿ
lrhs'
 jdKsc nexl= moaO;shl Kh ueùu ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh u.ska
;SrKh fõ' ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh hkq wdrïNl b,a¨ï ;ekam;=jla
fuka fldmuK .=Khlska b,a¨ï ;ekam;= jeä fõ o hkakhs' ;ekam;=
m%idrK .=Klh jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;fha mriamrhg iudk fõ'
m%idrK ix.=Klh my; f,i .Kkh l< yels h'
nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh (k) = 1$jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h

1

r
ksoiqk ( jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h 20]
k = nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh
r = jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h
1 = ksh;hls'
1
nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh (k) =
r
1

20%
100
 1
20
5
 nexl= moaO;shla ;=< uqo,a ueùu isÿ jk wdldrh jdKsc nexl= moaO;shl
fYaI m;% ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldY& lsysmhla weiqfrka .Kkh l< yels h'
 A kue;s jdKsc nexl=j i;=j re' ñ,shk 10 000$} l wdrïNl ;ekam;=jla
iy 20] jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;hla mj;S hhs Wml,amkh lruq' tu
nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& my; ±lafõ'
43
A nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&
;ekam;= 10 000 ixÑ; 2 000
Kh 8 000
10 000 tl;=j 10 000
A nexl=fjka lsishï mqoa.,hl=g re' ñ,shk 8 000$} la Khg ÿka miq tu
.kqfokqlrejd tu uqo, B nexl=fõ ;ekam;a lf<a hhs is;uq' túg B
nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& my; i|yka f,i fjkia fõ'
B nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&

;ekam;= 8 000 ixÑ; 1 600
Kh 6 400
8 000 tl;=j 8 000
B nexl=fjka tu ;ekam;=j,ska 20] la jk jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h
wkqj re' ñ,shk 1 600$- la ;nd f.k re' ñ,shk 6 400$- la Kh f,i
,nd ÿka miq tu uqo, u .kqfokqlrejd C jdKsc nexl=fõ ;ekam;a lf<a
hhs is;uq' C jdKsc nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& my;
i|yka f,i fjkia fõ'
C nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&

;ekam;= 6 400 ixÑ; 1 280
Kh 5 120
6 400 tl;=j 6 400
 fï wdldrhg jdKsc nexl= ;uka fj; ,efnk ;ekam;=j,ska 20] ne.ska
ixÑ; jYfhka ;nd f.k wêixÑ; Khg §u u.ska b,a¨ï ;ekam;=
ueùula isÿ l< yels h'
^  tla tla nexl=j, my; i|yka fYaI m;% ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldY& wjia:d
ms<sn| isiqka iu`. idlÉPd lrkak'
 wdrïNl fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&
 Kh ksl=;a l< miq fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&
 wjidk fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&
44
 by; olajk ,o A, B, C wd§ f,i olajk ,o jdKsc nexl= moaO;sfha u
b,a¨ï ;ekam;= ueùu nyqúO m%idrKh f,i y÷kajhs'
jdKsc nexl= moaO;sh ;=< isÿ jk b,a¨ï ;ekam;=j, nyqúO m%idrKh isÿ
jk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
nexl=j ;ekam;= kj ixÑ; wêixÑ; Khg fok uqo,

re' ñ,shk re'ñ,shk re' ñ,shk re' ñ,shk
A 10 000 2 000 8 000 8 000
B 8 000 1 600 6 400 6 400
C 6 400 1 280 5 120 5 120
D 5 120 1 040 4 096 4 096
E 4 096 819'20 3276'80 3276'80
''''' ''''''' ''''''''' ''''''''' ''''''
''''' ''''''' ''''''''' ''''''''' ''''''
''''' ''''''' ''''''''' ''''''''' ''''''
nexl= moaO;sfha
uq¿ tl;=j 50 000 10 000 40 000 40 000
fuf,i ieu jdKsc nexl=jla u b,a¨ï ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu iy Khg Èu

isÿ lrk úg nexl= moaO;sfha iu;=,s;h .Kkh l< yels h' nexl=
moaO;sh wêixÑ; Y=kH jk ;=re uqo,a ueùu isÿ l< úg uq¿ ;ekam;=
ueùu re' ñ,shk 50 000 la ù we;s w;r thg wjYH ixÑ;h jkafka
re' ñ,shk 10 000$} ls' wdrïNl ;ekam;=j re' ñ,shk 10 000$}la jk
w;r thg iudk nexl= moaO;sh iu;=,;
s ùu f,i y÷kajhs' tu iu;=,kh
by; ixLHd f,aLk j.=fõ wjidkfha kj ixÑ;j, fmkakqï lrhs'
wdrïNl wê ixÑ; m%udKh x

ueúh yels Wmßu Kh m%udKh =
m%idrK ix.=Kh
} 8 000 X 5
} 40 000$}
nexl= moaO;shl fYaI m;%hla ,nd ÿka úg ueúh yels b,a¨ï ;ekam;=
m%udKh my; i|yka wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'
45
nexl= moaO;shl fYaI m;%h
j.lSï jákdlu ^re' ñ,shk& j;alï jákdlu ^re' ñ,shk&
;ekam;= 50 000 ixÑ; 10 000
Kh 40 000
uq¿ j.lSï 50 000 uq¿ j;alï 50 000
ksoiqk (
uy nexl= 10]la f,i jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h my< ±uQ úg ueúh
yels Wmßu ;ekam;= m%udKh my; i|yka wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'
ueúh yels Wmßu = mj;sk ixÑ; m%udKh x m%idrK ix.=Klh

;ekam;a m%udKh
= re' ñ,shk 10 000 x 10
= re' ñ,shk 100 000$}
 wd¾Ólfha uqo,a iemhqfï yg .kakd ienE m%idrKh nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK
ix.=Kfhka oelafjk m%udKhg jvd fjkia úh yels h' uqo,a ueùu iSud
ùug my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'
 nexl= moaO;sh fj;ska nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k lrd jHjydr uqo,a
.,d hdu
 jHjydr uqo,a <`. ;nd .ekSu i|yd uyck;dj olajk wNsreÑh
 wêixÑ; ;nd .ekSug jdKsc nexl= olajk leue;a;
 nexl= Kh i|yd m%udKj;a b,aüla we;s fkdùu
46
ksmqK;dj 08 ( id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq <`.d lr .ekSfuys ,d rch ueÈy;a jk
wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 ( fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bff.kqï m, (
 fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a ùu hkak w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a ùug n,mdk fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 iïm;a fn§ hdfï wld¾hlaIu;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 iudcfha hym; Wfoid ys`. iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍfuys ,d fjf<|fmd<

hdka;%Kh wfmdfydi;a ùu fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu hkafkka woyia
flf¾'
 fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu flfrys my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'
1' iïm;a fn§ hdu wld¾hlaIu ùu
2' wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;dj
3' id¾j w¾Ól wia:dhs;dj
 iïm;a fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj i|yd wjYH jk fldkafoaish jk ñ,

" wdka;sl msßjehg iudk ùu (P = MC) fldkafoaisfhka neyer j lghq;=
lsÍu iïm;a fn§ hdfï wld¾hlaIu;dj hkafkka woyia fõ'
 wd¾Ólh i;= ys`. iïm;a iudchg ys;lr whqfrka fn§ fkdhdu ksid
iïm;a fn§ hdu wld¾hlaIu jk w;r" ta i|yd my; i|yka fya;=
n,mdhs'
 fmdÿ NdKav fkdiemhSu

 w¾O fmdÿ NdKav m%Yia; j mßfNdackh fkdùu
 Y=NidOk NdKav m%Yia; j fkdiemhSu
47
 iudchg wys;lr NdKav iemhSu
 fmdÿ iïm;a wêNdú;h
 ndysr;d ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu
 wmQ¾K ;r.h yd taldêldß;ajh
 wmQ¾K f;dr;=re
 fmdÿ NdKav hkq iduQysl j mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk NdKav fõ'
 fmdÿ NdKavj, m%Odk ,laIK folls'
1' f.ùula fkdlrk mqoa.,hka wod< NdKav mßfNdackfhka bj;a l<
fkdyels ùu
2' mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla fkdue;s ùu
 fmdÿ NdKavhla iemhQ úg f.ùula l< o fkdl< o ish¨ fokdg u
mßfNdackh lsÍug yelshdj ,efnk ksid iajd¾:h Wfoid lghq;= lrk
mdßfNda.slfhda tu NdKavh i|yd f.ùula lsÍug fkdfm,fU;s'
 tfuka u ,dNh wruqKq lr f.k lghq;= lrk fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl
lsisfjla tjeks fmdÿ NdKavhla ksmoùu i|yd iïm;a fjka fkdlr;s'
 tla mqoa.,hl= úiska lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda mßfNdackh
lsÍu ksid fjk;a mqoa.,hl=g tu NdKavh ta wdldrfhka u mßfNdackh
lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ fkdùu mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajh fkdue;s ùu
hkqfjka woyia flf¾' fï ksid w;sf¾l mdßfNda.slhl=f.a mßfNdackfha
wdka;sl msßjeh Y+kH w.hla .kS'
 Trf,daiq lKq" cd;sl wdrlaIdj" ùÓ wdf,dalh" m%§md.dr jeks oE fmdÿ
NdKav i|yd ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'
 fï wkqj fmdÿ NdKav iemhSu iïnkaOfhka fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a
jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
 idïm%odhsl j rgla ;=< mj;sk fmdÿ NdKav,j,g wu;r j cd;sl foaY
iSud blaujd .sh we;eï fmdÿ NdKav o mj;S' fïjd f.da,Sh fmdÿ NdKav
f,i ye¢kafõ'
 f.da,Sh fmdÿ NdKavhl my; i|yka ,laIK ±lsh yels h'
 mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla fkdue;s ùu
 f.ùula fkdlrk whg mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels ùu
 tu NdKavj,ska ,efnk m%;s,dN f,dj mqrd isák ish¨ u fokdg
N=la;s ú¢h yels ùu
48
 ±kqu" uQ,H ia:dhs;dj" f,dal iduh" jdhqf.da,h jeks oE f.da,Sh fmdoq
NdKavj,g ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' fujeks fmdÿ NdKav fkdiemhSu
fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= fõ'
 Odß;d uÜgu lrd <`.d jk f;la mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla ±lsh
fkdyels" mßfNdackh iSud l< yels NdKav w¾O fmdÿ NdKav fõ'
 w¾O fmdÿ NdKavhl ,laIK my; ±lafõ'
1' Odß;d uÜgu Wmßuh lrd <`.d jk;=re mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajh
olakg fkd;sîu
2' mßfNdackh iSud l< yels ùu
 uyd ud¾." uqyqÿ fjr< iy fl!;=ld.dr jeks oE w¾O fmdÿ NdKavj,g
ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'
 Wmßu Odß;d uÜgug <`.d jk ;=re w;sf¾l mqoa.,hl=f.a mßfNdackh
wdka;sl msßjeh flfrys ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs' tfy;a
ñ,la wh lsÍu fya;=fjka wod< NdKavh fyda fiajdj fyda wld¾hlaIu
f,i Wmfhdackh úh yels h' túg tu NdKavh fyda fiajdj fyda
iudÔh jYfhka m%Yia; uÜgug jvd wvqfjka mßfNdackh lsÍug isÿ
fõ'
 tfuka u w¾O fmdÿ NdKav iemhSfï § ksIamdolhka wdka;sl msßjehg
jvd jeä ñ,la wh l< yels h' tjeks wjia:dj, § tu ñ,g jvd wvq
ñ,la f.ùug iQodkï mdßfNda.slhkag tu NdKavh mßfNdackh lsÍfï
yelshdj wysñ jk neúka iudÔh m%Yia; uÜgug jvd wvqfjka mßfNdackh
isÿ fõ' fujeks ;;a;ajhka u; w¾O fmdÿ NdKav m%Yia; j mßfNdackh
fkdùu iïnkaOfhka fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ fõ'
 mßfNdackfha § fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN blaujd úYd, jYfhka iudc m%;s,dN
,efnk NdKav Y=NidOk NdKav fõ'
 wOHdmkh" fi!LH yd ikSmdrlaIl fiajd wdÈh Y=NidOk NdKav i|yd
ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'
 fjf<|fmd< l%uh ;=< Y=NidOk NdKav iemhSu i|yd fhduq ùula isÿ
fkdfõ' Bg fya;=j tu NdKav iemhSfï § wod< mßfNdack ;SrK .kq
,nkafka tajdfha ndysr m%;s,dN uq¿ukska u fkdi,ld yer tu.ska ,efnk
fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN yd msßjeh muKla ie,ls,a,g .ekSuhs' fï ksid
Y=NidOk NdKavhl mßfNdackh iudÔh jYfhka m%Yia; uÜgug jvd
wvqfjka isÿ fõ' th fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= fõ'
49
 mßfNdackh ksid wjfYaI iudch flfrys RK ndysr;djla fyj;a
wys;lr RK msßjehla we;s lrk NdKav iudchg wys;lr NdKav
^wj.=K NdKav& jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
 u;ameka" ÿïjeá" u;aøjH jeks oE iudchg wys;lr NdKav i|yd ksoiqka
fõ'
 fjf<|fmd< Tiafia iudchg wys;lr NdKav iemhSfï § tu NdKav
mßfNdackh lsÍfuka we;s jk ndysr msßjeh flfrys ie,ls,,
a la fkd±laùu
ksid iudÔh m%Yia; uÜgug jvd jeä ksIamdokhla isÿ jk w;r iudÔh
m%Yia; uÜgug jvd mßfNdackh lsÍug mdßfNda.slhkaf.a fm,öula o
isÿ fõ' fï ksid iudchg wys;lr NdKav iemhSu yuqfõ fjf<|fmd<
l%uh wiu;a fõ'
 mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels mßfNdackfha ;r.ldÍ;ajhla ±lsh yels
iïm;a fmdÿ iïm;a fõ'
ksoiqka ( u;aiH iïm;a" ;DK N+ñ" jdhqf.da,h
 fmdÿ iïm;aj, my; i|yka ,laIK ±lsh yels h'
1' m%;s,dN ,nkakka yd mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels ùu
2' mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla olakg ,eîu
 mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels ùu;a mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla
mej;Su;a ksid ´kE u mqoa.,fhl=g fmdÿ iïm;a lrd m%fõY úh yels h'
fï ksid fmdÿ iïm;a wêWmfhdackhg ^wê Ndú;hg& md;% ù ydhkhg
,la fõ' fjf<|fmd< ;=< fmdÿ iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j Wmfhdackh l<
yels hdka;%Khla ìys fkdùu ksid tu iïm;a wld¾hlaIu f,i
l<ukdlrKh ùfuka fjf<|fmd< wiu;a fõ'
 lsishï ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%h
s dj,shla ksid fjk;a md¾Yajhka
u; we;s lrk" tu ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%shdj,shg Rcq j u
iïnkaO jk mqoa.,hd úiska ie,ls,a,g .kq fkd ,nk" m%;s,dN yd
msßjeh ndysr;d hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 ys;lr ndysr;d yd wys;lr ndysr;d hkqfjka ndysr;d fldgia follg
fnfok w;r" ys;lr ndysr;d jk Ok ndysr;d f,i;a wys;lr ndysr;d
RK ndysr;d f,i;a ye¢kafõ' fuu ndysr;d ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a fkdùu
ksid fjf<|fmd< wiu;a fõ'
50
 wmQ¾K ;r.h yd taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhka hgf;a NdKavh
i|yd wh lrk ñ, NdKavfha wdka;sl msßjeh blaujhs' fï ksid iïm;a
fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj i|yd wjYH lrk ñ, yd wdka;sl msßjeh
iudk ùfï (P - MC) fldkafoaish bgq fkdfõ' fï ksid mdßfNda.slhd
iQrd lEulg ,la jk neúka fjf<|fmd< wiu;a fõ'
 mdßfNda.slhdg yd ksIamdolhdg ;SrK .ekSug wjYH lrk f;dr;=re
fjf<|fmd< u.ska iïmQ¾Kfhka ksjerÈ j ,nd .; fkdyels ùu wmQ¾K
f;dr;=re hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 fjf<|fmd<la mQ¾K f;dr;=re fkd,eîu flfrys my; i|yka idOl
n,mdhs'
 m%pdrKh ksid ienE f;dr;=re úlD; fldg ±laùu
 ixlS¾K ;dlaIKsl lreKq ms<sn| we;eï f;dr;=re ,nd §ug wmyiq
ùu
 we;eï m%;s,dN ms<sn| wúksYaÑ;;d mej;Su
 fjf<|fmdf<ka mQ¾ K f;dr;= re fkd,efnk úg ksI am dolhd yd
mdßfNda.slhd .kq ,nk ;SrK ksid iïm;a fn§ hdu wld¾hlaIu fõ'
fï wkqj mQ¾K f;dr;=re fkd,eîu fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= fõ'
 id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;dj hkq wd¾Ólhl jßka jr we;s jk WÉpdjpkhka
h'
 id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;d ms<sìUq flfrk m%Odk o¾Ylhka f,i ú/
lshdj" WoaOukh" wd¾Ól miqneiSï yd wd¾Ól m%idrKhka oelaúh yels h'
 fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack w;sßla; jeks idOlj, we;s jk fjkialï ksid
fndfyda wjia:dj, iuia; b,a¨fï yg .kakd WÉpdjpk fya;=fjka
wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk wia:dhs;djla we;s fõ'
 wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;dj hkq rfÜ iuia; wdodhu fyda iïm;a iEu
mqoa.,fhl=g u ðj;a ùug wjYH wodhï uÜgulaj;a ,efnk whqfrka
iuia; ck.ykh w;r fn§ fkdhduhs'
 wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;d we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= lsysmhla my;
±la fõ'
 lem lrkq ,nk Y%u m%udKh
 wOHdmk uÜgu
 Wreufhka ,o foafmd< m%udKh
 idOl ñ,
51
 fuu idOlj, m%;sM, u; ìys jk l=gqïn wdodhï jHdma;sfha úIu;djka
we;s jk w;r wd¾Ólfha iïm;a fn§ hdu o tu wdodhï jHdma;s rgdjg
wkqj isÿ fõ' ta wkqj wvq wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a b,aü imqrd,Sug wvq iïm;a
m%udKhl=;"a jeä wdodhï ,dNSkfa .a b,aü imqrd,Su jeä iïm;a m%udKhl=;a
fjka flf¾'
52
ksmqK;dj 8'2 ( fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùu flfrys ndysr;dj, n,mEu mÍlaId
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 07
bf.kqï m, (
 ndysr;d ks¾jpkh lrhs'
 ndysr;d Wmojk uQ,dY% kï lrhs'
 ndysr;d Wmojk Okd;aul yd RKd;aul uQ,dY% fjkaa fjka j olajd
ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 ndysr;d ksid fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l jk whqre m%ia;dr igyka fhdod
.ksñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ndysr;d fya;f
= jka fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùu j<lajd ,Su i|yd .; yels
l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'

 Ok yd >DK ndysr;d ±lafjk úYd, lrk ,o mska;+r folla mka;shg
m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
 mska;+rj, wvx.= oEj,ska iudchg isÿ jk hym;a yd whym;a m%;sM,
ms<sn| isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
mska;+rj, wvx.= oEj,ska iudchg hym;a yd whym;a m%;sM, w;a fõ' ta
fjkqfjka iudchg jkaÈhla fyda úhoula fyda ±Íug isÿ fkdfõ'
fï wdldrhg lsishï wd¾Ól lghq;a;la ksid Bg iïnkaO fkdjk
ndysr md¾Yajhlg w;a jk jkaÈ úp,kh fkdlrk ,o jdis fyda wjdis
ndysr;d f,i ye¢kafõ'
ndysr;d ksIamdokfha § fuka u mßfNdackfha § o yg .kS'

53
bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia
 my; i|yka ud;Dld w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 ksIamdokfha ndysr;d
 mßfNdackfha ndysr;d
 Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj wjfndaO lr .ekSug lKavdhï idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'
 ud;Dldjg wod< j Tng ,eî we;s w;a±lSï idlÉPd lr f;dr;=re
/ia lrkak'
 Tn /ia lr .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka ys;lr ndysr;d iy wys;lr
ndysr;d fjka fldg olajkak'
 ndysr;d we;s ùug fya;= yd tajdfhys m%;sM, y÷kd .kak'
 ndysr;d je,elaùfï jeo.;alu yd tajd j,lajd .kakd wdldrh ms<sn|
Tfí woyia bÈßm;a lrkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï
jkak'
 ndysr;d hkq lsishï ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%shdjla ksid fjk;a
md¾Yajhla u; we;s lrk" ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%shdjg iDcqj
u iïnkaO wh úiska ie,ls,a,g fkd.kakd m%;s,dN fyda mssßjehhs'
 fjk;a md¾Yajhla fj; we;s lrk wys;lr m%;súmdl ndysr msßjehla
f,i i,lkq ,efí'
 fjk;a md¾Yajhla fj; we;s lrk ys;lr m%;súmdl ndysr m%;s,dN f,i
i,lkq ,efí'
 ndysr;d ys;lr m%;súmdl fyda wys;lr m%;ú s mdl fyda f,i iajrEm folla
mj;S' ys;lr m%;ú
s mdl Ok ndysr;d f,i;a wys;lr m%;ú s mdl RK ndysr;d
f,i;a j¾. flf¾'
 ndysr;d wi,ajeis m%;súmdl fyda f;jeks md¾Yaj m%;ú
s mdl f,i o y÷kajhs'
 ndysr;d Wmojk uQ,dY%h folls'
1' ksIamdokh
2' mßfNdackh
 fuu uQ,dY%h u; yg .kakd ndysr;d m%fNao 4ls' tajd kï"
 ksIamdokfha RK ndysr;d
 ksIamdokfha Ok ndysr;d
 mdßfNdackfha RK ndysr;d
54
 mdßfNdackfha Ok ndysr;d
 ksIamdokfha RK ndysr;d hkq lsishï ksIamdok lghq;a;la ksid Bg Rcq
iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk wjdis fyj;a whym;a
n,mEï h'
ksoiqka (
 w¾;dm,a fnda. ksIamdokfha § mdxY= Ldokh ksid c,dYj, frdka uv
;ekam;a ùu ksid isÿ jk ydkslr ;;a;ajh
 lDIs fNda. i|yd lDñkdYl Ndú;h fya;=fjka mßirh ¥IKh ùu
yd f,v frda. we;s ùu
 ksIamdokfha Ok ndysr;d hkq lsishï lDIs ksIamdok lghq;a;la ksid Bg
Rcq iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk jdis fyj;a
hym;a n,mEï h'
ksoiqka (
u,a WoHdkhla we;s lsÍfuka ó ueis md,kfha M,odhs;dj jeä ùu
jk j.d jHdmD;sh ksid c, uQ,dY% we;s ùu
 mßfNdackfha RK ndysr;d hkq lsishï mßfNdack lghq;;
a la ksid thg
Rcq iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk wjdis fyj;a
wys;lr n,mEï h'
ksoiqka (
ÿïmdkh ksid wjg isák mqoa.,hka we;s fjk wys;lr n,mEu
fudag¾ r: Ndú;fhka msgjk ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj ksid iudchg
wys;lr n,mEï we;s ùu
 mßfNdackhfha Ok ndysr;d hkq lsishï mßfNdack lghq;a;la ksid
thg Rcq iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk jdis fyj;a
ys;lr n,mEï h'
ksoiqka (
 fnda jk frda. i|yd ,nd fok tkak;a u.ska ish¨ u fokdg ys;lr
n,mEï we;s ùu
fouqyqka jdyk ^yhsî%â& Ndú;fhka iudchg iy mßirhg jk ys;lr
n,mEu
 lsishï ksIamdok ls%shdj,shla ksid tys ish¨ u msßjeh ksIamdolhd úsiska
orkafka kï fyda lsishï mßfNdack lghq;a;la ksid tys ish¨ u m%;,
s dN
tu mdßfNda.slhdg ysñ jkafka kï fjf<|fmd< ld¾hlaIu fõ' kuq;a
ndysr;d ksid th tfia isÿ fkdfõ'
55
 ndysr;d ksid fm!oa.,sl msßjeh yd iudc msßjeh w;r;a fm!oa.,sl
m%;s,dN yd iudc m%;s,dN w;r;a fjkila we;s fjhs'
fm!oa.,sl msßjeh ksIamdolhd Rcqj u iïnkaO ùfuka ork w;r
fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN Rcqj u iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj fj; ysñ fõ'
 ndysr msßjeh hkq lsishï ksIamdok ls%shdj,shla fyda mßfNdack
ls%hdj,shla fyda ksid ndysr md¾Yajhkag ±Íug isÿ jk msßjeh jk
w;r tu msßjeh wod< ksIamdok lghq;a;g iïnkaO ke;s ndysr
lKavdhï úiska fuu msßjeh orkq ,efí'
  ndysr m%;s,dN hkq lsishï ksIamdok l%shdj,shla fyda mßfNdack
l%shdj,shla ksid ndysr md¾Yajhkag ,efnk m%;s,dNhla jk w;r ta
fjkqfjka f.ùula isÿ fkdlrhs'
 lsishï ksIamdok lghq;a;la fyda mßfNdack lghq;a;la fyda ksid
iuia; iudch úiska ork msßjeh iudc msßjeh f,i y÷kajhs'
fm!oa.,sl msßjehg ndysr msßjeh .e<mSfuka iudc msßjeh ;SrKh
fõ'
iudc msßjeh = fm!oa.,sl msßjeh + ndysr msßjeh
 fm!oa.,sl m%;,
s dNj,g ndysr m%;s,dN .e<mSfuka iudc m%;,
s dN ;SrKh
fõ'
iudc m%;s,dN = fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN + ndysr m%;s,dN
 wd¾Ólfha iudc msßjeh yd fm!oa.,sl msßjeh w;r fjkila mj;S

kï fyda iudc m%;s,dN yd fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN w;r fjkila mj;S
kï fyda ñ, hdka;K
% h u.ska iudcfha m%Yia; f,i iïm;a fnodyeÍula
isÿ fkdfõ'
 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l iïm;a fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj bgq
jkafka ñ," wdka;sl mssßjehg iudk jk (MC = P) wjia:dj, § h'
(MC=P). tfia fkdjk wjia:dj, iudcfha m%Yia; uÜgfuka iïm;a
fn§hdula isÿ fkdfõ'
 ndysr;d Okd;aul fyda RKd;aul fyda ljr iajrEmhla .kq ,enQj o
tajdfha m%;sM,h jkafka iudc msßjeh yd fm!oa.,sl msßjeh w;r
fkd.e<mSula we;s lsÍu fyda iudc m%;s,dN fyda fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN
w;r fkd.e<mSula we;s lsÍu hs'
56
 ksIamdokfha RK ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk
wdldrh my; rEm igyk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
ñ, iy msßjeh
^re'& 
wdka;sl ndysr msßjeh
MSC- wdka;sl iudc msßjeh
iudc m%Yia; P E
S
ñ,  1
MPC-wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl
}
fjf<|fmd< Pp msßjeh

m%Yia; ñ, E
MPB = MSB ^ w dka ;s l
fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN } wdka;sl
iudc m%;s,dN&
}
  m%udKh ^tall&
0 Qs Qp
wêksIamdokh
 m%ia;dr igyfka MPC jl%h wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh jl%h jk w;r

MSC jl%h wdka;sl iudc msßjeh jl%h fõ' NdKav i|yd we;s b,aü
MPB jl%fhka fmkakqï flf¾' fjf<|fmd< l%uhl wdka;sl iudc
m%;s,dN jl%h (MSB) yd wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN jl%h tl iudk
fõ'
 iudch i;= iïm;a m%Yia; f,i fnod fjka lrkqfha wdka;sl iudc
msßjeh wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dNj,g iudk (E1) jk f,i ksIamdokh isÿ
fõ kï h'
 fm!oa.,sl ksIamdokfha RK ndysr;d we;s jk úg wdka;sl iudc msßjeh
wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh blaujd hkq we;' m%ia;dr igyfka wdka;sl
iudc msßjeh (MCS) jl%h wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh jl%hg ^MPC) by<ska
fmkakqï flf¾' m%ia;dr igyfka fm!oa.,sl ksuejqï uÜgu ^fjf<|fmd<
iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu& (Qp) iudÔh m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu (Qs) blaujd
mj;S ^wêksIamdokhla we;s fõ&'
 ksIamdokfha Ok ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk wdldrh

my; ±lafjk rEm igyk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
57
ñ, iy msßjeh
wdka;sl ndysr msrsjeh
fjf<|fmd< MPC- wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh

Pp E
m%Yia; ñ,

 MSC-w dka ; s l i ud c
}
iudc m%Yia; P
s  msßjeh
ñ, E1
QP- fj<|fmd< ksuejqï uÜgu
QS- iudÔh m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu
} MPB = MSB
  m%udKh ^tall&
0 Qs Qp
W!k ksIamdokh
 ksIamdok Ok ndysr;djl § fm!oa.,sl ksuejqï uÜgu iudÔh m%Yia;
ksuejqï uÜgug jvd wvq fõ ^W!k ksIamdokhla mj;S&'
 b,a¨ï jl%h u.ska (MPB) fmkakqï lrkafka mdßfNda.slhka ;u fm!oa.,sl
m%;s,dN u; b,aü ;SrKh .kakd wdldrh hs'
 wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh jl%h wdka;sl iudc msßjeh jl%h blaujd
mj;S' m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu ;SrKh jkafka wdka;sl iudc msßjeh jl%h
wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dN jl%h fþokh jk ,laIH fmkakqï lrk QS
,laIHfha § h'
 mßfNdackfha RK ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk wdldrh
ñ, iy msßjeh
wdka;sl ndysr m%;s,dN

S = MPC = MSC
fjf<|fmd< PP E
}
 
m%Yia; ñ,
iudc m%Yia; PS E1 
ñ,
MPB- wdka;l
s
fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN
MSB-wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dN
 NdKav m%udKh
}
Qs 
Qp ^tall&
wê mßfNdackh
58
 by; ±lafjk m%ia;dr igykska wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN MPB jl%h
u.ska fmkakqï lrk w;r wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dNh MSB jl%h u.ska
fmkakqï lrhs' iemhqï jl%h u.ska fmkakï
q lrkqfha fm!oa.,sl wdka;sl
msßjeh jl%h hs'
 by; NdKavh mßfNdackh lrk mdßfNda.slhd tu.ska fm!oa.,sl m%;, s dN

yd fm!oa.,sl msßjeh muKla ie,ls,a,g .kakd w;r Tjqkaf.a mßfNdack
uÜgu QP u.ska fmkakqï flf¾' tfy;a iudc m%Yia; uÜgu jkafka QS
m%udKh fõ' ñ, hdka;K % h u.ska iudc m%Yia; mßfNdack uÜgu fmkakïq
fkdlrk ksid wê mßfNdackhla we;s fõ' tu.ska iïm;a fn§ hdfï
wld¾hlaIu;djla fmkakqï flf¾'
 mßfNdackfha Ok ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk wdldrh

ñ,
^re'&
wdka;sl ndysr m%;s,dN
S = MSC = MPC
iudc
m%Yia; ñ, PP
X
 E1

fjf<|fmd< PS 
E
MSB
MPB
 m%udKh ^tall&
Qs  Qp
W!k mßfNdackh
 mßfNdackfha Ok ndysr;d mj;sk úg iudc wdka;sl m%;s,dN fm!oa.,sl

wdka;sl m%;s,dN blaujd hkq we;' tys § fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ksuejqï
uÜgu iudÔh jYfhka m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgug jvd wvq m%udKhla fõ'
 ndysr;d ksid we;s jk fjf<|fmd< ì|jeàï uÕyrjd .ekSug .; yels
l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; oela fõ'
 mdßirsl nÿ mekùu
 n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu
 Ok ndysr;d i|yd iykdOdr ,nd §u
 fm!oa.,sl flaj,a lsÍu
 rch u.ska ov kshu lsÍu
59
ksmqK;dj 8'3 ( fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾h Ndrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh rcfha ld¾hNdrh y÷kajhs'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾hNdrh ksoiqka imhñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug hdfï § wdKavqj
wid¾:l jk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
 wdKavqj wid¾:l ùug fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'

 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾hNdrh my; mßÈ ±laúh yels fõ'
 iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j fnod yeÍu
 wdodhï yd Okh idOdrK j fnod yeßu
 id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj we;s lsÍu
 ;srir ixj¾Okh
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl olakg ,efnk iïm;a fn§ hdfï
wld¾hlaIu;djka bj;a lsÍu i|yd rch my; i|yka l%shdud¾. l%h
s d;aul
lrhs'
 fmdÿ NdKavj,ska ñ,la wh lr .; fkdyels ksid;a ,dNhla ,eìh
fkdyels ksid;a fjf<|fmd< l%ufhka fmdÿ NdKav fkdimhhs' tfy;a
rch ueÈy;a ù fmdÿ NdKav imhhs'
 fjf<|fmd< l%ufha § w¾O fmdÿ NdKav m%Yia; j fkdiemhSu ksid
rch úiska w¾O fmdÿ NdKav iemhSu
 Y=NidOk NdKav m%Yia; j iemhSu isÿ fkdjk ksid W!k mßfNdackhla
isÿ fõ' fï ksid Y=NidOk NdKav mßfNdackhg fm,Uùug rch
ueÈy;a fõ'
 fjf<|fmd< l%uhla iudchg wys;lr NdKav wj.=K NdKav iudchg
m%Yia; uÜgug jvd jeäfhka ksmojhs' tajd iSud lsÍug rchg isÿ
fõ'
ksoiqka ( u;aøjH
60
idOdrKh ia:dmss; lsÍu i|yd rchla u.ska my; ±lafjk l%shdud¾. .kq
,nhs'
wdodhï yd Ok m%;sjHdma;sh we;s lsÍu
Ok iuqÉpkh ms<sn| iSud mekùu
bvï m%;sixialrKh
id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd .ekSug WoaOukh yd fiajd úhqla;sh
bj;a lsÍug rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fhdod .kq ,nhs'
 wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd mdßißl hk wxYj, ;=,kd;aul j jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu"
tkï ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ fjf<|fmd< l%uhla lghq;= fkdlrk
w;r rch ta i|yd ueÈy;a fõ'
 kS;s moaO;sh" Widú" kshduk wdh;k wdÈh" <ud /ljrKh" jeäysá
/ljrKh jeks lghq;= i|yd fjf<|fmd< l%uhl wjOdkh fhduq fkdjk
fyhska rchg ta i|yd ueÈy;a ùug isÿ fõ'
 fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùï ue~ mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd rch ueÈy;a ù úYd,
ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< o wdKavqfõ wiu;a ùu isÿ úh yels h'
 wdKavqfõ wiu;a ùï hkq fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùï ue~ mj;ajd .ekSu
i|yd rch úiska wd¾Ólh i|yd lrkq ,nk ueÈy;aùï rdcH wxYhg
wdfõKsl jQ we;eï ÿ¾j,;d lrK fldg f.k wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd
fkd§ wd¾Ólfha ;j ;j;a wld¾hlaIu;d ìys lsÍu hs'
wdKavqfõ wiu;a ùï flfrys n,md we;s fya;= lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
(i) wdKavqfõ l%shdldÍ;ajfha olakg ,efnk oDV;djka
wdKavqfõ ueÈy;aùïj, olakg ,efnk tla wys;lr me;slvla
jkafka ksrka;r fjkia jk mßirhg wkql+, jk f,i wod<
fjkialï we;s lr .ekSfï ,d wdKavf
q õ m%;m
s ;a;s w;sYhska ukao.dó
ùu h'
(ii) foaYmd,k iajd¾:h
foaYmd,lhka iy rdcH ks,Odßka iajd¾:h wruqKq fldg l%shd
lsÍfuka iïm;a kdia;shla isÿ ùu
ksoiqka (uyd ud¾." frday,a" mdi,a bÈ lsÍfï È foaYmd,k
wjYH;d mokï lr .ekSu
61
(iii) wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sj, wúÿr oDIaál;ajh
fndfyda m%Yk
a j,g úi÷ï fiùfï § flá ld,Sk oDIaá fldaKhlska
n,d ;SrK lrd t<öu' tu ksid È.= ld,Sk iudc m%.ukhkag
wjYH m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï l%shd;aul fkdfõ'
(iv) wmQ¾K f;dr;=re u; m%;sm;a;s lrd t<öu
wmQ¾K f;dr;=re ksid wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s wld¾hlaIu ùu
(v) idkqn, flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mEu
wdodhï yd Ok jHdma;sfha idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd wdKavqj
wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l%shdud¾. idkqn, yd M,odhs;dj flfrys
wys;lr m%;sM, we;s lrhs'
(vi) wdKavqfõ ueÈy;aùïj,ska je<lS isàug lghq;= lsÍu
wdKavf
q õ úúO kS;sß;s yd kshdukhkaf.ka je<lS isàug mqo.
a ,hka
yd wdh;k lghq;= lsÍu ksid ie`.ejqKq wd¾Ólhla ìys ùug
bvlv mej;Su
(vii) mßmd,k úhoï by< hdu
wd¾Ólh ;=< wdKavqfõ ueÈy;a ùï w;sYhska msßjeh wêl l%shdjla
úh yels h' wod< kS;sÍ;sj,ska kshdukhla l%shdjg keÕSfï §
tajdhska wfmalaIs; iudc m%;s,dN t;rï úYd, fkdùu ksid
wld¾hlaIu;d mek ke.sh yels h'
62
ksmqK;dj 8'4 ( nÿ uQ,O¾u yd nÿ j¾.SlrKh ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lrñka Y%S
,xldfõ rdcH whNdrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 10
bf.kqï m, (
 rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajhs'
 rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 rdcH uQ,H WmlrK kï lrhs'
 rdcH whNdrfha m%Odk uQ,dY% kï lrhs'
 nÿ wh lsÍfï wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 nÿ uQ,O¾u úia;r lrhs'
 úúO ks¾Kdhl u; nÿ j¾.SlKh lrhs'
 nÿ tl;= lsßu yd nÿ wmd;h hk ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 nÿ wh lsÍfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl fidhd n,hs'
 nÿ fkdjk whNdrhg wh;a ixrpl fmkajd fohs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH whNdrfha uE; ld,Sk Wmk;s mÍlaId lrhs'
 id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd wdKavqfõ úhoï" nÿ wh lsßï

iy Kh .ekSï i|yd jk wod< fjkialï isÿ lsÍu rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;h
s
kï fõ'
 rdcH nÿ" rdcH úhoï iy rdcH Kh m%odk rdcH uQ,H WmlrK h'
 rdcH whNdrh ,nd .kakd m%Odk uQ,dY% folla mj;sk nj' tkï"
nÿ wdodhu
nÿ fkdjk wdodhu
 nÿ wh lsÍfï wruqKq my; ±lafjk wdldrhg meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wdodhu yd Okh fnÈhdfï úIu;d wju lsÍu
 ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu i|yd iïm;a l<ukdlrKh lsÍu
 by< iudc msßjehla ork wj.=K NdKav mßfNdackh wffO¾hj;a
lsÍu
 iudydr b,aü flfrys n,mEu
 iudydr iemhqu flfrys n,mEu
63
 nÿ wh lsÍfï uQ,O¾u my; mßÈ bosrsm;a l< yels h'
 idOdrK;ajh
 msßueiqï iys; ùu
 myiqj
 ksYaÑ; ùu
 ld¾hlaIu;dj
 kuHYS,S ùu
 wkql+, nj
nÿ wh lsÍfï idOdrK;ajh iy uQ,O¾uh i|yd fldkafoais folla bgq

úh hq;= fõ' tkï"
 ;sria idOdrK;ajh
 isria idOdrK;ajh
;sria idOdrK;ajh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha iudk wd¾Ól yelshdjka

we;s mqoa.,hkag iudk f,i ie,elSfï wjYH;dj hs' tkï tl iudk
wdodhï we;s mqoa.,hka tl iudk nÿ nrla ±ßh hq;= fõ hkakhs'
isria idOdrK;ajh hkq wiudk wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhkays isák mqoa.,hka
flfrys wiudk f,i ie,lSfï wjYH;dj hs' tkï wdodhu jeä jk úg
jeä nÿ nrla ±ßh hq;= fõ hkakhs'
idOdrK nÿ l%uhla i|yd wd¾Ól kHdh ;=< m%ldY ù we;s m%Odk uQ,O¾u
folls' tkï"
m%;s,dN uQ,O¾uh
f.ùug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh
m%;s,dN uQ,O¾ufhka woyia lrkq ,nkafka wdKavqj u.ska imhkq ,nk

fiajdjkaf.ka m%;s,dN ,nd .kakd m%udKh u; wdKavqjg nÿ f.úh
hq;=h hkak hs'
f.ùfï yelshdj hk uQ,O¾ufhka lshfjkafka úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a nÿ
f.ùfï Yla;sh wkqj nÿ wh lsÍu l< hq;= nj hs'
msßueiqï iys; nj hk uQ,O¾ufhka woyia jkafka wh nÿ f.ùfï § nÿ
f.jk whg;a tl;= lsÍfï § wdKavqjg;a ±Íug isÿ jk úhou yels ;dla
ÿrg wvq úh hq;= nj hs' th úhoï mßmd,kh yd wkql+,;d hkqfjka
fldgia follska iukaú; fõ'
mßmd,k úhoï hkq wdKavqjg nÿ wh lsÍfï § ±Íug isÿ jk úhoï fõ'
64
wkql+,;d úhoï hkq nÿ f.jkakkag ±Íug isÿ jk msßjeh hs'
fuys § rch n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka nÿ tl;= lr .ekSug jeh lrkq ,nk

úhoug jvd rchg ,efnk nÿ wdodhu jeä úh hq;= nj hs' tfia fkdjk
úg rchg wdodhula bmhsh fkdyels fõ'
 myiq nj hk uq,O¾ufhka woyia jkafka nÿ l%uh yels ;dla ÿrg ir,
úh hq;= nj hs' noaola kshñ; mßÈ f.jkq ,nkafka o tfia ke;fyd;a
fndfyda wh thska je<lS isàug W;aidy lrkafka o@ hkak noaol ir,
nj úoydmdk ,laIKhla fõ'
 nÿ j¾. kshu lrkq ,enQ úg tajd yÈisfha fjkia fkdl< hq;= nj ksYÑ
a ;
Ndjh hk uQ,O¾ufhka ye¢kafõ' tkï nÿ f.jkakkag wkd.;h i|yd
±Íug isÿ jk nÿ nr l,a ;shd wfmalaId l< yels úh hq;= h' wdfhdack
ld¾hfha § wkd.;fha § f.ùug isÿ jk nÿ ksh; jYfhka u ±k
.ekSug yels úh hq;= h'
 nÿ wh l< hq;af;a wd¾Ólfha iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j fn§ hdfï ls%hdj,shg
n,mEula we;s fkdjk whqßka h' w;sßla; nÿ nrla we;s jk f,i nÿ wh
fkdl< hq;= nj;a isÿ jk úlD;s ùï wju úh hq;= nj ld¾hlaIu nfõ
uQ,O¾ufhka lshfõ'
wd¾Ól l%shdj,sfha isÿ jk ld,Sk fjkia ùï wkqj nÿ .e,mqï lsÍug
yels úu kuHYS,S nj ms<sn| nÿ uQ,O¾ufhka meyeÈ,s flf¾'
nÿ kS;s iïnkaO jQ f.dkq lsÍfï wkql+,;dj f.ùfï wkql=,;dj yd
jd¾;d lsÍfï wkql+,;dj hk lghq;= i|yd nÿ f.jkakd iafjÉPdfjka
bÈßm;a ùu wkql+, nj hk nÿ uQ,O¾ufhka woyia fõ'
 ú;eka lsÍfï yelshdj u; nÿ m%Odk j¾. folls'
(i) Rcq nÿ
(ii) jl% nÿ
 Rcq noaog yiqjk mqoa.,hd fyda wdh;k úiska u fyda wod< noaO f.ùug
isÿ jk w;r th fjk;a md¾Yajhlg ú;eka l< fkdyels fõ' fuys §
noaog hg;a jQ md¾Yajhka úiska u nÿ nr ±ßh hq;= fõ'
ksoiqka ( wodhï nÿ" foafmd< nÿ
 hï noaola f.ùug ffk;sl j kshu jQ mqoa.,hd úiska tlS nÿ nr fjk;a
whl= u; ú;eka lrkq ,efí kï th jl% noaola f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fuys § ffk;sl jYfhka noao f.jkq ,nk mqoa.,hd;a ienE jYfhka nÿ
nr ork mqoa.,hd;a w;r meyeÈ,s fjkila we;'
ksoiqka ( úl=Kqï nÿ" foaYSh NdKav nÿ" f¾.= .dia;=" jeÜ nÿ
65
noaog úIh jk uQ,dY%h nÿ moku f,i ye+¢kafõ' nÿ moku u; nÿ j¾.
flf¾'
wdodhï nÿ
mßfNdack nÿ
Ok nÿ ^foafmd< nÿ&
jHdmdr ysñ nÿ
úfoaYSh fjf<|dï nÿ ^wdkhk iy wmkhk ;Sre nÿ&
hï noaola f.ùug ffk;sl j kshu lrk mqoa.,hl=g tu noao fjk;a

wfhl= u; mjrkq ,nhs kï th nÿ nr ú;eka lsÍu hkqfjka woyia fõ'
mqoa.,hl= úiska tosfkod lrkq ,nk úhoï ;=< jl% nÿ we;=<;a fõ'
ffk;sl jYfhka noao f.jkq ,nk mqoa.,hd fyda wdh;kh fyda úiska
;u ksIamdok yd fiajd ñ, § .kakd wh u;g nÿ m%udKh ú;eka lrkq
,efí'
NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk mqoa.,fhda wjidk jYfhka
wdKavqjg nÿ f.jkq ,n;s'
nÿ wdmd;h hkq noaola mekjQ úg wjidk jYfhka nÿ nr orkafka ljqreka
úiska o hkak ksYaÑ; j y÷kd .ekSuhs' ke;fyd;a noaola mek jQ úg tys
nÿ nr wd¾Ólfha ljr tll u; flfia n,mdkafka ±hs fidhd ne,Su hs'
fï wkqj nÿ wdmd;fha iajrEm folla we;'
(i) jHjia:dms; fyj;a ffk;sl nÿ wdmd;h
(ii) wd¾Ól nÿ wdmd;h fyj;a ienE nÿ wdmd;h
 jHjia:dms; nÿ wdmd;h hkq ffk;sl jYfhka noao ljqreka fj; fhduq
lrkjd o hkakhs' wd¾Ól nÿ wdmd;h hkq ienE jYfhka orkq ,nk nÿ
nrhs'
nÿ wh lsÍfï wkqmd;sl jHqyh wkqj wdldr ;=klg nÿ j¾. l< yels h'
1' wkql%ñl nÿ
2' iudkqmd;sl nÿ
3' m%;sl%ñl nÿ
 nÿ mokfï m% u dKh úYd, ùu;a iuÕ l% u fhka jeä ù hk
wkqmd;slhkaf.ka noao wh lsÍu wkql%ñl nÿ l%uhla f,i y÷kajkq
,efí'
66
ksoiqka ( wdodhï nÿ
fuys § wdodhï uÜgu by< h;a u l%ufhka jeä jk m%;sY;hla nÿ
jYfhka wh flf¾'
ksoiqk (
wdodhï uÜgï nÿ wkqmd;slh
remsh,a 300 000 olajd nÿ wh fkdflf¾
300 000 - 600 000 5]
600 000 - 800 000 10]
800 000 - 1 000 000 15]
1 000 000 - 1 200 000 20]
 nÿ moku by< h;a u wdka;sl nÿ wkqmd;slh;aa" idudkH nÿ wkqmd;slh;aa

fol u by< k.S'
 noaog hg;a jk wdodhu fldmuK jqj o ieu uÜgfï§ u tl yd iudk
noaola wh lsÍu iudkqmd;sl nÿ kñka ye¢kafõ' ta wkqj wdka;sl nÿ
wkqmd;slh idudkH nÿ wkqmd;slhg iudk fõ'
ksoiqka ( jeÜ nÿ
ieu wdodhï uÜgul§ u 20] nÿ wkqmd;slhka kshu lrhs'
 nÿ mokfï m%udKh úYd, ùu;a iu. wvq ù hk wkqmd;slh nÿ wh
lsÍfï m%;sl%u nÿ kï fõ'
 fuys § nÿ mokfï w.h jeä ùu;a idudkH nÿ wkqmd;slh yd wdka;sl
wdkqmd;slh hk fol u my< jefÜ'
ksoiqka ( úl=Kqï nÿ
 nÿ moku fjkia jk úg nÿ wkqmd;slh fjkia jk wdldrh my; mßÈ
ixLHd ksoiqkla weiqfrka fmkaúh yels h'
iudkqmd;sl noao m%;sl%u noao wkql%u noao

wdodhï
uÜgu nÿ uqo, wdodhfuka nÿ uqo, wdodhfuka nÿ uqo, wdodhfuka
re' m%;sY;h re' m%;sY;h re' m%;sY;h
50 000 12 500 25] 15 000 30] 10 000 20]

100 000 25 000 25] 25 000 25] 30 000 30]
200 000 50 000 25] 40 000 20] 80 000 40]
67
 nÿ moku yd nÿ uqo,a w;r iïnkaO;dj my; mßÈ rEm igyka weiqfrka
fmkaúh yels h'
uq¿ nÿ uqo, ^re'Z000&

>
>
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0
50 000 100 000 200 000
> wdodhu 0 > wdodhu
^re'Z000& 15 10 30 ^re'Z000&
(i) iudkqmd;sl nÿ (ii) wkql%u nÿ

>
15
10
0
15 10 30
> wdodhu ^re'Z000&
(iii) m%;sl%u nÿ
 wdKavqj úiska id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug wjYH wdodhï

Wmhk udOHhla jYfhka nÿ wh l< o tys fndfyda wd¾Ól m%;súmdl
olakg we;' tajd úúO md¾Yajj,g n,mdkafka fufia h'
 wdfhdackh flfrys n,mEu
 rch wdfhdaclhkaf.ka nÿ wh lrk úg wdfhdaclhkaf.a msßjeh jeä ù

,dNh wvq ùfuka wdfhdackh wffO¾hhg m;a úh yels h' kuq;a
wdfhdaclhka i|yd nÿ iyk" nÿ úrdu" ,nd fok úg wdfhdackh
Èß.ekaùu isÿ fõ' tfuka u wdkhk NdKav i|yd wh lrk ;Sre nÿ mek
ùfuka" jeä lsÍfuka foaYSh wdfhdaclhka Èßu;a fõ'
68

 ksIamdokh flfrys n,mEu

wdKavqj ksIamdolhkaf.ka nÿ wh l< úg ksIamdolhkaf.a ksIamdok
msßjeh jeä ù ,dNh wvq fõ'
 mßfNdackh flfrys n,mEu
rgl nÿ l%uh trfÜ mßfNdack uÜgu flfrys úúOdldrfhka n,mEï
lrhs' rch úiska jl% nÿ tkï NdKav u; mkjk nÿ wh lrk úg NdKav
ñ, by< f.dia mßfNdack uÜgu wvq úh yels h' wdodhï u; iDcq nÿ wh
l< úg jeh l< yels wdodhug n,mEula we;s jk ksid mßfNdackh wvq
úh yels h'
 ñ, uÜgu flfrys n,mEu
wdKavqj NdKav u; nÿ wh l< úg trfÜ NdKavj, ñ, by< hdu ksid
ñ, uÜgu jeä ùula isÿ fõ' fuf,i ñ, uÜgu jeä ùu ksid rfÜ
Ôjk úhou by< f.dia WoaOukh we;s fõ'
 úfoaY fjf<|du flfrys n,mEu
;Sre nÿ mekùu ;=<ska úfoaY fjf<|dug Rcq n,mEula we;s lrhs' ;Sre
nÿ m%;sY; wvq lrk úg wdkhk yd wmkhk Èßu;a jk w;r ;Sre nÿ jeä
lrk úg wdkhk yd wmkhk wffO¾hj;a fõ'
 wdodhï jHdma;sh flfrys n,mEu
rgl Okj;a whf.ka nÿ wh lr wvq wdodhï ,nk whg iykdOdr
m%odkh lsÍfuka trfÜ wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;d wvq fõ' fuys § w;HjYH
NdKav i|yd wvq noaol=;a iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav i|yd jeä noaol=;a wh
lsÍï ;=<ska wdodhfï jHdma;s úIu;dj wvq l< yels h'
 b;sß lsÍï flfrys n,mEu
NdKav u; nÿ wh lrk úg ðjk úhou by< hk w;r jeh l< yels
wdodhu wvq jk ksid b;sß lsÍï wffO¾hhg m;a fõ'
 rch i;= foafmd<j,ska Wmhd .kq ,nk wdodhï yd .dia;= wh lsßï nÿ
fkdjk wdodhï fõ' fïjdg wh;a ixrpl my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 nÿ l=,S wdodhu ( rcfha ksjdi wdKavqfõ fiajlhkayg l=,shg §u yd
rcfha ixpdrl nx.,d l=,shg §fuka ,efnk l=,S wdodhu fuhg
we;=<;a lrhs'
 fmd<s wdodhï ( wdKavqfõ fiajlhkag úúO jHdjia:dms; uKav,
fj; imhkq ,nk Kh i|yd whlrk fmd,S óg wod< fõ'
69
,dN" ,dNdxY wdodhï ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ,dNdxY" ÿïßh" ;eme,a
fiajdj Wmhk wdodhï iy jrdh" rdcH jdKsc nexl=" úÿ,s n, uKav,h"
Lksc f;,a kS;s.; ixia:dj wdÈfhka ,efnk wdodhu fuhg we;=<;a
fõ'
 l=,S wdodhï ( rcfha jkdka;r l=,shg §u
 iudc rlaIK odhl uqo,a
 ov wh lsßï i|yd ksoiqka f,i Widú ov .eiSï" rdc ika;l lsÍï
wdÈh we;=<;a fõ'
.dia;= yd wf,ú wdodhï hg;g my; i|yka ± we;=<;a fõ'
 .=jka .uka fiajd yd .=jka f;dgqfmd< ixj¾Ok iud.ï yryd

lrkq ,nk .=jka .; jkakka i|yd wh lrk .dia;=
 wd.uk ú.uk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ùid .dia;=
.uka n,m;% .dia;=
 fudag¾ r: ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï .dia;=
 rch mdúÉÑ l< NdKav wf,úfhka ,efnk wdodhu

 f,d;/hs wdodhï
^ Y%%S ,xldfõ rdcH wdodhfï ld,Sk Wmk;S uy nexl= jd¾;dj
weiqfrka meye±s,s lrkak&'
70
ksmqK;dj 8'5 ( rdcH úhofï ixhq;sh yd ld,Sk Wmk;s ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 rdcH úhoï yg .ekSfï fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 rdcH úhou wd¾Ól moku u; j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
 wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKfhys ta ta ixrpl meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 rdcH úhofï ixhq;sh yd tys Wmk;s mÍlaId lrhs'
 rdcH úhoïj, m%;súmdl úia;r lrhs'

 wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd rch úiska lrkq ,nk úhoï rdcH
úhoï fõ'
 rdcH úhoï yg .ekSug fya;= my; ±lafõ'
 ys`. iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu ld¾hlaIu lsÍu
 wdodhï úIu;dj wju lsÍu îdOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu&
 kS;sh yd iduh wdrlaId lsÍu
 iudcfha hym;g fya;= jk fm!oa.,sl wxYh úiska iemhSug bÈßm;a
fkdjk fmdÿ fiajd yd wdh;k mj;ajd f.k hdu
wd¾Ól jDoaêh yd ixj¾Okh
 rdcH úhou m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnÈh yels h' tkï"

1' j¾;k úhoï ^mqkrdj¾;k úhoï&
2' m%d.aOk úhoï ^wdfhdack úhoï&
3' Y=oaO Kh §ï
 j¾;k úhoï hkq kej; kej; ±ßh hq;= úhoï fõ' wod< j¾Ih ;=<
tÈfkod lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd oeßh hq;= úhoï yd ixl%du §ukd
óg wh;a fõ' úhoï lrk ld,h ;=< u wd¾Ólhg m%;sM, ,nd fok
úhouls'
ksoiqka ( fiajl jegqma f.ùï
71
 wdydr iykdOdr
 úY%du jegqma f.ùï
 m%jdyK úhoï
 m%d.aOk úhoï hkq idudkHfhka j¾Ihlg jeä ld,hla mj;sk NdKav

ñ, § .ekSug;a m%d.aOk iïm;a ìys lr .ekSug;a tajd m%;sixialrKh
lsÍug;a orkakd jQ úhoï fõ'
ksoiqka (
 hka;% iQ;% ñ, § .ekSu
 f.dvkeÕs,s bÈlsÍu
 r:jdyk ñ, § .ekSu
 uyd ud¾. bÈlsÍu
 Y=oaO Kh §ï hkq j¾;k yd m%d.aOk úhoïj,g we;=<;a fkdjk rch

úiska orkq ,nk úhoï fõ' w;a;sldrï .sKqï u.ska ,nd fok Y=oaO Kh
§ï" Kh wdmiq ,eîï" rdcH jHjidhhka i|yd Kh ,nd §ï wdÈh fuhg
we;=<;a fõ'
 rcfha úhoï by; i|yka whqfrka mq¿,a j j¾.SlrKh l< o tla tla
úhoï .Kh ;=< we;=<;a úúO úhoï ixrpl y÷kd .ekSfï wruqfKka
j¾;k yd m%d.aOk úhoï m%Odk j¾.SlrK folla hgf;a fjka lr ±laúh
yels h' tkï"
1' wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKh
2' ld¾hd;aul j¾.SlrKh
 rdcH úhoï ms<sn| wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKh my; ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKh wkqj rdcH úhoï

 
j¾;k úhoï m%d.aOk úhoï
   
 
NdKav yd fiajd fmd<S j¾;k mejreï uQ¾; j;alï m%d.aOk W!k úhoï
i|yd úhoï f.ùï îxl%du& yd w;am;a lr mejreï i|yd fjka
iykdOdr .ekSu lsÍï
72
 j¾;k úhoï hgf;a" NdKav yd fiajd i|yd ork úhoï hkq uyck;djg
,nd fok úúO rdcH fiajdjka iïmdokh lsÍu yd mj;ajd f.k hdu
i|yd orK úhoï fõ' fuu úhoïj, m%;s,dN jirlg iSud fõ'
ksoiqka ( cd;sl wdrlaIdj" mdi,a wOHdmkh" frday,a fi!LH fiajd"
u.S m%jdyK fiajd
 fmd<S f.ùï hkq rch foaYh
S yd úfoaYSh jYfhka ,nd .;a Kh fjkqfjka
f.jkq ,nk fmd<S úhoï fõ' ;ks whs;uhka f,i .;a úg rdcH úhofï
we;=<;a úYd,;u jákdlula ^w.hka& .kafka fmd<S f.ùï h' fmd<S
f.ùï jeä jk úg rdcH b;=reï my; jefgk w;r wdfhdackh iSud ù
wd¾Ól j¾Okh o iSud fõ' fmd<S f.ùï ixl%du úhoula f,i i,ld
cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a fkdflf¾'
 j¾;k mejreï yd iykdOdr hkq rch úiska úúO rdcH wdh;khkag iy
l=gqïn wxYh fj; ,nd fok iykdOdrhka h'
 rdcH wdh;khkag ,nd fok iykdOdr f,i y÷kajkafka w,dN ,nk
rdcH jHjidhlhka mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd rcfhka ,nd fok wruqo,a
h'
ksoiqka ( Y%S ,xld jrdh wêldßh" cd;sl c, iïmdok yd c,dmjdyk
uKav,h" ,xld úÿ,s n, uKav,h" Y%S ,xld Lksc f;,a
ixia:dj jeks rdcH jHjidhkag ,nd fok iykdOdr
 l=gqïn wxYhg ,nd fok iykdOdr i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'
 iuDoaê iykdOdr
 úY%du jegqma ^rcfha úYd,;u iykdOdr jákdlu fõ&
 wdydr uqoaor
 wdydr iykdOdr
 mdi,a fmd;a" ks, we÷ï" jdr m%fõY m;%" Èjd wdydr
 wdrlaIl wxYj, rKúre fid,aodÿjka i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr
 fmdfydr iykdOdr
 j¾;k iykdOdr by< hdu ksid wd¾Ólfha fjk;a m%uqL;d wxYj,g
iïm;a fhoùug we;s yelshdj iSud lrhs' tu`.ska rdcH b;=reï my;
jefgk w;r wdfhdack iSud lsÍï yd wh jeh ys`.h mq¿,a ùu isÿ fõ'
 wdfhdack ^m%d.aOk& úhofï we;=<;a uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSfï
úhou hkq uOHu rch úiska iDcq j u m%d.aOk iïmdokhg wdfhdackh
lrk uqo,a m%udKh hs'
ksoiqka ( wêfõ.S ud¾. bÈ lsÍu i|yd uOHu rch úiska uqo,a fjka lsÍu
73
 úúO rdcH wdh;khkag" ixia:djkag m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g m%d.aOk
iïmdokh i|yd ,nd fok kej; wdmiq ,nd fkd.kakd uqo,a m%d.aOk
mejreï f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka ( mdi,a f.dvkeÕs,s bÈ lsÍu i|yd uOHu rch úiska m<d;a
iNdj,g uqo,a ,nd Èu
 wod< j¾Ih i|yd weia;fïka;= lrk ,o m%d.aOk úhoï uq¿ukska u jeh
lsÍug yelshdjla fkdue;s hehs wfmalaId flfrk úg m%d.aOk úhoï
fYaIhka úhoï weia;fïka;=j,g we;=<;a lrk w;r th W!k úhoï
jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
 W!k úhoï u.ska m%d.aOk úhoï wvq fldg olajk w;r" rdcH whNdrfhka
wfmalaIs; úhoï mshjd .ekSug w;sYhska u ÿIalr jk wjia:dj, § o
whjeh ys`.h wvqfjka fmkakqï lsÍfï Wmdh ud¾.hla jYfhka W!k
úhoï fYaI úhoï weia;fïka;=j,g we;=<;a flf¾'
 wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKhg wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH úhoï ixhq;sh my; ±lafõ'
wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKhg wkqj rdcH úhou iy Y=oaO Kh §ï

YS¾Ih 2014 2015 2016
^re'ñ,shk& ^re' ñ,shk& ;djld,sl
^re' ñ,shk&
 mqkrdj¾;k úhoï 1"322"898 1"701"658 1"757"782
 NdKav yd fiajd úhoï 568"829 72"563 746"250
 fmd<S f.ùï 436"395 509"674 610"895
 j¾;k mejreï yd iykdOdr 317"674 419"420 400"637
 m%d.aOk úhoï 459"855 588"175 577"036
 uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSï 252"303 313"260 328"202
 m%d.aOk mejreï 207"551 274"916 248"834
 wdmiq f.ùï wvq l< miq Kh §ï 13"112 561 -934
uq¿ úhoï iy Y=oaO Kh §ï 1"795"865 2"290"394 2"333"883
74
 rdcH úhoï Wmk;s my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 flá ld,Sk jYfhka rdcH úhofï ±ä wkuHYS,S njla oelsh yels
ùu
 rdch úhofuka 60] l muK m%udKhla fmd<S f.ùï" jegqma yd
ixl%du úhoïj,ska iukaú; ùu
 ixl%du úhoïj,ska 2$3la muK úY%du jegqmaj,ska iukaú; ùu
 Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u yuqodfjka 13]la muK rdcH fiajlhka ùu ksid
jegqma i|yd ork úhou by< hdu
ûy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
 rdcH úhoïj, m%;súmdl my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

 j¾;k úhoï by< hdu ksid rdcH b;=reï my; jeàu
 rdcH wdfhdack iSud ùu
 whjeh ys`.h úYd, ùu ksid rcfha Kh .ekSï by< hdu
 rdcH úhoï mshùu i|yd Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid fm!oa.,sl wxYhg
,nd fok Kh uqo,a m%udKh iSud ùu yd fjf<|fmd< Kh fmd<S
wkqmd;slh by< hdu ksid fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdfhdack my; jeàu
 f.jqï fYaI .eg¨ we;s ùu
75
ksmqK;dj 8'6 ( rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhl iajrEmh yd wh jeh m%;sm;a;s
úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 rdcH wh jeh f,aLkh w¾: olajhs'
 ys`." w;sßla; yd ;=,s; wh jeh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhl wdlD;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 j¾;k .sKqfï w;sßla;hl jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
 m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Y%S ,xld rcfha Y=oaO uq,H ys`.h yd iuia; fYaIh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 m%idrKd;aul rdcH wh jeh m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'
 ixfldapkd;aul rdcH wh jeh m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'

 bÈß j¾Ih ;=< rcfha lghq;= i|yd ±Íug wfmalaIs; úhou;a tlS úhoï
mshjd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a imhd .kakd ud¾.;a md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a
lr iïu; lr .kakd jd¾;dj rdcH wh jeh f,aLkh fõ'
 th wdKavfq õ bÈß uqo,a ie,eiau jk w;r wdKavj
q l bÈß ±lau yd l%h
s dud¾.
ms<sìUq lrk jeo.;a ,shú,a,la f,i o i|yka l< yels h'
 rdcH wh jeh f,aLkh yd iïnkaO j úi¾ck flgqïm; kñka mK;la
mj;S'
 úi¾ck flgqïm; hkq bÈß j¾Ih i|yd ±Íug wfmal aIs; úhoï
fomd¾;fïka;= yd wud;HdxY jYfhka fjka fldg" ,nd .ekSu wfmalaId
lrk wh ud¾. i|yka fldg wdodhï úhoï w;r mr;rhla mj;S kï th
uQ,Hkh lrk wdldrh;a ±lafjk flgqïm;ls'
 úi¾ck mK; iïu; jQjdg miqj;a lsishï wud;HdxYhg w¨;ska uqo,a
wjYH;djla mek keÕ=Kq úg ta i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wkqu;sh ,nd .ekSug
wod< weu;sjrhd úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk weia;fïka;=j mßmQrl
weia;fïka;=j kñka ye¢kafõ'
76
 lsih
s ï wkfmalaIs; isÿùula ksid ^hqoaOuh ;;a;aj" ue;sjrK jeks& kshñ;
ld,hg md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a fldg iïu; lr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a
jk wjia:djl th iïu; lr .kakd f;la bÈß uqo,a j¾Ih i|yd ta ta
wud;HdxY úiska ±ßh hq;= úhoï rcfha taldnoaO wruqo,ska fjka lr
.ekSu i|yd ;djld,sl jYfhka bÈßm;a l< hq;= jeh f,aLkh w;=re
iïu; .sKqu kñka ye¢kafõ'
 w;=re iïu; .sKqfuys ±lafjkafka jeh fhdackd muKla fyhska tys
w;sßla;hla fyda ys`.hla fyda fkdue;'
 tfia u w;=re iïu; .sKqu udi 03la fyda 04la jeks flá ld,hla i|yd
bÈßm;a jkakla jk w;r w¨;a m%;sm;a;s jHdmD;s lsisjla tys we;=<;a
fkdfõ'
 w;=re wh jehla hkak w;=re iïu; .sKqfuka fjkia jQjls'
 w;=re wh jehla hkq jeh fhdackd muKla fkdj wh fhdackd o we;+<;a
iïmQ¾K wh jeh f,aLkhls'
 w;=re wh jehla f,i y÷kajkafka" tla wdKavqjla n,hg m;a j isáh §
bÈßm;a lrk ,o wh jeh f,aLkh iïu; j ;sìh oS Bg miq j n,hg
m;a jk wdKavqjla ;ukag wjYH ixfYdaOk we;=<;a fldg kej; bÈßm;a
lrk wh jeh f,aLkhls'
 rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhla yd fm!oa.,sl wh jeh f,aLkhla w;r fjkila
mj;S'
 fm!oa.,sl wh jeh f,aLkhl § m<uq j wh ud¾. i|yka fldg ta wkqj
úhoï ie,iqï lr;s'
 tfy;a rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhl § m<uq j ±Íug wfmalaIs; úhoï
weia;fïka;= fldg miq j tu úhoï mshjd .ekSu i|yd wjYH wh ud¾.
;SrKh lrhs'
 rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhloS o rdcH wdodhï yd rdcH úhoï .e<mSfuka wh
jeh fYaIh ,nd .kakd w;r tu wh jeh fYaIfhys iajNdjh wkqj m%Odk
whjeh ixl,am ;=kla y÷kd .; yels h'
1' ys`. wh jeh
2' w;sßla; wh jeh
3' ;=,s; wh jeh
 rdcH wdodhug jvd rdcH úhou jeä kï th ys`. wh jehls'
 rdcH wdodhug jvd rdcH úhou wvq kï th w;sßla; wh jehls'
 rdcH wdodhï yd rdcH úhoï iudk uÜgul mj;S kï th ;=,s; wh jeh
;;a;ajhls'
77
 l,ams; o;a; we;=<;a rdcH whjeh f,aLkhl wdlD;shla my; ±lafõ'
rdcH whjeh f,aLkh
YS¾Ih remsh,a ñ,shk

uq¿ wdodhu yd m%odk 1"70"000
uq¿ wdodhu 1"65"000
nÿ wdodhu 1"50"000
nÿ fkdjk wdodhu 15"000
m%odk 5"000
úhoï yd wdmiq f.ùï wvq l< miq Kh §ï 2"00"000
mqkrdj¾;k (fmd<S f.ùï 21 000& 1"75"000
m%d.aOk yd Y=oaO Kh §ï 25"000
(rdcH wdfhdack 20"000&
j¾;k .sKqfï w;sß;alh (+/ ys`.h ^-& -10"000
m%d:ñl .sKqfï w;sßla;h (+/ ys`.h ^-& - 9"000
iuia; whjeh w;sßla;h (+/ ys`.h ^-& - 30"000
 rdcH whjehl iajNdjh mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels ñkqï lsym
s hls'
tajd kï
 j¾;k .sKqfï fYaIh
 iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh
 m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh
 Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h
 j¾;k .sKqfï fYaIh hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavqfõ uq¿ whNdrfhka
^m%odk ,eîï yer& mqkrdj¾;k ^j¾;k& úhoï wvq l< miq b;sß jk
fYaIh hs'
by; wh jeh wdlD;shg wkqj
uqq¿ wdodhu } 1"65"000
mqkrdj¾;k úhoï } 1"75"000
j¾;k .sKqfï fYaIh } 1"65"000 - 1"75"000
} -10"000
 iuia; fYaIh hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavqfõ uq¿ whNdrfhka ^m%odk
,eîï we;=¿ j& mqkrdj¾;k iy m%d.aOk úhoïj,ska iukaú; wdKavqfõ
uq¿ úhoï wvq l< miq b;sß jk fYaIh hs'
78
uq¿ whNdrh } 1"70"000
úhoï yd wdmiq f.ùï wvq l<
miq Kh §ï ûq¿ úhoï& } 2"0"000
iuia; fYaIh } 1"70"000 - 20"000
} - 30"000
 m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavfq õ uqq¿ whNdrfhka

^m%odk ,eîï we;=¿ j & rdcH Kh i|yd f.jQ fmd<S úhoï we;=<;a fkdjQ
mqkrdj¾;k úhou;a" m%d.aOk úhou;a hk ixrpl folska iukaú; jQ
wdKavqfõ úhoï wvq l< miq b;sß jk fYaIh hs&
 iuia; fYaIfhka fmd<S f.ùï wvq lsÍu ;=<ska o m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh
,nd .; yels h'
m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh } iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh - fmd<S f.ùï
m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh } -30"000 -^-21"000& } -9"000
 fï ksid iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh iy m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh w;r fjki
rdcH Kh i|yd f.jQ fmd<S úhoïj,g iudk fõ'
by; wdlD;shg wkqj
iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh } -30"000
m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh } -9"000
} -30" 000 - ^-9"000&
fmd<S f.ùï } - 21 000
 Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavqfõ uq¿ whNdrfhka
^m%odk ,eîï we;=¿ j& Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï wvq l< miq rcfha uq¿
úhou;a w;r fjki hs ^tkï" Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï we;=<;a fkdfldg
.Kkh lrkq ,nk wh jeh ys`.h hs&'
ksoiqka ( uq¿ whNdrh re' ñ' 5 000
^§ukd ,eîï o we;=¿ j &
rcfha uq¿ úhoï re' ñ' 6 100
iuia; whjeh fYaIh ^re'ñ' 5 000 - 6 100& re' ñ' - 1 100
Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï } re' ñ' 500
Y=oaO jQ uQ,H ys`.h } -1 100 - ^-500&
79
} re'ñ' 600
 fï wkqj rcfha Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h iy iuia; whjeh fYaIh w;r fjki
jkafka Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï h'
^wdKavqfõ úhoï ms<sn| wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKhg wkqj rdcH Kh jdßl
wdmiq f.ùï wdKavqfõ m%d.aOk úhou we;=<;a fkdflf¾' thg fya;=j
tu úhou wod< j¾Ifha lrk ,o úhoula fya;= fldg f.k yg.;a
f.ùula fkdùu h' tfy;a wdKavqfõ úhou .sKqïlrK m%fõYh Tiafia
igyka lsÍfï § foaYSh yd úfoaYSh Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùfï m%d.aOk
úhoï hgf;a we;=<;a flf¾' fï ksid Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h .Kkh lsÍu
i|yd iuia; wh jeh fYaIfhka Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï wvq lrkq
,efí&'
 rdcH wh jeh m%;sm;a;s iajrEm folls'
1' m%idrKd;aul whjeh m%;sm;a;s
2' ixfldapkd;aul wh jeh m%;sm;a;s
 whjeh ys`.h mshùug ,nd .kakd rdcH Kh u.ska rfÜ uqo,a iemhqu jeä
ù ñ, uÜgï by< hdu ;=<ska WoaOukd;aul ;;a;ajhla we;s fõ kï th
m%idrKd;aul wh jeh m%;sm;a;shla f,i ie,fla'
ksoiqk (
 rch uy nexl=fjka Kh ,nd .ekSu
 rch jdKsc nexl=j,ska Kh ,nd .ekSu
 rchlauy nexl=fjka yd jdKsc nexl=j,ska Kh ,nd f.k wh jeh ys`.h

mshùfï § rfÜ uqo,a iemhqu m%idrKh fõ'
 fï ksid iuia; wdodhug jvd iuia; úhou by< f.dia WoaOukd;aul
;;a;ajhla yg .kS'
 wh jeh f,aLkfha ys`.h mshjd .ekSu i|yd ,nd .kakd rdcH Kh u.ska
uqo,a iemhqfuys jeä ùula isÿ fkdfõ kï th ixfldapkd;aul wh jeh
m%;sm;a;shla f,i ie,fla'
 cd;sl b;sß lsÍfï nexl=fjka Kh ,nd .ekSu
 fiajl w¾: idOl wruqof,ka Kh ,nd .ekSu
 uyck;djf.ka Kh ,nd .ekSu
 fujeks Kh ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska rfÜ uqo,a iemhqfuys jeä ùula isÿ
fkdfõ' tys § tu wdh;k fyda mqoa.,hska fyda i;= j mj;sk uqo,a
m%udKhla rdcH Kh jYfhka ,nd §u isÿ fõ'
 fï ksid WoaOukldÍ ;;a;ajhla yg fkd.kS'
80
ksmqK;dj 8'7 ( rch wh jeh ys`.h mshùu yd rdcH Kfhys ixhq;sh úuihs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 wh jeh ys`.h mshùu i|yd fhdod .kakd uQ,dY% fjka lr bÈßm;a lrhs'
 wh jeh ys`.h mshùfï foaYSh yd úfoaYSh uQ,dY%j, m%;súmdl úia;r
lrhs'
 rdcH Kfhys ixhq;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ Khj, Wmk;s uy nexl= uQ,dY% o;a; u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs'
 foaYSh Kh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSfï § we;s jk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'
 rdcH Kh by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úuid n,hs'

 bÈß j¾Ihla ;=< wdKavqfõ wfmalaIs; wdodhug jvd tu j¾Ih ;=<
úhoï lsßug wfmalaIs; uq¿ úhou blaujd hk wjia:d mj;S' wdKavqfõ
wdodhug jvd wdKavqfõ úhou blaujd hk úg we;s jk wh jeh ys`.h
uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod .kakd m%Odk uQ,dY%h jkafka rdcH Kh .ekSu
fõ'
 uE; j¾Ij, Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqj wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod
.kakd uQ,dY% my; ±lafjk .e,Sï igykska bÈßm;a lr we;'
rdcH Kh ,nd .kakd uQ,dY%
 
foaYSh Kh úfoaYSh Kh
   
fjf<|fmd< fjf<|fmd< jHdmD;s Kh jHdmD;s
fkdjk fkdjk Kh
 
nexl= wxYh nexl= fkdjk wxYh
    
uy nexl= jdKsc cd;sl b;sß fiajl rlaIK wdh;k
nexl= lsÍfï w¾: idOl$
nexl=j úY%dñl wruqo,
81
 wh jeh ys`.h uq,Hhkh lsÍug Kh ,nd .kakd m%Odk uQ,dY% folls'
 foaYSh uQ,dY%h
 úfoaYSh uQ,dY%h
 foaYSh uQ,dY% kej; fldgia folls'

 fjf<|fmd< uQ,dY%
 fjf<|fmd< fkdjk uQ,dY%
 wdKavj
q uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ;=<k
s a NdKavd.dr ì,am;a" ms<K
s m;a" remsh,a
Kh iq/l=ïm;a wd§ uQ,H WmlrK Ndú; lrñka Kh ,nd .kafka
kï th fjf<|fmd< uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSula f,i y÷kajkq
,efí'
 foaYSh fjf<|fmd< uQ,dY% kej; fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels
h'
 nexl= l%ufhka ,nd .kakd Kh
 nexl= fkdjk uQ,dY% u.ska ,nd .kakd Kh
 uy nexl=j we;=¿ fjk;a jdKsc nexl= u.ska ,nd .kakd Kh nexl=
l%ufhka ,nd .kakd Kh f,i y÷kajhs' nexl= l%ufhka ,nd .kakd Kh
WoaOukldÍ uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu f,i o th y÷kajhs' uy nexl=j
we;=¿ jdKsc nexl= u.ska whjeh ys`.h mshùug Kh ,nd .kakd úg
wd¾Ólfha uQ,H m%idrKhla isÿ fõ'
 cd;sl b;sß lsÍfï nexl=j" ixj¾Ok nexl=" rlaIK iud.ï" fiajl
w¾:idOl wruqo, jeks jdKsc nexl= fkdjk Kh ueùfï yelshdjla
ke;s wdh;kj,ska Kh ,nd .ekSu nexl= fkdjk Kh ,nd .ekSï f,i
y÷kajhs'
 nexl= fkdjk uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid uqo,a ueùula isÿ fkdjk
neúka uqo,a iemhqug n,mEula we;s fkdfõ'
 fjf<|fmd< fkdjk uQ,dY% f,i y\qkajkafka wdKavqfõ wdh;k ;=<
we;s ;ekam;= yd w;sßla; wruqo,a ;djld,sl j wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh
lsÍug ,nd .ekSu hs' tjeks ;djld,sl j ,nd .kakd wruqo,a lsysmhls'
 mßmd,k Kh
 NdKavd.drfha ;ekam;= ûy nexl= w;a;sldrï&
 úúO ;ekam;=
82
 wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd úfoaYSh uQ,dY% u.ska iïm;a ,nd
.kakd uQ,dY% folls'
 úfoaYSh Kh
 úfoaYSh §ukd
 wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd úfoaYSh §ukdj,g jvd úfoaYSh Kh

jeä jeo.;alula mj;S'
 wh jeh ys `.h mshùu i|yd úfoaYSh rchls ka " wka ;¾cd;sl uQ ,H
wdh;kj,ska fyda cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmd<j,ska ,nd .kakd Kh úfoaYSh
Kh uQ,dY% f,i ye¢kafõ' fuf,i ,efnk Kh mj;sk Kh fldkafoaij s ,
iajrEmh wkqj iykodhs Kh yd iykodhs fkdjk Kh jYfhka fjka
flf¾'
 iykodhs Khj, § fldkafoais rys; j fyda b;d wvq fmd<shla hgf;a fyda
Kh f.ùfï úrdu ld,hla ,nd § fyda tu Kh ,nd fohs'
 iykodhs fkdjk Kh jdKsc Kh f,i y÷kajhs' by< fmd<S msßjehla yd
úúO fldkafoais hgf;a ,nd .kakd Kh iykodhs fkdjk Kh f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h'
 foaYSh Kh yd úfoaYSh Kh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg
n,mdk wdldrh rdcH Khj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl f,i y÷kajhs' wh jeh
ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod .kakd Kh uQ,dY%j, iajNdjh u; tu
m%;súmdl ;SrKh fõ'
 wh jeh ys`.h wLKav j bÈßhg hdu yd rdcH Kh by< hdu ksid
wd¾Ólfha whym;a m%;súmdl folla we;s lrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hdu
 fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdfhdackh i|yd foaYSh uQ,H iïm;aj, ys`.hla
we;s ùu
 wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd wdKavqj uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<ka Kh
,nd .ekSu;a fm!oa.,sl wxYh jdKsc nexl=j,ska Kh b,a,Su;a fya;f
= jka
we;s jk ;r.ldÍ nj ksid Kh fmd<S wkqmd;sh by< hhs' uy nexl=j
we;=¿ jdKsc nexl= uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu wd¾Ólfha whym;a
m%;súmdl ,nd fohs'
 iSñ; uQ,H iïm;a m%udKhla i|yd rdcH wxYh iy fm!oa.,sl wxYh
w;r ;r.ldÍ nj we;s ùfuka fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdfhdackh ÿ¾j, fõ'
 tjeks whym;a m%;súmdl we;s jkafka jdKsc nexl= yd uy nexl=j
WoaOukldÍ uQ,dY% ùu ksid h'
83
 fjf<|fmd< fkdjk uQ,dY% u.ska wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug Kh
,nd .ekSfuka tjeks whym;a m%;súmdl we;s fkdfõ'
ksoiqka ( rcfha wdh;k i;= j we;s w;sßla; uqo,a ixÑ;hka j¾I wjidkfha
wh jeh ys`.h mshùug fhdod .ekSu mßmd,k Kh fõ' fuu.ska
uQ,H m%idrKhla we;s fkdjk w;r WoaOukldÍ n,mEï we;s
fkdfõ'
 úfoaYSh Kh yd m%odk ksid o wd¾Ólfha uQ,H m%idrKhla we;s úh yels
h' úfoaYSh uQ,dY% wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod .ekSu ksid
úfoaYh
S j;alï m%udKh by< hdfuka uqo,a iemhqu flfrys m%idrKd;aul
n,mEï we;s lrk w;r úfoaYSh Kh iy §ukd foaYh S uqo,aj,g mßj¾;kh
lsßfuka o wd¾Ólfha m%idrKd;aul n,mEï we;s úh yels h'
 uE; ld,Sk j rdcH Khys ixhq ;sh my; ±lafjk ixLHd igyk
úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'
YS¾Ih j¾Ih
2014 2015
Kh WmlrK wkqj
NdKavd.dr ne+÷ïlr 2 8444 054 3 305 248
NdKavd.dr ì,am;a 694 767 658 240
remsh,a Kh 55 518 24 088
uy nexl= w;a;sldrï 143 898 151 132
Y%S ,xld ixj¾Ok ne÷ïlr 391 083 68 458
wfkl=;a 148 463 1 520 331
uq¿ Kh 4 277 783 4 959 196
wdh;k wkqj
nexl= wxYh 1 669 882 1 924 036
uy nexl=j 267 777 156 050
jdKsc nexl= 1 402 205 1 667 986
nexl= fkdjk wxYh 2 607 901 3 035 160
w¾: idOl yd úY%dñl wruqo, 1 474 560 1 655 336
b;sß lsÍï wdh;k 379 877 428 236
mßmd,k Kh 221 584 252 615
fm!oa.,sl jHdmdßl wxYh 500 773 656 367
wfkl=;a 570 570
uq¿ Kh 4 277 783 4 959 196
uQ,dY%h ( uy nexl= jd¾;dj - 2016 &
84
 by; ixLHd igyfka f;dr;=re wkqj rdcH Kh ixhq;sh úYaf,aIKh
lsÍfï § rdcH Kh WmlrK ms<snò i,ld ne,Sffï § NdKavd.dr
ne÷ïlr u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu jeä jYfhka isÿ lr we;'
 wdh;k wkqj ,nd .ekSu i,lk úg nexl= wxYhg jvd nexl= fkdjk
wxYfhka Kh ,nd .ekSu by< odhl;ajhla f.k we;'
 nexl= fkdjk wxYh ;=< w¾:idOl iy úY%dñl wruqof,ka Kh ,nd
.ekSu by< u w.hla f.k we;' 2016 j¾Ih jk úg § tu wxYfhka Kh
,nd .ekSu j¾Okh ù we;'
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;hla f,i foaYSh Kh 2015 j¾Ifha § 44'3]
la jk w;r úfoaYSh Kh 31'7] la muK ù we;' 2015 j¾Ifha § úfoaYSh
Kh m%udKh 2000 j¾Ihg jvd wvq ùula fmkakqï lrhs' ûy nexl=fõ
ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
 iykodhs úfoaYSh Kh by< w.hla fmkakqï lrk w;r jdKsc Kh o
by< j¾Okhla fmkakï q lrhs' my; ±lafjk ixLHd igykska th meyeÈs,s
fõ'
YS¾Ih 2015
Kh j¾.h wkqj 1 729 895
iykodhs fkdjk Kh 507 047
jdKsc Kh 1 307 089
uq¿ úfoaYSh Kh 3 544 031
ûy nexl=fõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

 Y%S ,xldj ,nd f.k we;s uq¿ Kh 2016 j¾Ih jk úg by< j¾Okhla
fmkakqï l< w;r th o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;hla f,i 2000
j¾Ihg jvd wvq ù we;' my; ±lafjk ixLHd j.=fjka th meyeÈ,s fõ'
iuia ; whjeh o< ûq ¿ rdcH Kh o<
j¾Ih uq¿ rdcH Kh
foa Y S h ks I a m dÈ;fha foa Y S h ks I a m dÈ;fha
^re' ñ,shk& m%;Ys ;hla f,i& m%;Ys ;hla f,i&
2000 1 218 700 - 9'5 96'9
2005 222 241 - 7'0 90'6
2008 3 588 962 - 7'0 81'4
2009 461 422 - 9'9 86'2
2010 4 590 245 - 7'0 71'6
2013 4 590 245 - 5'4 70'8
2014 7 390 899 - 5'7 70'7
2015 8 503 227 - 7'4 76'0
uQ,dY%h ( uy nexl= jd¾;dj
ûy nexl=fõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag ,nd fokak'&
85
Y%S ,xldfõ iuia; whjeh ys`.h iy uq¿ rdcH Kh iïnkaO;djla
fmkakqï lrhs' iuia; wh jeh ys`.h by< uÜgul mj;sk úg uq¿ rdcH
Kh m%udKh by< hk w;r wh jeh ys`.h my< hk úg uq¿ rdcH Kh
m%udKh my< hdula fmkakqï lrhs'
 uq¿ rdcH Kh by< w.hla fmkakqï l< o th o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha
m%;sY;hla f,i wvq ùula fmkakqï lsÍug fya;=j wd¾Ólfha o< foaYSh
ksIamdÈ;h 2000 j¾Ihg jvd 2016 j¾Ih jk úg by< j¾Okhla fmkakqï
lsÍu hs'
 th 2012 j¾Ifha § 96'8la jk w;r 2015 j¾Ifha § 90'6 olajd wvq ùula
fmkakqï lrhs'
 foaYSh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid we;s jk .eg¨ lsysmhls'
 foaYSh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu by< uÜgul mej;Su;a foaYSh Kh
m%udKh by< hdu;a ksid f.ùug isÿ jk fmd<sh by< w.hla f.k we;'
foaYSh Kh fmd<S f.ùu mqkrdj¾;k úhofï m%;sY;hla f,i my;
oelafõ'
j¾Ih 2010 2012 2013 204 2015
foaYSh Kh fmd,S f.ùï - 28'1] 29'4] 24'8] 23'2]
ûy nexl=fõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
foaYSh Kh i|yd fmd<S f.ùï mqkrdj¾;k úhoï by< hdug fya;= ù we;'
th j¾;k .sKqfï ys`.hla we;s ù rdcH b;=reï my< hdug fya;= fõ'
 foaYSh Kh uQ,dY% w;ßka nexl= wxYfhka Kh ,nd .ekSu u.ska uqo,a
iemhqï m%idrKd;aul n,mEï we;s lrhs' ta ksid NdKavj, yd fiajdj,
ñ, .Kka by< hdu ksid wd¾Ólfha WoaOukldÍ ;;a;ajhla we;s fõ'
 foaYSh Kh by< hdu;a nexl= uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu;a ksid
fm!oa.,sl wxYh jdKsc nexl= fj;ska Kh b,a¨ï lsÍfuka wd¾Ólfha
fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hdu flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'
rdcH Kh ,nd .ekSfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'
 úYd, jYfhka Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid fmd<S f.ùï by< hdu fya;=fjka
rdcH b;=reï my< hdu iy wdfhdackh my< hdu
 rdcH Kh by< hdu ksid Kh jdßl iy fmd<sh by< hdu fya;=fjka
rdcH úhoï by< hdu
 rdcH uQ,H l<ukdlrKh jvd;a ÿIalr ùu
86
 fm!oa.,sl wxYh fj;ska iïm;a .,d fkdhdu iy Kh fmd<S
wkqmd;slh by< hdu fya;=fjka wd¾Ólfha f;rmSula we;s ùu ^f;rmqï
m%;smdlh&
 úfoaY Kh u.ska rdcH Kh mshùu fya;=fjka cd;Hka;r Kh
w¾nQohlg uqyqK §ug isÿ ùu
 m%idrKd;aul Kh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid wd¾Ólfha
NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, .Kka by< hdu
 úfoaY Kh jdßl yd fmd<sh by< hdfuka f.jqï fYaI ÿIalr;d we;s
ùu
 j¾;udk mrïmrdj úiska wkd.; mrïmrdj fj; Kh nr megùu
87
ksmqK;dj 8'8 ( iemhqï md¾Yajfha m%;sm;a;s yd l%shdud¾. Y%S ,xldj weiqfrka
úuiSug ,la lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s w¾: olajhs'
 iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;s;a;sj, WmlrK kï lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s fhdod .kakd wdldrh
ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrhs'
 iemhqï md¾Yajfha m%;sm;a;sj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úuihs'

 iemhqï md¾Yajfha m%;sm;a;s hkq iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd;aul rdcH uQ,H
m%;sm;a;s jk w;r tajd u.ska wfmalaId lrkqfha fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha
ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu ;=<ska wd¾Ól jDoaêh fõ.j;a lsÍu hs'
 iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrk úg wdfhdackh jeä ùu iy
ksIamdok msßjeh wvq ù ksIamdok idOlj, M,odhs;dj o jeä ùug fya;=
fõ' m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka wfmalaIs; uÜgï lrd f.k taug
iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;sh u.ska lghq;= lrkq ,efí'
 iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj, WmlrK lssysmhls'
 nÿ m%;sixialrK
 fm!oa.,SlrKh
 kshdukyrKh
 Y%u fjf<|fmd< m%;sixialrK
 m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< m%;sixialrK
 ksIamdokh by< kexùug wkqn,hla ,efnk fia nÿ l%ufhys fjkialï
we;s lsÍu nÿ m%;sixialrK f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajhg nÿ wh lsÍu u.ska hï hï n,mEï we;s
lrkq ,nhs'
88
 nÿ fya;=fjka ksIamdokfhaa mßfNdackfhaa wdfhdackfhka b;sßlsßïj,;a
m%Yia; uÜgug <`.d úh fkdyels fõ'
 Y%u fjf<|fmd< we;s oDV;djka bj;a jk wdldrfhka Y%u b,aü yd Y%u
iemhq u iïnka O fhka fjkia l ï we;s ls Í u Y% u fjf<|fmd<
m%;sixialrKh f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (
 mSvdldrS lïlre kS;s bj;a lsÍu
 ;r.ldÍ Y%u fjf<|fmd<la ìys ùu
 ta ta jD;a;Ska i|yd mqyqKq ùï ms<sn| j ±kqïj;a lsÍu
 wvq iqÿiqlï we;s jD;a;Suh fiajlhska n|jd fkd.ekSu wdÈh hï lsis
iSudjlg hg;a j wys;lr m%;súmdl wju jk wdldrhg fhdod .; hq;=
fõ'
 Y%u fjf<|fmd< iïnkaOfhka lïlre yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s iïnkaaO;d
wud;HdxYh úiska jev igyka .Kkdjla lsh % d;aul lrk ,§' fiajlhkaf.a
wju cd;sl fõ;k mk; hgf;a 2016 isg wju jegqm re' 10 000 la f,i
kS;s.; lsÍu" úfoaY /lshd i|yd hk whf.a Ys,amSh ksmqK;d j¾Okh
lsÍfï jev igyka ieliSu" ueo fmrÈ. yer fjk;a l,dm b,lal lr
.ekSu ;=<ska Y%u fjf<|fmd<la we;s lr .ekSu" Y%ñlhka mqyqKq lsÍu wd§
jev igyka l%shd;aul fõ'
 rcfha ysñldß;ajh hgf;a mej;s jHdmdr fm!oa.,sl wxYhg úlsKSu" nÿ
§u" l<ukdlrKh muKla mejßu fm!oa.,SlrKh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 ta ;+<ska my; i|yka ys;lr ;;a;ajhka <`.d lr .; yels h'
 jvd;a M,odhs f,i ksIamdok iïm;a ksIamdok lghq;=j,g fhoùfuka
ksIamdokh id¾:l ùu
 rdcH taldêldrh wfydais ù ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<la ìys ùu
 ksIamdÈ;j, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh by< hdu
 m%d.aOk ys`.hg ms<shula ùu
 jHdmdrj,g flfrk foaYmd,k n,mEï bj;a ùu
 Y%S ,xldfõ miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< rdcH ysñldß;ajh hgf;a mej;s rdcH
ixia:d rdcH iud.ï fm!oa.,SlrKh ;=<ska by; lreK wfmalaId flrsKs'
tu.ska id¾:l;ajhla ,enQ wdh;k fuka u wld¾hlaIu jQ wdh;k o
olakg úh'
 wd¾Ólhg ;r.ldÍ;ajh wvq ùug n,mdk kS;sfhka mkjk ,o yd iudÔh
f,i we;s ù ;sfnk fr.=,dis yd ndOd bj;a lsÍu kshdukyrKh hs'
89
ksoiqka (
 jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍu iïnkaO j mj;sk ±ä kS;sÍ;s ,sys,a lsÍu
 ksoyia fjf<|dug ndOd jk wdldrfha rcfha ±ä wëlaIKh wvq lsÍu
   ksIamdok by< kxjd .ekSu i|yd ndOdjla j mj;sk m%d.aOk ys`.h
úi|d.; yels wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍu m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< m%;i
s xialrKh
f,i ie,lsh yels h'
ksoiqka (
 m%d.aOkfha M,odhs;dj kexùu
 Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack Èßu;a lsÍu
 iykodhs fldkafoais u; úfoaY Kh ,nd .ekSu
 b;sß lsÍï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
 miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< rdcH iq/l=ïm;a fjf<|fmdf<ys m%d:ñl

fjf<÷kaf.a jHdmdr YS>%fhka m%idrKh jQj o fufyhqï lghq;=j, iq¿
ld¾h idOkhla fmkakqï lrk ,os'
 by; m%;sixialrK ;=<ska wdfhdack jeä ù ksIamdokh by< hdu ys;lr
;;a;ajhla fõ' tfia u wys;lr ;;a;ajhka o Wod úh yels h'
ksoiqka (
 úfoaY wdfhdack jeä lsßu ;=<ska ,dN yd ,dNdxY úfoaY rgj,g we§
hdu
 úfoaY Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid Kh jdßl yd fmd<sh f,i úYd, uqo,a
jeh ùu'
 rdcH j¾;k úhoï wvq ùu iudc Y=NNidOkhg wys;lr ùu
iemhqu m%j¾Ok m%;sixialrK f,i by; m%;sixialrKhka fhdod
.ekSfï § wys;lr m%;sM, wju jk wkaoug fhdod .; hq;= fõ'
90
ksmqK;dj 09 ( úfoaY fjf<|dfï kHdhd;aul moku ú.%y lrñka úfoaY fjf<|du
Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu .fõIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;dj 9'1 ( wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ idOl úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 10
bf.kqï m, (
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du w¾: olajhs'
 wka;a¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh w¾: olajhs'
 ta ta rgg ksrfmalaI jdis ,efnk wdlrh ixLHd ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 ksrfmalaI jdis yg .ekSug fya;= olajhs'
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ idfmalaI jdis kHdhh w¾: olajhs'
 idfmalaI jdis kHdhh mokï jk Wml,amk olajhs'
 ixLHd ksoiqka fhdod .ksñka idfmalaI jdis ,efnk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;slh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu i|yd wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhs
ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h .Kkh lrhs'
 idfmalaI jdis yg .kakd uQ,dY% ^fya;=& i|yka lrhs'
 ;r.ldrs;ajfha jdish wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï § we;s jk iaÓ;sl jdis yd .;sl jdis meyeÈ,s
lrhs'

 cmdkh Y%S ,xldfjka we.¨ï ñ, § .ekSug iy Y%S ,xldj cmdkfhka
fudag¾ r: ñ, § .ekSug fya;= isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 cmdkh fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xldjg jvd jeä
ld¾hlaIu;djla olajk w;r we.¨ï ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka wvq
ld¾hlaIu;djla Wiq,hs'
 Y%S ,xldj we.¨ï ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka jeä ld¾hlaIu;djla
Wiq,k w;r fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka wvq ld¾hlaIu;djla
Wiq,hs'
91
 fï ksid Y%S ,xldj jeä jYfhka we.¨ï ksIamdokh lr cmdkhg
wf,ú lr cmdkfhka fudag¾ r: ñ, § .kS'
 cmdkh jeä jYfhka fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh lr Y%S ,xldjg wf,ú lr
Y%S ,xldfjka we.¨ï ñ, § .kS'
 fï wdldrhg rg rgj,a w;r wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du isÿ fõ'

 f,dalfha lsishï rgla ;j;a rgla fyda rgj,a lsysmhla fyda iu`. fyda
NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lr .ekSu úfoaY fjf<|du fyj;a wka;¾cd;sl
fjf<|du f,i ye¢kafõ'
 wmkhk fjf<|du yd wdkhk fjf<|du f,i wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du
m%Odk fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels h'
 rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug iïnkaO jkafka ta u.ska fjf<|du
iïnkaO jk rgj,g jdis w;a jk fyhsks' my; ±lafjkafka tjeks jdis
lsym
s hls'
 w;sßla; ksIamdokh wf,ú lsßu i|yd úfoaY fjf<|fmd<j,a fidhd
.; yels ùu
 foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh l< fkdyels NdKav úfoaY rgj,ska ñ,g
.; yels ùu
 iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhs j ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhduq
lsÍug yels ùu
 .=K;ajfhka hq;a NdKav wvq ñ,g mßfNdackh l< yels ùu
 ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh úfoaY rgj,ska ,nd .; yels ùu
 úfoaY wdfhdack" úfoaY Kh yd úfoaY wdOdr .,d tau fõ.j;a ùu
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<| lghq;= ÈhqKq ùu fya;= fldg f.k m%jdyK"
nexl=" rlaIK jeks fiajdjka ÈhqKq ùu ksid fiajd kshqla;s bv m%ia;d
by< hdu
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .; yels ùu
 wka;¾cd;sl wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;dj j¾Okh lr .; yels ùu
 fjf<|dfï moku yd tlS mokug fya;= jk fjf<|dfuka ìys jk jdis"
tu jdis ks¾udKh jk wkaou" rgj,a w;r fn§ hk wdldrh yd fjf<|dfï
ÈYdj wdÈh ;SrKh lrk idOl meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd fjf<| kHdh
.Kkdjla ìys j we;'
92
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jk m%Odk kHdhka folls'
1' ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh
2' idfmalaI jdis kHdhh
 fjf<|dfï moku yd fjf<|dfuka jdis ìys jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu

i|yd wevï iañ;a ^1776& keue;s wd¾Ól úµd{hd úiska ksrfmalaI jdis
kHdhh bÈßm;a lr we;'
 lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla fjk;a rglg jvd wvq msßjehlska ^jeä
ld¾hlaIu;djlska& ksIamdokh l< yels kï tlS rgg NdKavh ksIamdokh
lsÍu i|yd ksrfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj;a" tlS rgg lsishï NdKavhla wvq
msßjehlska ksIm
a dokh l< fkdyels kï ^jeä msßjeh $ wvq wld¾hlaIu;dj&
ta rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd ksrfmalaI wjdis mj;sk nj;a
ksrfmalaI jdiss kHdhfhka fmkajd foa'
 rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï fhfok úg ksrfmalaI jdis we;s NdKav
ksIm
a dokh úfYaIl
S rKh fldg tys w;sßla;h ksrfmalI
a wjdis we;s NdKavh
iu`. yqjudre lr .ekSfuka yqjudrejg iïnkaO rgj,g wfkHdakH
jYfhka jdis ,nd .; yels nj ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd foa'
 ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels m%fõY folls'
tkï"
1' fhojqï m%fõYh
2' ksujqï m%fõYh
 fhojqï m%fõYh hkafkka woyia jkafka lsishï rgla ;j;a rglg jvd
wvq iïm;a tall m%udKhlska ksmoúh yels NdKavh wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a"
jeä iïm;a tall m%udKhlska ksmoúh yels NdKavh wdkhkh lsÍfukq;a
forgg u jdis w;a jk nj hs'
ksoiqka ( ksuejqï tallhla i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh
NdKavh Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj
iy,a ^5& 8
frÈ 4 ^2&
 by; ksoiqfka iy,a lsf,da tlla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh
bkaÈhdjg jvd Y%S ,xldfõ wvq h' bkaÈhdjg iy,a lsf,da 1la ksmoùu Y%u
tall 8la wjYH jqj;a Y%S ,xldjg ta i|yd wjYH jkafka Y%u tall 5ls'
fï ksid Y%S ,xldjg iy,a ksmoùu iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis mj;S'
93
 by; ksoiqfka frÈ ógrhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh Y%S
,xldjg jvd bkaÈhdfõ wvq h' Y%S ,xldfõ frÈ ógrhla ksmoùug Y%u
tall 4la wjYH jQj o bkaÈhdjg ta i|yd wjYH jkafka Y%u tall 2ls'
fï ksid bkaÈhdjg frÈ ksmoùu iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis mj;S'
 Y%S ,xldj iy bkaÈhdj hk rgj,a fol fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk úg" Y%S
,xldj iy,a ksIamdokh úfYAISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h bkaÈhdjg
wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" bkaÈhdj frÈ ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys
w;sßla;h YS% ,xldjg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg u jdis ,nd .; yels
h'
 ksuejqï m%fõYh hkqfjka woyia jkafka lsishï rglg ;j;a rglg
idfmalaI j" fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .; yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh
jeä kï tu NdKavh wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .;
yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh wvq kï tu NdKavh wdkhkh lsÍfukq;a
forgg u jdis w;ajk nj hs'
 by; fhojqï m%udKh yd iïnkaO ksoiqkg ie,ls,,a g .;a úg Y%S ,xldjg
iy bkaÈhdjg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksuejqï t all m%udKh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.= igyfkys ±lafõ'
Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksujqï tall m%udKh
Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj
1 1
iy,a ls'.a?ï  
5 8
1 1
frÈ ^óg¾&  
4 2
 Y%S ,xldjg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels iy,a tall m%udKh bkaÈhdjg
jvd jeä h'bkaÈhdfõ Y%u tallhla u.ska ksmojkq ,nkafka iy,a lsf,da
1 1
.a?ï la jQj;a Y%S ,xldj Y%u tallhlska iy,a lsf,da .a?ï la
8 5
ksmojhs' fï ksid iy,a iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis Y%S ,xldjg mj;S'
 frÈ iïnkaOfhka .;a úg bkaÈhdj Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels frÈ
tall m%udKh Y%S ,xldjg jvd jeä h' Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u tallhlska fros
1 1
óg¾ la ksmojk w;r bkaÈhdfõ Y%u tallhla iy,a fros óg¾ la
4 2
ksmojhs' fï ksid frÈ iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis bkaÈhdjg mj;S'
 ksuejqï m%fõYh yd iïnkaO f;dr;=rej,ska fy<sjkafka o Y%S ,xldj iy
94
bkaÈhdj forg w;r fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk úg Y%%S ,xldj bkaÈhdjg
iy,a wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" bkaÈhdj Y%S ,xldjg frÈ wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a
forgg u jdis w;a lr .; yels nj hs'
 ksrfmalaI jdis yg .ekSu flfryss n,mdk fya;= ûQ,dY%& lsysmhls'
 foaY.=Kfha iqúfYaI;ajh
 iïm;a Wreuh
 idOl iq,n;dj
 lS¾;s kduh
 ft;sydisl fya;=
 lsishï rglg lssis ÿ NdKavhla iïnkaOhka ksrfmalaI jdis ysñ fkdjk
úg" tkï tla rglg NdKav foj¾.h u ksIamdokh lsÍfï ksrfmalaI
jdis ysñ jk úg" wfkHdakH jYfhka jdis iy.; fjf<|dulg mokula
ìys fkdfõ' fuh ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfha m%Odk .eg¨jls'
ksoiqka ( A yd B hk forgg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels mß.Kl
iy .=jkaúÿ,s hka;% m%udKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.= igyfkys
±lafõ'
Y%u tallhlska ìys jk ksujqï tall m%udKh
NdKavh A rg B rg
.=jka úÿ,s hka;% ^12& 2
mß.Kl hka;% ^6& 4
 j.= igyfkys ±lafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl yd .=jka úÿ,s hka;% hk

NdKav fol u iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis A rgg mj;S'
 B rgg lsis ÿ NdKavhla iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis fkdmj;S' fï
ksid ksrfmalaI jdis kHdh wkqj A rg yd B rg w;r fjf<|dula isÿ
fkdfõ'
 ksrfmalI
a jdis kHdhfha mj;sk fuu ÿ¾j,;dj bj;a lsÍu i|yd idfmalI
a
jdis kHdh bÈßm;a ù ;sfí'
 idfmalaI jdis kHdhh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa fâúâ ßldfvda ^1817& keue;s
wd¾Ól úoHd{hd úiska h'
 idfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd fok mßÈ rglg lsis ÿ NdKavhla
iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis fkd,enqKd jqj o úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO
ù jdis ,nd .; yels h'
 lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla fjk;a rglg idfmalaI j wvq wdjia:sl
mss ßjehlska ksIamdoh l< yels kï tlS rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu
95
i|yd idfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj;a lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla
ksmoùfï § fjk;a rglg idfmalaI j jeä wdjiaÓl msßjehla ±Íug isÿ
fõ kï tu rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd idfmalaI wjdis
mj;sk nj;a idfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka m%ldY flf¾'
 rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï fhfok úg idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKav
ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a
fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk rgj,g jeä jdis w;a lr .; yels nj idfmalaI
jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd fohs'
 idfmalaI jdis kHdhh mokï lr .kq ,nk Wml,amk lsysmhls' tkï"
1' mQ¾K idOl ixp,;dj
tla l¾udka ; hla i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk ks I a m dok iïm;a
ld¾hlaIu;djfha lsisÿ fjkialulska f;dr j fjk;a l¾udka;hla
i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu mQ¾K idOl ixp,;dj hkafkka woyia fõ'
2' ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M,
lsishï l¾udka;hl Ndú; lrk fhojqï m%udKh fjkia lrkq ,enQ
úg thg iudkqmd;sl j ksujqï m%udKh o fjkia fõ'
ksoiqka ( fhojqï fo.=K l< úg ksuejqu o fo.=K fõ'
3' ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh fyda wdY%fhka ndysr;d yg fkd.kS'
4' m%jdyK msßjeh ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu
 idfmalaI jdis kHdhh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd o Ndú; l< yels m%fõY folls
tkï"
 ksuejqï m%fõYh
 fhojqï m%fõYh
 ksuejqï m%fõYfha § lsishï fhojqï tllhlska ksmoúh yels ksuejqï
tall m%udKh u; mokï fjñka NdKav j¾. folla yd iïnkaO rgj,a
foflys wdjiaÓl msßjeh .Kkh fldg tu wdjiaÓl msßjeh ie,ls,a,g
.ksñka forgg u fjf<|dug iïnkaO úh yels wdldrh fmkajd foa'
ksoiqka ( iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh hk forfÜ wod< j Trf,daiq yd
rEmjdyskS hka;% ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka Y%u tallhl ksuejqï ms<sn|
f;dr;=re my; j.=fõ ±la fõ'
96
NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh
Trf,daiq 4 20
rEmjdyskS 6 10
 by; j.=fõ ±lajk f;dr;=rej,g wkqj NdKav j¾. fol iïnkaOfhka

forfÜ wdjiaÓl msßjeh ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; mßÈ fõ'
Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

6
iaúÜi¾,ka;   1.5 ^rEmjdyskS tall&
4
10
c¾uksh    0.5 ^rEmjdyskS tall&
20
rEmjdyskS tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

4
iaúÜi¾,ka;    0.67 ^Trf,daiq tall&
6
20
c¾uksh  2 ^Trf,daiq tall&
10
 by; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj Trf,daiq ksmoùfï idfmalaI jdis c¾ukshg

ysñ fõ' Bg fya;=j iaúÜi¾,ka;fha Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl
msßjehg jvd wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla c¾uksfhys mej;Su hs'
 c¾uksfha Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfu wdjiaÓl msßjeh rEmjdyskS tall
0'5ls' tfy;a iaúÜi¾,ka;fha tu w.h 1'5ls'
 rEmjdyskS ksmoùu iïnkaO j idfmalaI jdis ysñ jkafka iaúÜi¾,ka;hg
hs'
 rEmjdyskS tallhla ksmoùfï § iaúÜi¾,ka;fha wdjiaÓl msßjeh Trf,daiq
tall 0'67ls' ta wkqj rEmjdyskS iïnkaOfhka wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla
iaúÜi¾,ka;hg mj;S'
97
 forfÜ NdKav j¾. fol ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka .Kkh lrk ,o wdjiaÓl
msßjeh f;dr;=re wkqj iaúÜi¾,ka;h wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys;
rEmjdyskS hka;% ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h c¾ukshg
wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" c¾ukshg wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys; Trf,daiq
ksIamdokh úfYAISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h iaúÜi¾,ka;hg wmkhkh
lsÍfukq;a forgg u úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO ù jdis ,nd .; yels h'
 tla tla rg idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKavh ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg
w;sßla;h ksIamdok rgj,a w;r yqjudre lr .kq ,nkafka lsishï
wkqmd;hla hgf;a h'
 hï wkqmd;hla hgf;a yqjudrej isÿ lr .kq ,nkafka ta yqjudrefjka
forgg u jdis w;a jkafka kï muKs'
 forgg u wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl yqjudre wkqmd;h .Kkh lsÍfï
§ Bg wod< jk yqjudre wkqmd; iajrEm folla mj;S'
1' wNHka;ßl yqjudre wkqmd;h
2' ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h
 úfoaY fjf<|dug fmr ta ta rgj,a w;r NdKav yqjudre jQ wkqmd;h
wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h hs'
 idfmalaI jdis fmkaùu i|yd ie,ls,a,g .;a iaúÜi¾,ka;h yd c¾uksh
iïnkaO ksoiqkg wod< wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h my; mßÈ .Kkh
l< yels h'
Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksujqï tall m%udKh

Trf,daiq 4 20
rEmjdyskS 6 10
 iaúÜi¾,ka;fha wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h

Trf,daiq 4 ( rEmjdyskS 6
Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdysks 1'5
rEmjdysks 6 ( Trf,daiq 4
rEmjdysks 1 ( Trf,daiq 0'67
98
 c¾uksfha wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h
Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdyskS 0'5
 forfÜ NdKav j¾. foflys wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhka ie,ls,a,g

f.k c¾ukshg Trf,daiq iïnkaOj;a" iaúÜi¾,ka;hg rEmjdyskS iïnkaO
j;a idfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj fmr § i|yka flßKs'
 idfmalaI jdish we;s NdKavh yqjudre lr .ksñka forg fjf<|dug
iïnkaO úh hq;fa ;a by;ska .Kkh lrk ,o wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;hg
jvd jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla we;s jk mßÈ ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;hla ;SrKh
lr .ekSfuks'
 ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h hkq fjf<|dug iïnkaO ùu ksid forg w;r
NdKav yqjudre jk wkqmd;hhs'
 by; ksoiqk yd iïnkaO forgg u wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl jk
ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h my; mßÈ fõ'
c¾ukshg Trf,daiq 1lg rEmjdyskS 0'5g jeä iy 1'5g wvq

iaúÜi¾,ka;hg rEmjdyskS 1 ( Trf,daiq 0'67g jeä iy 2g wvq
 fuu mrdihkag wh;a ndysr yqjudre wkqmd; fndfyda m%udKhla ;sìh

yels h' ta ´kE u wkqmd;hla hgf;a yqjudrej isÿ lr .ekSfuka fjf<|dug
iïnkaO ù forgg u jdis w;a lr .; yels h' tkï by< mßfNdack
uÜgula lrd <`.d úh yels h'
 iaúÜi¾,ka;h yd c¾uksh forg by; mrdihkg wh;a jk
hk ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h hgf;a fjf<|dug m%fõY jkafka hehs
is;uq' túg forg fjf<|dug msúiSug fmr isáhdg jvd by< mßfNdack
uÜgulaa lrd <`.d fõ'
99
ksoiqka ( úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO ùug fmr iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh
forfÜ ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% my; mßÈ fõ'
iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh
 
ksI 20 ksI
4 am am
Trf,daiq ^tall&
Trf,daiq ^tall&
dok dok
ye ye
ls h ls h
du du
dh dh
sï sï
jl jl
%h %h
 0

0 6 10
rEmjdyskS ^tall& rEmjdyskS ^tall&
 by; § .Kkh lrk ,o wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl ndysr yqjudre

wkqmd;hg wh;a jk
 Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdyskS wkqmd;h hgf;a idfmalaI jdis NdKavh yqjudre
lr .ekSu ksid forg kj mßfNdack jl%hla lrd <`.d jk wdldrh my;
rEm igykska ±lafõ'
 
6
4 
Trf,daiq ^tall&
Trf,daiq ^tall&
kj 20
mß  kj
fN mß
da c fN
k dack
jl jl
%h %h
  
0 6 0 10 20
 wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhs ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;hla hgf;a fjf<|dug

iïnkaO ù yqjudre jdis ^by< mßfNdack uÜgula <`.d lr .ekSu& <`.d
lr .kakd fia u fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu ksid úfYaISlrKfha jdis o ,nd
.; yels h'
 úfYaISlrKfha jdis hkq uq¿ iïm;a m%udKh by< hdulska f;dr j f,dal
ksIamdokh jeä lr .; yels ùu hs'
100
ksoiqka ( iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh hk forg u uq¿ iïm;a f,iska Y%u
tall 100 ne.ska mj;sk nj is;uq' Y%u tlal 100 u fhdod ksIm
a dokh
l< yels rEmjdysks yd Trf,daiq ms<n
s | f;dr;=re my; j.= igykska
±lafõ'
Y%u tall 100lska ìys jk ksuejqï tall m%udKh

Trf,daiq ^tall& 400 2000
rEmjdyskS ^tall& 600 1000
 
400 2000
Trf,daiq ^tall&
Trf,daiq ^tall&

 0 1000
0 600
 fuu rgj,a fol fjf<|dug m%fõY ùug fmr by; ksIamdok yelshd
udhsïj,
iaúÜi¾,ka;h Trf,daiq 200 ^tall&
rEmjdyskS 300 ^tall&
ixfhda. ±lafjk A ,laIHfhka o
c¾uksh Trf,daiq 1500
rEmjdyskS 250
ixfhda. ±lafjk B ,laIHfhka o
lghq;= lrkafka kï tu ;;a;ajhka my; f,i rEm igyka weiqfrka
fmkakqï l< yels h'
101
 iaúÜi¾,ka;h  c¾uksh
Trf,daiq ^tall&
Trf,daiq ^tall&
400 2000
1500 B
A
200
 0

0 300 600 250 1000
 fuu ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%j,ska fmkakqï flfrk mßÈ fjf<|dug

m%fõY ùug fmr Trf,daiq yd rEmjdyskS f,dal ksIamdok ;;a;aj my;
±lafõ'
NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh f,dal ksIamdokh
Trf,daiq 200 1500 1700

rEmjdyskS 300 250 550
 fjf<|dug m%fõY jQ iaúÜi¾,ka;h rEmjdyskS;a c¾uksh Trf,daiq;a

ùfYaIslrKh lsÍu ksid iaúÜi¾,ka;h Y%u iïm;a 100 u rEmjdyskS
ksmoùug;a" c¾uksh Y%u iïm;a 100 u Trf,daiq ksmoùug;a fhdojhs'
^mQ¾K úfYaIl
S rKh& isÿ lrhs' fï ksid fjf<|dfuka miq f,dal ksIm
a dokh
my; mßÈ fõ'
NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh f,dal ksIamdokh
Trf,daiq 0 2000 2000

rEmjdyskS 600 0 600
 fjf<|dug fmr Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 1700la jqj o

fjf<|dfuka miq Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 2000la fõ' tkï
fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu ksid Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 300
lska by< f.dia we;'
 tfiau fjf<|dug fmr rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 550 la fõ'
fjf<|dfuka miq rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 600la fõ' tkï
rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh fjf<|dfuka miq tall 50lska by<
f.dia we;'
102
 fjf<|dug fmr;a miq;a iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksfha mej;sfha Y%u
iïm;a fjkia ù fkdue;'
 ta wkqj Y%u iïm;a m%udKh by< hEulska f;dr j úfoaaY fjf<|dug
m%fõY ù idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKavh úfYaISlrKh lsÍfuka f,dal
ksIamdÈ;h jeä lr .; yels nj by; ksoiqfkka meyeÈ,s h' tu jdish
úfYaISlrKfha jdishhs'
 NdKavhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH fhojqï tall m%udKh okakd úg §
wdjiaÓl msßjeh weiqfrka idfmalaI jdis .Kkh l< yels h'
ksujqï tallhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh

A rg B rg
mß.Kl 4 6
h;=remeÈ 10 12
 fhojqï m%udKh § we;s úg idfmalaI jdis fiùu i|yd tu f;dr;=re

fhojqï tallhlska ìys l< yels ksuejqï m%udKh ±lafjk mßÈ mßj¾;kh
lr .; hq;= h' ^ksuejqï m%fõYfhka ±lafjk wdldrhg u&
 ta wkqj by; j.= igyfkys f;dr;=re my; wdldrhg mßj¾;kh isÿ l<
yels h'
Y%u tallhla ksmoúh yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh
NdKavh A rg B rg
1 1
mß.Kl ^tall&
4 6
1 1
h;=remeÈ ^tall&
10 12
 fuu f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO forfÜ ta ta NdKav j¾.j, wdjia:sl msßjeh

;;a;ajhka my; ±lafõ'
mß.Kl tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh
1
 10   0.4 
A rg 1 ^h;=remeÈ tall&
4
103
1
 12  0.5
B rg 1 ^h;=remeÈ tall&
6
h;=remeÈ tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh
1
 4  2.5
A rg 1 ^mß.Kl tall&
10
1
 6   2
B rg 1 ^mß.Kl tall&
12
fuys § A rgg mß.Kl ksmoùug o" B rgg h;=rmeÈ ksmoùug o idfmalI

a
jdis mj;S'
 fï ksid A rg mß.Kl úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd tys w;sßla;h B
rgg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a B rg h;=remeÈ úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd
tys w;sßla;h A rgg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg úfoaY fjf<|dfï
jdis w;am;a lr .; yels h'
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jk idfmalaI jdis yg .kakd m%Odk
uQ,dY% îdfmalaI jdis yg .ekSug n,mdk fya;=& lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
1' iïm;a iïNdrfha fjkialï

rgla Wreu lr .;a iïm;a iïNdrfha fjkialï ksid NdKav ksIamdokfha
wdjiaÓl msßjeh fjkialï yg .kS'
ksoiqka (
Lksc iïm;a iq,n;dj ráka rgg fjkia h' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ r;arka iq,n
h' fi!È wrdìfha Lksc f;,a iq,n h' fï ksid fi!È wrdìfha Lksc
f;,a ksIamdokh i|yd wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla mj;sk neúka Lksc f;,a
úfYaISlrKh fldg wmkhkh lrhs' tfia u ol=Kq wm%sldfõ r;arkaj,
wdjiaÓl mssßjeh wvq ksid r;arka úfYaISlrKh fldg wmkhkh lrhs'
104
2' .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh
iïm;a m%udKh w;ska muKla fkdj iïm;aj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh w;ska
o rgj,a w;r fjkialï mj;S' ksoiqkla jYfhka Y%uh nyq, rgla jqj o
Y%u yuqodj kqmqyqKq kï Tjqka f.a M,odhs;dj my< uÜgul mj;S' tfy;a
Y%uh wvq rgl isák Y%u yuqodj ukdj mqyqKq ,nd ;sfí kï Tjqka by<
M,odhs;djlska hqla; h' fuys § Y%ufha M,odhs;dj wvq jk úg wdjiaÓl
msßjeh jeä ksid idfmalaI jdis wvq fõ' tfy;a Y%ufha M,odhs;ajh by<
hk úg ksmojk NdKavj, wdjiaÓl msßjeh wvq ksid idfmalaI jdis we;s
fõ'
3' wNsreÑfha fjkialï
ish¨ u rgj,a tl yd iudk ld¾hlaIu;djlska yd iudk iïm;a iïNdrhla
Wreu lr isáh;a" rgj,a w;r NdKav iïnkaOfhka mj;sk wNsreÑfha
fjkialï ksid o wdjiaÓl msßjefhys fjkialï yg .kS' rgj, mj;akd
iïm;a m%udKh iudk jqj;a wNsreÑ rgdjkays fjkialï ksid NdKavj,
idfmalaI ñ, .Kka w;r fjkialï we;s úh yels h' wNsreÖka jeä
NdKav ksmoùug jeä Èß.ekaùï ,eîu ;=<ska wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla
hgf;a tu NdKav ksmojd wmkhkh fldg idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .;
yels h'
4' mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï
ks I a m dok Odß;dj jeä lrk úg ta l l ms ß jeh my< jefÜ kï
mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï we;s fõ' msßueiqï mj;sk úg idfmalaI j wvq
wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys; j NdKav ksmoúh yels neúka ta iïnkaO j
idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .; yels h'
5' ksIamdok m%fNaokh
tl u l¾udka;h ;=< NdKav w;r mj;sk úúO fjkialï ksid o
wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du ;=<ska ,eìh yels idfmalaI jdis ms<sìUq fõ'
j¾;udkfha ixj¾ê; rgj,a fndfydauhla úfoaY fjf<|dfuka jeä
m%udKhla fuu NdKav ksIamdokh uq,a lr f.k isÿ jk nj olakg
,efí' ksoiqka jYfhka fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h .;a úg c¾uksh uyd
ì%;dkHhg fudag¾ r: wmkhkh fldg uyd ì%;dkHfhka fudag¾ r:
wdkhkh o lrhs' Bg fya;=j tl u l¾udka;h jqj;a NdKav w;r mj;sk
fjkialï ksid wdjiaÓl msßjefhys fjkialï rgj,a w;r we;s ùuhs'
6' ;dlaIKsl fjkialï
;dlaIKfha yg .kakd fjkialï ksid o rgj,a w;r idfmalaI jdis
fjkia fõ' lsishï rgla lsishï NdKavhla ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka fmrg
jvd kj ;dlaIKhla Ndú; lsÍug yels fõ kï idfmalaI jYfhka wvq
105
wdjiaÓl msßjehlska tu NdKavh úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd idfmalaI
jdis ,nd .; yels h'
7' rdcH m%;sm;a;sh
rdcH m%;sm;a;sh u.ska o idfmalaI jdis ks¾udKh l< yels h' lssishï
l¾udka;hla mqk¾Ôjkh i|yd wdKavqjla úiska nÿ idkqn," m¾fhaIK
yd ixj¾Okh i|yd iykdOdr ,nd §u" wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wvq fmd<S
Kh hkd§ m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk úg wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehlska
NdKav ksmoùu yd fjf<|du u.ska idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .ekSug yels
fõ'
8' WoaOukh
lsishï rgl È.= ld,Sk WoaOuk wkqmd;hla mj;sk úg NdKavhla
ksIamdokh lsÍfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh by< hhs' ta wkqj idfmalaI jdis wvq
fõ' wmkhkh o wffO¾hj;a fõ'
9' ia:dk.; ùu
lsi
s h
s ï l¾udka;hla ia:dk.; ù we;s wdldrh wkqj o ta ta rgj, idfmalI
a
jdis ;SrKh fõ' l¾udka;hg wjYH wuqøjH ish,a, myiqfjka ,nd .;
yels wdldrfhka l¾udka; ia:dk.; ù ;sfí kï idfmalaI wvq wdjiaÓl
msßjehla hg;a NdKav ksmojñka idfmalaI jdis ,nd .ekSug yels fõ'
 ;r.ldß;ajfha jdish hkq lsishï NdKavhla mdßfNda.slhka fj;

iemhSfï § fiiq ;r.lrejka jvd jeä jákdlula mdßfNda.slhka
fj; ,nd Èh yels ùuhs'
 fuu jákdlu fiiq ;r.lrejkag jvd wvq ñ,la úh yels w;r yels
kï by< ñ,la hgf;a jqj o fiiq ;r.lrejkag jvd jeä .=Kd;aul
fiajdjla ,nd Èh yels h'
 l¾udka;h ;=< isák fiiq ;r.lrejka Wmhk idudkH ,dN m%udKhg
jvd jeä ,dN m%udKhla wLKav j Wmhd .ekSug yels kï tu
wdh;khg ;r.ldß;aj jdishla we;s nj fmkakqï flf¾'
 ;r.ldß;aj jdish ;sridr f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu wdh;kfha Wmdh
ud¾.hls'
 ;r.ldß;ajh jdishg ;=vq fok uQ,dY% lSmhla my; ±lafõ'
 m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok lafIa;%hkays úYd, yelshdjla ;sîu' fï ksid
kjH;d y÷kajd §fï § bÈßfhka isàfï yelshdj ,efí'
 nqoaêuh foafmd< ysñldß;ajh
 fnod yeÍfï cd, ms<sn| iqúfYaI ysñlula ;sîu
m%d.aOk WmlrK yssñldß;ajh
106
ksoiqka ( Lksc f;,a .fõIK" m;,a leKSï
 iqmsß ksIamdÈ;hla ìys lsÍu fyda mdßfNda.sl wjYH;djla fyda i|yd
lsishï m%;spdr ±laùfï yelshdj
 wvq msßjehla iys; j ksmoùu
 b;d úYd, ksIamdok Odß;djla ;sîu
 Yla;su;a wf,úlrK Wmdh ud¾. ;sîu
 ldrl m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSfï myiqj
 b;d úYsIag l<ukdlrK lKavdhï isàu
 m%fõYh ndOdldÍ ùu fyda taldêldÍ iajrEmhla .ekSu
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï jdis iaÓ;sl jdis yd .;sl jdis jYfhka o
±laúh yels h'
 iaÓ;sl jdis hkq ksIamdokh yd mßfNdackh uq,a lr f.k rglg
iajdNdúlj Wreu ù we;s jdishls' fuhg fya;= lsysmhls'
1' iïm;a iïNdrh
2' rgj,a w;r wNsreÖka f.a fjkialï
3' ksIamdokfha mßudKdkql+, msßueiqïj, úYd, nj
 .;sl jdish hkq ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj" NdKav m%fNaokh" rdcH m%;sm;a;s fjf<|
.súiqï wd§ rgj,a ks¾udKh lr .kq ,nk ;;a;ajhla ksid yg.kakd
jdishls'
107
ksmqK;dj 09 ( úfoaY fjf<|dfï kHdhd;aul moku ú.%y lrñka úfoaY
fjf<|du Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh .fõIKh
lrhs'
ksmqK;dj 9'2 ( wdrlaIdjd§ l%shdud¾. yd tu.ska ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s lrk
n,mEu úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06
bf.kqï m, (
 wdrlaIKjdoh w¾: olajhs'
 wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. fjka lr olajhs'
 ;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh yd iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. i|yka lrhs'
 wdrlaIKjdohg mlaI j yd úmlaI j we;s ;¾l bÈßm;a lrhs'

 foaYSh fjf<|fmd<g úfoaYSh NdKav we;=¨ ùu iSud lrk fyda j<lajk
´kE u l%shd ms<sfj;la u wdrlaIKjdoh kñka ye¢kafõ'
 ksoyia fjf<|dug ndOd lrk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. m%Odk fldgia
follg j¾. l< yels h' tkï"
1' ;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh
2' ;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾.
 ;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh hkq wmkhk yd wdkhk u; nÿ mekùu hs'
 wdkhk u; ;Sre nÿ mekùfuka tu NdKav ñ, § .kakd foaYSh
mdßfNda.slhkag jeä ñ,la f.ùug isÿ ùu ksid wdkhk wffO¾hj;a
fõ'
 wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekùfï m%Odk wruqKla jkqfha foaYSh ksIamdolhka
úfoaYSh ;r.fhka wdrlaId lsÍu hs'
 wdkhksl NdKavhla i|yd ;Sre nÿ mekjQ úg foaYSh NdKavh i|yd
mdßfNda.slhka fhduq jk neúka tu NdKavfha foaYSh ksIamdokh m%idrKh
fõ'
 fï ksid foaYSh NdKavfha ñ, by< kexùug wjia:djla ie,fia'
 fuf,i wdkhk NdKav i|yd wdkhk ;Sre nÿ jeä lsÍul m%;sM,hla
jYfhka ksIm
a dokh lrkq ,nk NdKavhg wdkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKavfha
ñ, by< hdfï m%;sY;h ;=<ska foaYSh ksIamdokhg ,efnk wdrlaIKh
kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh (Nominal Rate of Protection) jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
108
 kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, wdkhkh
lrkq ,nk NdKavfha foaYSh fjf<|fmd< ñf,ys m%;sY;hla f,i m%ldY
flf¾'
 kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh NdKavh fj; ,efnk ienE
wdrlaIKfha m%udKh ksjerÈ j ms<sônq fkdfõ'
 kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slh mkjkq ,nkafka wdkhkh lrkq ,nk wjidk
NdKavfha jákdlu wkqj hs' kuq;a foaYSh ksIamdolhka wdkhkh lrk
,o w;rueÈ fhojqï yd NdKav /ila ;u ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod
.kS' fuu fhojqï yd w;rueÈ NdKav u; o ;Sre nÿ wh lr we;s úfgl
kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;hg wkqj .Kkh lrkq ,nk kdñl wdrlaIK
wkqmd;slfhka foaYh
S ksIm
a dolhdg ,efnk ienE wdrlaIK m%udKh ksjerÈ
j ms<sìUq fkdfõ'
 fï ksid wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekùu u.ska foaYSh ksIamdolhdg ,efnk
iene wdrlaIKfha m%udKh uekSu i|yd iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh fhdod
.kS'
 iM, ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slhg wkqj iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh .Kkh
lrkq ,nhs'
 iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod
.kS'
ERP 
V1V0  100
V0
ERP = iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh

V1= ;Sre noao mekjQ úg foaYSh ksIamdolhdf.a tl;= l< w.h
V0 = ks¾ndO fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhla hgf;a foaYSh ksIamdokfha tl;=
l< w.h
ksoiqk 1 (
lsihs ï rgl mdjyka ksIm a dok wdh;khla mdjyka hq.,hla re' 5000$- l
ñ,lg wf,ú lrkafka hehs o tu mdjyka hq.,h ksmoùug wjYH
fhojqï îï" kQ,a" wdos& wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd re' 3 000$- la jeh lr we;ehs
o is;uq' túg foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kfha tl;= l< jákdlu re' 2000$-
^5 000 - 3 000& ls' tu rg foaYSh wdh;kh ksmojk mdjyka hq.,hg
iudk mdjyka hq.,hla fjf<|fmdf<a re' 5 000$- lg wf,ú lrkafka
109
hehs is;uq' ta wkqj foaYSh mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;kfha tl;= l< w.h
hï fyhlska re' 2 000$- lg jvd jeä jqjfyd;a foaYSh j ksmojk im;a;=
hq.,fha jákdlu ^ñ,& re' 5 000$- lg jvd jeä jk ksid wdkhksl
mdjyka hq.,h iuÕ ;r. lsÍug fkdyels fõ' fï ksid foaYh S ksIm
a dolhd
wdrlaId lsÍug wdkhksl mdjyka u; 10] l wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekjqfha
hehs is;uq' túg wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,hl ñ, my; mßÈ fjkia fõ'
;Sre noaog fmr mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5000

10
;Sre noao i|yd jeh jk uqo, } re' 5000 
100
noafoka miq wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5000 + 500
} re' 5500
fuf,i wdkhksl mdjyka i|yd ;Sre noaola mekùu ksid foaYh

S ksIamdok
wdh;kfha tl;= l< w.h re' 2500 olajd by< kexùfï yelshdjla ;sfí'
;Sre noafoka miq wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5500

;Sre noafoka miq foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kfha } re' 5500 - 3000
tl;= l< w.h } re' 2500
ta wkqj iM, wdrlaIl wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'
ERP 
V 1 V0  100
V0
2500  2000
  100
2000
 25%
 by; ksoiqkg wkqj kdñl ;Sre noao ksid foaYSh ksIamdokhg 25] l
iM, wdrlaIKhla ie,fik nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
 kuq;a by; ;Sre noao mkjd we;af;a wjidk NdKavfha jákdlu u; h'
foaYSh wdh;kh mdjyka ksIamdokhg wjYH fhojqï wdkhkh lsÍfï §
hï ;Sre noaola wh lr we;akï th fï ;=< wka;¾.; ù ke;' túg by;
.Kkh lrk ,o iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh ksIamdokhg
,efnk ienE wdrlaIKfha m%udKh ms<sìUq fkdfõ'
110
 wdkhksl fhojqï u; ;Sre noaola mkjd we;s úfgl iM, ;Sre nÿ
wkqmd;lh fjkia jk ksid iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh fjkia jk
wdldrh my; i|yka ksoiqk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'
ksoiqk 2 (
by; olajk ,o ksoiqk 1g wkqj wdkhkh lrkq ,nk mdjyka hq.,hla
i|yd re' 10] l ;Sre noaola wh lrhs' fuys § foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kh
wdkhkh lrk ,o fhojqï i|yd 5] l ;Sre noaola wh lr;ehs is;uq'
túg wdkhksl fhojqïj, jákdlu" foaYSh tl;= l< w.h fjkia fõ'
ta wkqj iM, wdrlaIl wkqmd;slh o fjkia fõ'
;Sre noaog fmr wdkhksl fhojqïj, jákdlu } re' 3000
5
fhojqï i|yd f.jk ;Sre nÿ m%udKh } re' 3000 
100
;Sre noafoka miq fhojqïj, jákdlu } re' 3000 + 150
} re' 3150
;Sre noafoka miq foaYSh tl;= l< w.h } re' 5500 - 3150
} re' 2350
2350  2000
iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh 
2000
} 17'5]
 wjidk NdKavhg nÿ wh lsÍug wu;r j wdkhksl wdrlaIK fhojqï

u; o ;Sre nÿ mekùu ksid iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;h 7'5] lska ^25] -
17'5]& my< hk nj by; ksoiqkg wkqj meyeÈ,s h'
 wfkl=;a lreKq fkdfjkia j mj;sk wjia:dj, § my; i|yka fldkafoais
u; iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh by< w.hla .kS'
1' wjidk ksIamdÈ;h u; mkjkq ,nk kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slh by<
w.hla .ekSu
2' wdkhksl fhojqï u; mkjkq ,nk ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;sl my< w.hla
.ekSu
3' NdKavfha jákdlu ;=< wdkhksl fhojqï m%;sY;h my< w.hla
.ekSu
 wdkhk iy wmkhk nÿj,g wu;r j wdrlaIKh i|yd fhdod .kakd

l%shdud¾. ;Sre nÿ fkdjk l%shdud¾. fõ' tjeks l%shdud¾. lSmhla my;
±lafõ'
111
 i,dl lsÍu fyj;a fldagd kshu lsÍu
 foaYSh ksIamdolhskag iykdOdr fyda Èß.ekaùï fyda ,nd §u
 m%md;kh
 iafjÉPdfjka wmkhk iSud mkjd .ekSu
 úfoaY úksuh md,kh
 wmkhk yd wdkhk iSud mekùu
 fjf<| iïndOl mekùu
 mßmd,k yd ;dlaIKsl m%ñ;Ska kshu lsÍu
 wdrlaIKjdohg mlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

 cd;sl wdrlaIdjg wod< jk ksIamdok foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól ;SrK
.ekSfï § yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh
lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
 foaYSh l¾udka; wdrlaId lsÍug;a tajdfha fiajd kshqla; fiajlhkaf.a
/lshd wdrlaId lsÍu i|ydla wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s jeo.;a fõ'
 foaYh
S <ore l¾udka; i|yd m<mqreÿ úfoaY ;r.lrejkaf.ka wdrlaId
lr .ekSug wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s bjy,a fõ'
 iSñ; NdKa v lSmhla u; úfYaI m%d.=KH lrñka wka;¾cd;sl
fjf<|dfï ksr; jk rgj,a uqyqK mdk WÉpdjpkh j<lajd .ekSu
^wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj we;s lsÍu& i|yd;a rgj, wd¾Ólh úúOdx.SlrKh
lr .ekSu i|yd;a wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
 m%md;kh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wdrlaIKjdoh jeo.;a fõ'
 f.jqï fYaI ÿIalr;dj,g úi÷ï fiùfï § WmldÍ fõ'
 foaYSh iïm;a Wmfhdackh by< kexùu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
 wj.=K NdKav wdkhk je<elaùfï § wdrlaIKjdoh jeo.;a fõ'
 wdrlaIKjdohg úmlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid foaYSh yd úfoaYSh
fjf<|fmd< ixfldapkh úh yels h'
 úfoaY fjf<|du ixfldapkh ùu ksid cd;sl wdodhu wvq úh yels h'
 foaYSh ksI amdokj, msßjeh wvq lsÍug idkqn, fkdue;s ksid
wld¾hlaIu l¾udka; ìys úh yels h'
 .=Kd;aul núka by< NdKav ksIamdokh wvq úh yels h'
 ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh ixl%uKhg ndOd we;s úh yels h'
112
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'3 ( úfoaY fjf<| wkqmd;slfha m%fNao olajñka tajdfha

fjkia ùïj,g fya;= yd m%;súmdl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 fjf<| wkqmd;slh w¾: olajhs'
 fjf<| wkqmd;slfha úúO m%fNao kï lrhs'
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh iólrKh u.ska m%ldY lrhs'
 fok ,o o;a; u.ska NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj,g fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úia;r
lrhs'
 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh iólrK u.ska m%ldY lrhs'
 fok ,o o;a; u.ska wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'
 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úia;r lrhs'

 wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhlska ,nd .; yels wdkhk NdKav
tall m%udKh fjf<| wkqmd;h f,i w¾: ±laúh yels h'
 fjf<| wkqmd;slfha m%fNao folls'
1' NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh
2' wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh f,iska w¾: olajkafka o wmkhk tallhlska
,nd .; yels wdkhk NdKav tall m%udKh f,i ±lajQ fjf<| wkqmd;h
u h'
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ iólrKhla weiqfrka ±laúh
yels h'
113
wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh
NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh = x 100
wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh
ksoiqk 1
2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 103'5
2013 j¾Ifha wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 108'4
103.5
NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;h   100
108.4
 95.47%
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= my; i|yka

mßÈ fjka lr ±laúh yels h'
NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh wvq ùu NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh jeä ùu

flfrys n,mdk fya;= flfrys n,mdk fya;=
 wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my;  wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh by< yd

jeà wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my< hdu
by< hdu
 wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylhg jvd  wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylhg jvd jeä
jeä fõ.hls k a wmkhk fõ.hls ka wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh
ñ, o¾Ylh my< neiSu my; jeàu
 wmk hk ñ , o¾ Ylh  wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr j
ia:djr j ;sìh § wdkhk ;sìh § wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my<
ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdu hdu
 wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr  wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr j ;sìh
j ;s ì h § wmkhk ñ, § wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdu
o¾Ylh my; jeàu
ûy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh

fjkia ù we;s wdldrh ms<sn| isiqka ±kqj;a lrkak&
114
miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;h fjkia ù we;s
wdldrh úYaf,aIKh l< yels h'
ksoiqka (
j¾Ih wmkhk wdkhk NdKav fjf<|

ñ, o¾Ylh ñ, o¾Ylh wkqmd;slh
2010 100 100 100'0

2011 106'3 102'5 100'2
2012 105'2 103'51 99'6
2013 105'5 108'51 97'6
2014 105'5 108'51 97'6
2015 95'6 95'3 100'3
2016 94'1 90'35 104'0
2017 95'1 91'35 102'0
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj, wd¾Ól m%;ús mdl my; i|yka
mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl
 wmkhkj, wdkhk ilH;dj by< hdu
 fjf<| fYaIh jdisodhl ùu
 iuia; fYaIh ^f.jqï fYaIh& jdisodhl ùu
 ixÑ; yd j;alï by< hdu
NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh my< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

 wmkhk yd wdkhk YlH;dj my< hdu
 fjf<| fYaI ys`.h jeä ùu
 f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; ys`.h jeä ùu
 ixÑ; yd j;alï wvq ùu
 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh hkq wmkhk wdodhfuys wdkhk l%h Yla;sh

uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk o¾Ylh hs'
 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh uekSu i|yd my; i|yka iólrKh fhdod

.kS'
115
wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh x wmkhk mßud o¾Ylh
wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh = X 100
wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh
ksoiqk (
2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 103'5
2013 j¾Ifha wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 108'4
2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk mßud o¾Ylh } 116'4
103 .5  116 .4
2013 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh   100
108 .4
 11,113 .8
 NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh wmkhk mßud o¾Ylfhka .=K lsÍfuka o

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh ,nd .; yels h'
 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my; i|yka mßÈ fjka
lr ±laúh yels h'
wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh

by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl
 wmkhk bmhqï jeä ùu wdkhk úhoï by< hdu

 wmkhk YlH;dj by< hdu wdkhk YlH;dj my< hdu
 fjf<| fYaIh by< hdu fjf<| fYaIh my< hdu
 f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh
ys;lr ;;a;ajhlg meñKSu  wys;lr ;;a;ajhlg meñKSu
 WoaOukd;aul n,mEï we;s lsÍu WoaOukd;aul n,mEï wvq ùu
116
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'4 ( f.da,ShlrKh" l,dmShlrKh yd oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<|
.súiqï úuihs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha ld¾hhka úia;r lrhs'
 f.da,ShlrKh w¾: olajhs'
 f.da,ShlrKhg mlaI j yd úmlaI j bÈßm;a ù we;s ;¾l bÈßm;a lrhs'
 wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï w¾: olajhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk fjf<| .súiqï úia;r lrhs'
 oaù md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqïj,g ksoiqka olajhs'
 nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqïj,g ksoiqka olajhs'
 úfoaY fjf<| .súiqïj, we;s jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

 f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh hkq nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<|dfï m%j¾Okhg;a"
fjf<\du iqug j iy l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a fjf<|du yd ;Sre
nÿ ms<sn| fmdÿ iïuq;sh jvd;a Yla;su;a lrñka 1995 § msysgqjd .kq ,enQ
cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhls'
f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha m%Odk wruqKq lsysmhls'
 nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<|du m%j¾Okh lsÍu

 fjf<|du l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k hdu
 fjf<| ndOl wju lsÍu iy fjf<| kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu u.ska
cd;Hka;r fjf<| l%uh ;=< m%Odk m%;sixialrKhka we;s lsÍu
 f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha m%Odk ld¾h 6ls'
1' f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh hgf;a idudðl rgj,a w;aika fldg we;s
cd;Hka;r fjf<| .súiqï ksis f,i l%shd;aul fõ o hkak mßmd,kh
lsÍu
117
2' ksoyia fj<|du m%j¾Okh lr .ekSug wod< idlÉPd i|yd fõÈldjla
iemhSu
3' fjf<|fmd< wdrjq,a fíreï lsÍu
4' idudðl rgj, cd;sl m%;sm;a;s iudf,dapkh lsÍu
5' ;dlaIKsl wdOdr yd mqyK
q q jev igyka l%h
s d;aul lsÍu u.ska ixj¾Okh
jk rgj,g fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| .eg¨ úi|d .ekSug wdOdr
lsßu
6' fjk;a cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól ixúOdk iu`. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu
 f.da , S h lrKh hkq f,da l fha rgj,a wd¾Óluh" ixia l D;s u h yd
foaYmd,kuh jYfhka úúO m%udKhka Tiafia tlsfklg taldnoaO ùfï
m%jK;dj hs'
 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh
flfrys h'
 wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh hkq f,dalfha rgj,a fjf<|" m%d.aOk" uQ,H"
;dlaIK" m%;m s ;a;s hkd§ úúO m%jdyhka Tiafia tlsfklg taldnoaO ùfï
l%shdj,sh hs'
 j¾;udkfha wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh ;dlaIKh yd m%;sm;a;s u; ls%hd;aul
fõ'
 f.da,hS lrKh ksid" f,dal wd¾Ólfha wfkHdakH /¢hdj" uQ,H m%jdyhkaf.a
j¾Okh" ksIma dok l%h
s dj,sh cd;Hka;rlrKh yd cd;Hka;r Y%u ixp,kh
;Sj% fõ'
 f.da,ShlrKhg mlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh úflakaøKh ùu ksid ksIamdok yd mßfNdack
m¾hka;fhka tmsgg ú;eka ùu
 kj woyia yd w;a±lSï ,eîu
 f,dalfha fjf<| mßudj by< hdu
 wd¾Ól jDoaê Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i Ndú; lsÍug yels ùu
 úfoaY wdfhdack by< hdu
 wuqøjH wvq ñ,g wdkhkh l< yels ùu
 úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu
 wOHdmkh yd ±kqu ÈhqKq ùu
 kj /lshd wjia:d ìys ùu
 úfoaYSh uqo,a fm%aIK we;eï rgj, m%Odk úksuh m%jdyhla njg m;a
ùu
118
 f,dalfha yqfol,d rgj,a tu ;;a;ajfhka ñ§ cd;Hka;r w¾: l%uh
iuÕ taldnoaO ùu
 kj ;dlaIKh m%idrKh ùu
 ;r.ldÍ;ajh ksid .=Kd;aul ksIamdok ìys ùu
 wka;¾cd,h Tiafia f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ùu
 f.da,ShlrKhg úmlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 f.da,ShlrKfha m%;s,dN f,daljdiS ish¨ fokdg idOdrK j fn§
fkdhdu
 ixj¾ê; rgj,g jeä m%;s,dN ysñ ùu
 cd;Hka;r jYfhka wdodhï úIu;d mq¿,a ùu
 f.da,Sh wd¾Ól w¾nqo wfkl=;a rgj,g myiqfjka jHdma; ùu
 iudc .egqï j¾Okh ùu
 ñksia Ôú; flfrys wkdrlaIs; njla we;s lsÍu
 mdßißl .eg¨ we;s ùu
 ixialD;sh úkdY ùu
 uQ,H fjf<|fmd< wia:dhs;djka we;s ùu ksid wd¾Ól w¾nqo yg
.ekSu
 foaYSh l¾udka; ì| jeàu yd /lshd wysñ ùu
 ;%ia;jdoh jHdma; ùu
 fi!LH .eg¨ we;s ùu
 úúO rgj,a w;r ;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk ndOlj,ska f;dr j NdKav"
fiajd iy ksIamdok ndOl yqjudre lr .ekSfï l%h
s dj,sh wd¾Ól taldnoaO
ùï f,i y÷kajhs'
wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùïj, úúO iajrEm my; ±lafõ'
1' j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm (Preferential Trade Agreement - PTA)
2' ksoyia fjf<| l,dm (Free Trade Area - FTA)
3' ;Sre nÿ ix.ï (Custom Union - CU)
4' fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< (Common Market - CM)
5' wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï (Economic and Monetary Unions - EU)
6' mQ¾K wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï (Fully Economic Intergration - FEI)
 idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r fjf<|dfï § Ndú; lrk fjf<|

ixfrdaOlj,g jvd wvq ixfrdaOl hgf;a idudðl rgj,a w;r NdKav yd
119
fiajd yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd rgj,a tl;= ù msysgqjdf.k we;s ixúOdk
j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fï hgf;a .súiqï.; rgj,a úiska l,dmfha wNHka;r fjf<|du i|yd
tl`.;djg ne÷Kq fmdÿ ;Sre nÿj,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla lmd yßkq ,nhs'
ksoiqka (
 hqfrdamd wd¾Ól l,dmSh .súiqu (Europeon Economic Area Agreement-
FEA)
 W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (NAFTA)
 idudðl rgj,a idudðl fkdjk rgj,a iu`. fjf<|dfï fhfok úg
tu rgj, wNsu;h mßÈ fjf<| ixfrdaOl mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl
rgj,a w;r fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a
rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù we;s lr .kakd ixúOdk ksoyia fjf<| l,dm
fõ'
 fuys § .súiqï.; rgj,a úiska tl`. jQ ;Sre nÿ ldKavj,g wh;a ;Sre nÿ
uq¿ukska u bj;a flf¾'
 ksoyia fjf<| l,dm i|yd ksoiqka my; ±la fõ'

 wm%sldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone - AFTZ)
 wdishdkq meismsla ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Asian Fasific Free Trade
Zone - AFTZ)
 wm%sldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone - AFTZ)
 uOHu hqfrdamd ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone -
AFTZ)
 W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (North American Free Trade
Zone -
NAFTZ)
 idudðl rgj,a w;r fjf<|du fjf<| ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd

f.k hdu i|yd;a idudðl iy idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r tl iudk
fjf<| m%;sm;a;shla mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd;a rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù
we;s lr .kakd ix.ï ;Sre nÿ ix.ï kñka ye¢kafõ'
 fuys § .súiqï.; NdKav ldKavj,g wod< fjk;a rgj,ska wdkhkh
lrkq ,nk NdKav i|yd iudk ;Sre nÿ m%udKhla l%shd;aul jk w;r
.súiqï.; NdKav ldKav i|yd ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ork rgj, ;Sre
nÿ uq¿ukska u bj;a flf¾'
 ;Sre nÿ ix.ï i|yd ksoiqka lSmhla my; ±lafõ'
120
 uOHu wfußldkq fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< (Central Acerican Common Mar
ket - CACM
 leßìhdkq m%cdj (Caribbean Community - CARICOM)
 W;=re wfußldkq m%cdj (North American Community - NAC)
 ol=Kq wm%sldkq ;Sre nÿ ix.uh (South Aprican Cutsoms Union - SACU)
 W;=re wfußldkq m%cdj (North American Community - NAC)
 idudðl rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr
j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl rgj,a idudðl fkdjk rgj,a
iu`. fjf<|du mj;ajd f.k hdfï § fmdÿ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh
lsÍug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r ksIamdok idOl ksoyfia ixp,kh
lsÍug;a rgj,a taldnoaO ùu fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< kñka ye¢kafõ'
 fï hgf;a Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh jeks ksIamdok idOl yd NdKav yd
fiajd .súiqï.; rgj,a w;r ndOlhlska f;dr j ixp,kh lsÍfï
yelshdj ,efí'
 fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< i|yd ksoiqka lSmhla my; ±lafõ'
 leßìhka fldñhqksá fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<
(The Caribbean Community & Common Market)
 uOHu weußldkq fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<
(Central American Common Market)
 uOHu wm%sldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh
(Central African Economic & Monetary Community)
 idudðl rgj,a w;r fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k

hdug;a idudðl yd idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd
fjf<|du fmdÿ m%;sm;a;h
s la hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl rgj,a
w;r Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh ksoyfia ixp,kh lsÍug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r
tl yd iudk uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla yd rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul
lsÍug;a rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù msysgqjd .kakd ix.ï wd¾Ól yd uQ,H
ix.ï hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 uOHu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh

(Central African Economic & Monetary Community - CEMAC)
 ngysr wm%sldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh
(Economic Community West African - ECOWAS)
121
 hqfrdamd uQ,H yd wd¾Ól ix.uh
(Europen Economic & Monetary Union - EMU)
 idudðl yd idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd iy ksIamdok
idOl yqjudre lsÍfï § ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd;a
idudðl rgj,a w;r talSh uq,H m%;sm;a;shla" rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s"
jHjia:dodhlh" úOdhlh" wêlrK yd foaYmd,k m%;m s ;a;s mj;ajd f.k
hdu i|yd;a f,dalfha rgj,a tl;= ùu mQ¾K tldnoaO ùu f,i ye¢kafõ'
 wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï i|yd w;aika lrkq ,nk .súiqï j¾. follg
fnÈh yels h'
1' oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï
2' nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï
 fjf<|du yd uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka rgj,a folla w;r we;s lr
.kakd fjf<| .súiqï oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï f,i ye¢kafõ'
 j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldj we;=<;a ù isák oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï my;
±lafõ'
 bkaÿ ,xld ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (ISFTA)
 mdlsia;dkq Y%S ,xld ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (PSFTA)
 fjf<|du yd uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka rgj,a lsysmhla w;r we;s lr
.kakd fjf<| .súiqï nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï fõ'
 Y%S ,xldj we;=<;a ù isák nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï lsysmhla my;
±lafõ'
 ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (SAFTA)
^fjf<| .súiqï ms<sn| ld,Sk f;dr;=re isiqkag ,nd fokak&'
 úfoaY fjf<| .súiqïj, we;s jeo.;alu my; ±lafõ'

 rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh ùu
 fjf<|fmd< mq¿,a ùu
 m%jdyK msßjeh wvq ùu
 foaYSh fjf<|fmd< NdKav ñ, .Kka my< hdu
 úfoaY wdfhdack j¾Okh ùu
 kj ld¾ñl NdKav wvq ñ,lg ,nd .; yels ùu
 fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu
 wuqøjH ñ, my< hdu
 wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKhg we;s bv m%ia:d mq¿,a ùu
122
fjf<|du Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh
.fõIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'5 ( Y%S ,xld úfoaY fjf<|dfï iajNdjh yd úfoaY fjf<|
m%;sm;a;s úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 YS% ,xldfõ wmkhk fjf<|du úia;r lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhkh jHqyh úia;r lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk fjf<|du úia;r lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk jHQyh uy nexl= jd¾;d o;a; wkqj úia;r lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk Wmk;s uy nexl= jd¾;d o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s ^ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka& úia;r
lrhs'
 wmkhk fjf<|dfï § uqyqK mdk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'
 wmkhk fjf<|du uqyqK fok .eg¨ iy tajdg úi÷ï bÈßm;a lrhs'

 Y%S ,xldfõ jeä u úfoaY úksuhla Wmhk NdKav yd jeä úfoaY úksuhla
jeh lr ñ,g .kakd NdKav ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 wdikak j¾Ihg wod< j uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka tu NdKav yd fiajd
fjka lsßug isiqkag Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
 Y%S ,xldj NdKav yd fiajd rdYshla wmkhkh yd wdkhkh lrk nj
isiqkaj ±kqj;a lrkak'
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr Wmfoia ,nd § l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka ud;Dldj w;=frka Tn lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 wmkhk fjf<|du
 wdkhk fjf<|du
 Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj y\qkd .ekSug lKavdhï idlÉPdjla fufyhkak'
123
 ud;Dldjg wod< j ixrpl fm<.iajkak'
 tu ixrplj,g wod< j idfmalaI odhl;ajh m%;sY;d;aul j fmkajkak'
 ld,hla ;=< tu ixrplj, odhl;ajfha yd jHQyfha isÿ ù we;s fjkia
ùu j.= .; lrkak'
 tu fjkia ùïj,g n,md we;s lreKq olajkak'
 Tn lKavdhfï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j j.=" m%ia;dr yd m%;sY;l u.ska
ks¾udKYS,S j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

 lssishï rgla f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,g NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍu
wmkhk fjf<|du hs'
ksoiqka ( YS% ,xldj weußld tlai;a ckmohg f;a wf,ú lsÍu
 Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk jHQyh my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk
 ld¾ñl wmkhk
 Lksc øjH wmkhk
 j¾. fkdl< wmkhk
^ uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka wdikak j¾Ihl wmkhk jHqyh meyeÈ,s
lrkak&'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk jHqyh my; mßÈ m%;sY;d;aul j ±laúh yels fõ'
2015 2016
lDIsld¾ñl wmkhkh 23'5] 22'6]
ld¾ñl wmkhkh 76] 77]
Lksc øjH wmkhkh 0'3] 0'3]
j¾. fkdl< wmkhk 0'2] 0'1]
^ uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
 wmkhkh lrkq ,nk lDIsld¾ñl NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh

yels h'
f;a" rn¾" fmd,a" wfkl=;a lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk
 wmkhkh lrkq ,nk ld¾ñl NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh
yels h'
124
 wdydrmdk j¾. yd ÿïfld<
 frÈms<S yd we`.¨ï
 Lksc ksIamdÈ;
 rn¾ ksIamdÈ;
 ms`.ka ksIamdÈ;
 iï" .uka u¨ mdjyka
 hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK
 Èhuka;s yd iaj¾KdNrK
 wfkl=;a ld¾ñl wmkhk
 wmkhkh lrkq ,nk Lksc øjHj,g ksoiqka my; ±la fõ'

 ueKsla
 wfkl=;a wdfhdack NdKav wmkhkh
 1977 ka miq wmkhk jHQyfha fjkiaùu j¾;udkh olajd my; wdldrhg

fmkajd Èh yels h'
wmkhk jHqyh 1977 2016
lDIsld¾ñl NdKav 79] 22]
ld¾ñl NdKav 14] 77]
fjk;a 07] 01]
^ uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
 ld¾ñl NdKav wmkhkh fjkia ùu 1977 isg 2015 olajd úia;rd;aul j

my; j.=fjka ±lafõ'
ld¾ñl NdKav 1977 2015 2016
frÈmss<S yd we`.¨ï 02] 46] 47]
Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh 09] 04] 05]
wdydrmdk yd ÿïfld< - 03] 03]
Èhuka;s yd iaj¾KdNrK - 03] 03]
rn¾ ksIamdok - 07] 7]
wfkl=;a ld¾ñl NdKav 03 06] 08]
m%jdyK WmlrK - 2'3 01]
iïNdKav m%jdyk yd mdjyka WmlrK - 1'3 2]
125
 hï rgla f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu wdkhk
fjf<|du hs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk jHQyh my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 Y%S ,xldj cmdkfhka jdyk ñ, § .ekSu
 mßfNdack NdKav
 wka;¾ NdKav
 wdfhdack NdKav
 j¾. fkdl< NdKav
^2016 uy nexl= jd¾;djg wkqj&
wdkhkh lrk mßfNda.sl NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels
h'
 iy,a" iSks" ;sß.= msá" lsß msá
 fm!oa.,sl fudag¾ r:
 úÿ,s WmlrK
wdkhkh lrk wka;¾ NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 Lksc f;,a
 fmdfydr
 ridhksl øjH
 frÈms<S yd we.¨ï
wdkhkh lrk wdfhdack NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels
h'
 hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK
 m%jdyK WmlrK
 f.dvke`.s,s øjH
1977 isg 2015 olajd wdkhk jHQyh ld,Sk jYfhka fjkia ù we;s wdldrh
my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
wdkhk jHQyh 1977 2015 2016
mdßfNda.sl NdKav 42] 25] 22]
wka;¾ NdKav 48] 51] 51]
wdfhdack NdKav 12] 24] 27]
fjk;a 01 - -
wka;¾ NdKavj, fjkiaùï 1997 isg 2016 olajd iúia;rd;aul j my;

±lafõ'
126
wka;¾ NdKav 1977 2015 2016
fndr f;,a 23] 14'3] 12'8]
frÈms<S 03] 12] 14]
Èhuka;s - 0'9] 3]
ridhksl ksIamdok 01] 4'6] 4'4]
;sß`.= iy bß`.= 01] 1'9] 1'3]
fmdfydr - 1'5] 0'7]
wfkl=;a wka;¾ NdKav - 15'7] 15'1]
^by; f;dr;=re 2016 uy nexl= jd¾;d wkqj bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r wdikak
j¾Ihl uy nexl= jd¾;dj mßYS,kh lrñka by; mßÈ wjYH f;r;=re
isiqkag ,nd fokak&'
Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh .ek i,ld ne,Sfï § my; i|yka lreKq
2016 uy nexl= jd¾;dj wkqj ±laúh yels h'
f.da,Ssh wd¾Ólh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s ine¢hdj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
flfrys fhduq jQ úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;shla 2015 yd 2016 jif¾ §
wLKav j l%shd;aul úh'
 úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s rduqjla we;s lsÍu i|yd rch mq¿,a jHQyd;aul
fjkialï rdYshla fhdackd lrk ,È'
 fjf<|du ;SrKh jk kS;s fr.=,dis fjkia lsÍug m%h;ak ±Íu
 fjf<| .súiqï we;s lsÍu u.ska úfoaY fjf<|fmd< fj; Yla;su;a
m%fõYhla we;s lsÍu
 Wmdh ud¾.sl fjf<| m%j¾Okh
 fjf<| ;Sre nÿ m%;sm;a;sh ;j ÿrg;a ;da¾lSlrKh
 fkdneÈ úfoaY m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wmkhkh m%j¾Okh
i|yd m%uqL;ajh ,nd §u
 wdkhk ;d¾lS lrKh i|yd o m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾. .ekSu
 wdfhdack m%j¾Okh i|yd WmldÍ jk oaúmd¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<öu
 Y%S ,xldj f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh úiska ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk
nyqmd¾Yaùh l%shdud¾. i|yd wLKav j iïnkaO ùu
127
wmkhk fjf<|dfï § uqyqK fok .eg¨ f,i (
 wmkhk fnda.j, ñ, WÉpdjpkh ùu
 wmkhk mßudj wvq ùu
 f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a we;s ±ä wúksYaÑ;;djh
 f.da,Sh wd¾Ól wjmd;h
 Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wmkhk fjf<|fmd<j,a j¾Okh ukao.dó ùu
by; .eg¨j,g úi÷ï f,i bÈßm;a l< yels lreKq

 f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
flfrys fhduq ùu
 úfoaY fjf<|fmd<j, isÿ lrk wf,úlrK yd wd¾Ól m%j¾Ok
jevigyka by< kexùu
 fjf<| .súiqï M,odhs f,i Yla;su;a lsÍu a
 kj wmkhk fjf<|fmd<j,a wdrlaId lr .ekSug yd ±kg mj;sk
fjf<|fmd<j,a mq¿,a lsÍu yd NdKav úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍu
 wmkhkh flfrys fhduq jq l¾udka; m%j¾Okh i|yd w;HjYH
wdh;k ia:dms; lsÍu
 wmkhk ixj¾Okh i|yd ljqkai,hla msysgqùu
128
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( Y%S ,xld f.jqï fYaI wiu;=,s;;d y÷kd .ksñka ta i|yd
úi÷ï yd l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 ( f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha wka;¾.;h úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06
bf.kqï m, (
 f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh w¾: olajhss'

 f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha ixrpl ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhss'
 l,ams; ixLHd weiqfrka f.jqï fYaI f,aLkhla ms<sfh< lrhss'
 uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha ld,Sk wdlD;sh bÈßm;a
lrhs's

 Y%s ,xldj 2013 j¾Ifha isg kj wdlD;shg wkqj f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkh /
f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh ms<sfh< lsßug mshjr f.k we;'
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkh /f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh hkq j¾Ihl ld, mßÉfþohla
;=< rgla úiska fiiq f,dalh iu`. lrk ,o wd¾Òl .kqfokq fya;=fjka
fjk;a rgj,ska ,efnk úfoaY uqo,a yd úfoaY rgj,g f.jk úfoaY
uqo,a yd tajd w;r fjki ;=,kh lrk wdldrh olajk f,aLkhls'
 fuu.ska lsishï rgla fkajdislhka yd wfkajdislhka w;r isÿ jk ish¨

wd¾Òl .kqfokq l%udkql+, j oaú;aj .sKqïlrK uQ,O¾uh u; igyka
flf¾'
'  f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkhl we;=<;a lrk .kqfokq jd¾;d lsßfï oS wkq.ukh
lrk uQ,sl iïu;h jkqfha iEu .kqfokqjla u tl yd iudk jákdlñka
fo;ekl igyka l< hq;= ùu hs'
 fuu .kqfokq igyka lsÍfï § ieu .kqfokqjlg u jákdlu yr

w.hla iy ner w.hla jYfhka ;Sre foll igyka l< hq;= w;r ner
jákdlu (+) ,l=Kska iy yr jákdlu ^-& ,l=Kska igyka l< hq;= fõ'
 fuf,i f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha we;=<;a ish¨ u .kqfokq iudk w.hlska

ner ;Srejl iy yr ;Srejl igyka l< úg ish¨ .kqfokqj, Y=oO
a fYaIh
Y+kH w.hla .kS —f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkh ieu úg u ;=,kh fõ˜ hkqfjka
woyia jkafka fuh hs'
129
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha —yr˜ iy —ner˜ w.hka fjka fjka j igyka
lsßfï § uQ,O¾u folla wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
 NdKavhla $ fiajdjla $ j;alula ;u rfgka fjk;a rglg neyer jk
úg tu whs;ufha jákdlu ner jákdlula (+) f,i igyka l< hq;=
fõ '
ksoiqka ( Y%S ,xldfõ we.¨ï wmkhk l< úg tu jákdlu cx.u
.sKqfï ner igykla f,i we;=<;a l< hq;= fõ'
 NdKavhla $ fiajdjla $ j;alula ;u rgg fjk;a rglska ,efnk úg
tu whs;ufha jákdlu yr jákdlula ^-& f,i igyka l< hq;= fõ'
ksoiqka (Y%S ,xldjg ueo fmrÈ. rglska Lksc f;,a wdkhk l< úg tu
jákdlu cx.u .sKqfï yr igykla f,i we;=<;a l< hq;= fõ'
 kj wdlD;shg wkqj f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha we;=<;a .kqfokq mia je±reï
fõ' tkï"
 NdKav iy fiajd wmkhkh lsßu iy wdkhkh lsßug wod< .kqfokq
 wdodhï ,eîu yd f.ùu wdY%s; .kqfokq
 j;alï" Okh" ;Hd. jeks ± ms<sn| j tal md¾Yaùh j isÿ lrk
.kqfokq
 ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H fkdjk j;alï ysñ lr .ekSu yd úlsKSu
wdY%S; .kqfokq
 uQ,H j;alï ysñ lr .ekSu yd úlsKSu wdY%s; .kqfokq
 tu .kqfokqj, iajNdjhka wkqj f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha kj wdlD;shg
wkqj m%Odk .sKqï 3 ls'
 cx.u .sKqu
 m%d.aOk .sKqu
 uQ,H .sKqu
 cx.u .sKqu kej; fldgia ;=kls' tkï"
1' NdKav yd fiajd .sKqu
1'1 NdKav .sKqu
1'2 fiajd .sKqu
2' m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqu
3' oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqu
130
 Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY fjf<|du iïnkaO .kqfokq lsysmhl ksoiqka my;
±lafõ'
1' Y%S ,xldfõ we.¨ï iud.ula ñ,shk 500la jákd we.¨ï f;d.hla
wmkhkh lsßu
2' cmdkfha fudag¾ r: iud.ulska ñ,shk 1000la jákd fudag¾ r:
wmkhkh lsßu
 fuu ksoiqk iïnkaO .kqfokqj NdKav .sKqug we;=<;a fõ' f,dalfha
tla rgla fiiq rgj,a iu`. isÿ lrk NdKav wmkhk yd wdkhkh
ms<sn| j igyka lrk .sKqu NdKav .sKqu fyj;a fjf<| .sKqu f,i
ye|skafõ'
fuu fjf<| .sKqfï uQ,H fkdjk r;arka fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jákdlï
ikaksêhla f,i igyka fõ'
 fuu fjf<| .sKqfï fYaIh fjf<| fYaIh f,i y÷kajhs' oDYH NdKav
.sKqfï fYaIh f,i o th y÷kajhs'
fjf<| fYaIh = NdKav wmkhkh - NdKav wdkhkh
1 ksoiqk ( -500 = we.¨ï wmkhkh 500 - we.¨ï wdkhkh 1000

^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&
 fjf<| .sKqfï fYaIh w;sßla;hla fyda (+) ys`.hla fyda ^-& úh yels h'
by; ksoiqk wkqj fjf<| .sKqfï fYaIh iDK w.hls'
 wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|dfï § rgla wfkl=;a rgj,a iu`. idOl fkdjk
fiajd i|yd lrkq ,nk úhoï iy ,efnk wdodhï igyka lrk .sKqu
fiajd .sKqfï fõ'
 fiajd .sKqug my; i|yka ixrpl wh;a fõ'

 ixpdrl fiajd
 uqyqÿ m%jdyK
 .=jka m%jdyK
 uQ,H fiajd
 úÿ,s ikafoaY fiajd
 rlaIK fiajd
131
fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh = fiajd wmkhk wdodhu - fiajd wdkhk úhou
 fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh w;ssßla;hla (+) fyda ys`.hla ^-& úh yels h'
 NdKav .sKqfï fYaIh fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh .e,mSfuka NdKav yd fiajd
.sKqfï fYaIh ,efí'
NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh = NdKav .sKqfï fYaIh + fiajd .sKqfï

fYaIh
 Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY .kqfokq iïnkaO ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
1' Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaYh
S rgj,ska ,nd .;a Kh i|yd jd¾ISl fmd<sh ñ,shk
500la f.ùu
2' Y%S ,dxlsl iud.ula ud,Èjhsfka we.¨ï lïy,l wdfhdackfhka ñ,shk
300la ,dNdxY ,eîu
fuu ksoiqka iïnkaO .kqfokq f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha m%d:ñl wdodhï
.sKqug we;=<;a fõ'
m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh = úfoaY idOl ,eîï - úfoaY idOl

f.ùï
2 ksoiqk ( ^-200& = úfoaY idOl ,eîï 300 - úfoaY idOl f.ùï 500
^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&
 m%d:ñl wdodhu .sKqug we;=<;a jkafka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wdY%fhka

mek kÕsk fmd<S" jegqma yd uQ,H j;alï wdfhdackfhka Wmhd .kakd
,dNdxY wdÈh hs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ fkajdislhka iy wfkajdislhka w;r isÿ jk .kqfokq lsym
s hla
my; ±lafõ'
 ueofmrÈ. fiajh lrk ,dxlslhka ;u {d;Skg
a ñ,shk 1500l fm%Y
a K
jYfhka jdKsc nexl=j fj; tùu
 Y%S ,xldfõ Ök cd;slhka ;u {d;Ska fj; ñ,shk 500l fm%aYK
Ökfha nexl=jla fj; heùu
132
ksoiqk (
.sKqfï fYaIh = úfoaY ixl%du ,eîï - úfoaY ixl%du f.ùu
1000 = úfoaY ixl%du ,eîï 1500 - úfoaY ixl%du f.ùï 500

^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqug we;=<;a

 NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh
 m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh
 oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh .e,mSfuka cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh
,efí'
yr ner fYaIh
NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh 500 1000 - 500
m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh 300 500 - 200
oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh 1500 500 500
cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh - 200
 uQ,H j;alï uQ,H .sKqu ;=< we;=<;a jk w;r ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H
fkdjk j;alï m%d.aOk .sKqfï igyka lrkq ,efí'
 ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H fkdjk j;alï fkajdislhka iy wfkajdislhka
w;r isÿ jk .kqfokq m%d.aOk .sKqfï yr - ner f,i igyka fõ'
 ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H j;alï lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

 n,m;%
 nÿ .súiqï
 ikakï
 lS¾;s kduh úlsKSu $ ñ, § .ekSu
 ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hhlg bvï úlsKSu
 cd;Hka;r wdh;k $ rcfhka ,nd fok m%odk
 fmagkaÜ n,m;% îajdêldß whs;sh&
 mqrialdr
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha wjidk Wm .sKqu uQ,H .sKquhs'
133
 fkajdislhska iy wfkajdislhska w;r isÿ jk uQ,H j;alï yd j.lSï
wdYS%; .kqfokq uQ,H .sKqfuys jd¾;d flf¾'
 ld¾hd;aul iajrEmh u; uQ,H .sKqfï .kqfokq m%Odk jYfhka fldgia

mylg fnÈh yels h' tkï"
 iDcq wdfhdack
 l,U wdfhdack
 uQ,H jHq;amkak
 fjk;a wdfhdack
 úfoaY ixÑ; j;alï
lsishï rgl f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqu iy m%d.aOk .sKqfï
fYaIj, tl;=j tu rg wjfYaI f,dalh iu`. Y=oaO Kh ysñfhla o
^f.jqï ;=,k w;sßla;hla& ke;fyd;a Y=oaO Kh .e;sfhla o ^ f.jqï ;=,k
ys`.hla o hkak fmkakqï lrhs'
 oaú;aj .sKqï uQ,O¾uhg wkqj cx.u iy m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaIj, tl;=j
uQ,H .sKqfï fYaIhg iudk úh hq;= w;r lsihs ï ixLHdkuh jrola ksid
wiudk;djla yg.;fyd;a zzY=oaO jeroSï yd w;ayeÍï hk whs;uh fhdod
.ksñka tu iudk;ajh we;s flf¾'
 uQ,H .sKqu u`.ska fmkakd fokafka rgl Y=oaO Khysñ nj fyda Y=oaO Kh
.e;snj uQ,HklrKh flfrk wdldrhhs'
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha tla tla .sKqïj,g wh;a whs;uhka l,ams;

ixLHd f,aLk we;=<;a lr bÈßm;a l< yels h'
134
^re' ñ,shk&
whsuh ner yr
fjf<| .sKqu
wmkhkh 1000
wdkhkh 1300
uQ,H fkdjk r;arka ,eîï 150
uQ,H fkdjk r;arka f.ùï 200
fiajd .sKqu
,eîï 800
f.ùï 600
NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh ^150&
m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqu
,eîï 800
f.ùï 1000
m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh ^200&
oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqu
fiajd kshqla;s fm%aIK ,eîï 1800
fiajd kshqla;s fm%aIK f.ùï 800
rcfha ixl%du ,eîï 400
oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh 1400
cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh 1050
whsuh ner yr
m%d.aOk .sKqu
m%d.aOk .sKqu - ,eîï 600
m%d.aOk .sKqu - f.ùï 300
m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaIh 300
cx.u yd m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaIh 1350
uQ,H .sKqu
Rcq wdfhdack ( j;alï 150
Rcq wdfhdack ( j.lSï 100
úúO wdfhdack ( j;alï 200
úúO wdfhdack ( j.lSï 150
wfkla wdfhdack ( j;alï 150
wfkla wdfhdack ( j.lSï 50
ixÑ; j;alï ^Y=oaO& 250
uQ,H .sKqfï fYaIh 450
^f.jqï fYaI f,aLkhl ld,Sk wdlD;shla f.k isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak')
135
 by; l,ams; f.jqï ;=,k f,Lkfha cx.u yd m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaih
re'ñ' 1350la jk w;r uQ,H .sKqfï fYaIh re' ñ' 450la fõ' oaú;aj igyka
uQ,O¾uh wkqj b; fYai fol iudk úh hq;= h' fï ksid Y=oaO jer§ï yd
w;ayeÍfï fYaI fol iudk úh hq;= h' fï ksid Y=oaO jer§ï yd w;ayeÍï
re'ñ' 900 la f,i f.k by; fYaI fok iudk l< yels h'
136
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,H Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh .fõIKh
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'2 (Y%S ,xld f.jqï fYaI wiu;=,s;;d y÷kd .ksñka ta i|yd
úi÷ï yd l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06
bf.kqï m, (
 Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha Wmk;s
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 cx.u .sKqfï ys`.fha iajrEmh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 f.jqï ;=,kfha wiu;=,s;;dj ksjerÈ lsÍug flá ld,Sk úi÷ï fhdackd
lrhs'
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkhl ys`.hla wLKavj mj;S kï thg È.= ld,Sk
úi\qï fhdackd lrhs'
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha 2013 isg 2016 olajd .sKqïj, Wmk;ska my;
±lafjk ixLHd f,aLk j.=j 01ka fmkakqï lrhs'
j¾Ih NdKav iy m%d:ñl oaú;Shl cx.u m%d.aOk uQ,H iuia;
fiajd .sKqfï wdodhï wdodhï .sKqfï .sKqfï .sKqfï .sKqfï
fYaIh .sKqfï .sKqfï fYaIh fYaIh fYaIh fYaIh
2012 - 8155 -1219 5392 -3982 130 4263'4 151'2
2013 - 6429 -1817 5639 -2607 71 30637 958'4
2014 - 6407 -1808 6227 -1988 58'3 -1536'1 1369
2015 - 6105 -2097 6193 -2008'5 46'3 -2312'3 -149
2016 - 6211 - 2184 6453 - 1942 26 2199 - 500
uy nexl= jd¾;dj
 Y%S ,xldfõ cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla mj;S'

 NdKav .sKqï fYaIh ^fjf<| fYaIh& §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla fmkakqï lrhs'
fiajd .sKqfï w;sßla;hla fmkakqï lrhs'
 NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh miq.sh jir lSmh ;=< WÉpdjpkhg ,la
ù we;' ûy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&
 NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIfha mj;sk ys`.h ms<sn| o;a; úYaf,aIKhla
my; ±lafjk ixLHd f,aLk j.=fjka bÈßm;a flf¾'
137
j¾Ih NdKav .sKqfï fiajd .sKqfï NdKav yd fiajd
fYaIh fYaIh .sKqfï fYaIh
2012 -9417 1262 - 8155
2013 - 7609 1180 - 6429
2014 - 8287 1880 - 6407
2015 - 8430 2325 - 6105
2016 -9090 2879 - 7211
 j.=j 01 u.ska m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï mj;sk ys`.h by< hdu fmkakqï
lrk w;r tu ys`.h cx.u .sKqfï ys`.h flfrys n,md we;'
 oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï Y=oaO fYaIh w;sßla;hla fmkakqï lrk w;r th
l%ula l%ufhka by< hdula fmkakqï lrhs' th by< hdu ksid cx.u
.sKqfï wvq fõ'
 2010 j¾Ifha isg uQ,H .sKqu Ok w.hla f.k 2014 isg ys`.hla fmkakqï
lrhs'
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla fmkakqï
lrhs' th 1977 j¾fha È muKla Ok w.hla f.k we;s w;r wd¾Ólh
újD; ùu;a iu. §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla fmkakqï lrhs' ûy nexl= jd¾;dfõ
ld,Sk f;dr;=re wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&
 cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh ,nd .kafka fjf<| fYaIh" fiajd fYaIh" m%d:ñl
wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh iy oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKf
q ï fYaIh tlg .e<mSfuka
h' cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh ys`.h ;Sj%;djg fjf<| fYaIh iy m%d:ñl
wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh RK w.hla .ekSu fya;= ù we;'
 f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha wiu;=,s;;dj f,i y÷kajkafka iuia; fYaIfha
yss`.hla fyda w;sßla;hla fyda mej;Su hs'
 lsishï rgl f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqfï iy m%d.aOk .sKqfï
fYaIj, tl;=j tu rg wjfYaI f,dalh iu`. Y=oaO Kh ysñfhla o
ke;fyd;a Y=oaO Kh .e;sfhla o hkak fmkakqï lrhs'
 f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh w;sßla;lg jvd ys`.hla fmkakqï lrk
úg wd¾Ól jYfhka b;d m%n, m%;súmdl we;s lrhs' tu ksid f.jqï
fYaIfha flá ld,Sk ys`.h mshùug wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ'
 flá ld,Sk j ys`.h mshjkafka flfia o hkak flá ld,Sk uQ,Hhkh
138
lsÍu f,i y÷kajhs'
 flá ld,Sk uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾. lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
 úfoaY ixÑ; fhdod .ekSu
 cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,ka iómia:d Kh ,nd .ekSu
 fjk;a cd;Hka;r uQ,H wdh;kj,ska flá ld,Sk wruqo,a ,nd .ekSu
 §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla mj;sk úg ta i|yd bÈßm;a l< yels úi÷ï my;
±lafõ'
 wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKh
 Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack Èßu;a lsÍu
 idïm%odhsl wmkhkh Èßu;a lsÍu
 wmkhk m%j¾Ok l,dm msysgqùu
 úfoaY rgj,a iu`. .súiqïj,g t<öu
 úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùug bv yeÍu fyda wjm%udKh lsÍu
 foaYh
S WoaOukh md,kh fldg wmkhkj, ;r.ldrs;j
a h by< kexùu
 wdkhk wdfoaYk l¾udka; jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
 w;HjYH wdkhkh yer wjfYaI wdkhkh wffO¾hj;a lsÍu
139
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'3 ( úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh yd úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk
YlH;dj fjkia jQ wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06
bf.kqï m, (
 úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh w¾: olajhs'
 l,ams; ixLHd weiqfrka úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh .Kkh lrhs'
 uE; ld,fha § úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh mshjQ wdldrh uy nexl= jd¾;dj
weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 úfoaY j;alï w¾: olajhs'
 úfoaY j;alïj, ixhq;sh olajhs'
 úfoaY j;alï mj;ajd .ekSu rglg jeo.;a jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 úfoaY j;alïj, idfmalaI m%udKh uekSu yd tys uE; ld,Sk m%udKh
uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj fldmuK ld,hlg m%udKj;a fõ o
hkak m%ldY lrhs'
 ksYaÑ; ld,Éfþohla ;=< wd¾Ólhg .,d tk ish¨ úfoaY ,eîï iy
wd¾Ólfhka neyerg .,d hk ish¨ úfoaY f.ùï w;r fjki úfoaY
iïm;a mr;rh f,i y÷kajhs'
úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh } úfoaY ,eîï - úfoaY f.ùï
 úfoaY ,eîï f,i i,lkafka wmkhk" fiajd ,eîï" m%d:ñl wdodhï
,eîï iy oaú;Shl wdodhï ,eîï h' úfoaY f.ùïj,g wdkhk f.ùï"
fiajd f.ùï" idOl wdodhï f.ùï iy Kh wdmiq f.ùï" fm!oa.,sl
m%d.aOk ixl%du f.ùï" wdfhdack .,d hdï" jdKsc nexl=j, f.ùï we;=<;a
fõ'
140
ksoiqk ( l,ams; wd¾Ólhl úfoaY ,eîï yd úfoaY f.ùï my; ±lafõ'
úfoaY ,eîï ^re' ì,shk& úfoaaY f.ùï ^re' ì,shk&
wmkhk bmehqï 800 wdkhk f.ùï 1 10
fiajd ,eîï 120 fiajd f.ùï 50
m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîï 130 m%d:ñl wdodhï f.ùï 150
oaú;Shsl wdodhï ,eîï 140 fm!oa.,sl m%d.aOk ixl%du f.ùï 70
Kh wdmiq f.ùï 260
wdfhdack .,d hdï 40
jdKsc nexl=j, f.ùï 60
iuia; úfoaY ,eîï 730 iuia; úfoaY f.ùï 740
 Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh RK w.hls ^ys`.hls&' Bg fya;= lsysmhla

my; oelafõ'
 wmkhkj,g idfmalaI j wdkhkh jeä w.hla .ekSu
 m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîïj,g idfmalaI j m%d:ñl wdodhï f.ùï
wêl ùu
 Kh wdmiq f.ùï wêl ùu
 jdKsc nexl= úiska úfoaY rgj,g lrk f.ùï m%udKh by< hdu
 úfoaY iï;a mr;rh ys`.hla ^RK w.hla& ùu wd¾Ólhg t;rï ys;lr

fkdfõ' úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh ys`. jQ úg wd¾Ólh fj; my; m%;súmdl
we;s lrhs'
 úfoaY j;alï m%udKh my< hdu
 úfoaY Kh .ekSug isÿ ùu
 uqof,a úfoaY w.h my< hdu
 uqo,a iemhqu my; jeàu
 úfoaY Kh fiajd lrk f.ùï by< hdu
 cd;Hka;r Kh w¾nqoj,g md;% ùu
 úfoaY iïm;a mr;rfhys idfmalaI m%udKh uek olajkq ,nkafka"
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg idfmalaI j iy
 uq¿ úfoaY bmhqïj,g idfmalaIjhs'
141
 uE; j¾Ij, úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh msh jQ wdldrh
 flá ld,Sk Kh
 iemhqïlrejkaf.ka .kakd Kh
 nexl= Kh
 cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,ka .kakd Kh
 Y%S ,xldj my< wdodhï ,nk rgla j mej;s ld,fha § furgg ,efnk
úfoaY m%odk úfoaY wdOdr úfoaY Rcq wdfhdack jeks Kh fkdjk
uQ,dY%j,ska úfoaY iïm;a mr;rfha ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla mshjd.;a
kuq;a Y%S ,xldj ueÈ wdodhï ,nk rgla f,i j¾. lsÍu ksid Y%S
,xldjg ,efnk úfoaY m%odk wdOdr iSud ù we;' tneúka "
 flá ld,Sk Kh
 jdKsc nexl= Kh
 iemhqïlrejkaf.ka Kh
 cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,ka .kakd Kh
jeks ud¾.j,ska Kh ,nd f.k úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh mshùug isÿ ù
;sfí' tys wys;lr m%;súmdl jkafka fmd<S msßjeh wêl ùu flá
ld,hla ;=< Kh mshùug isÿ ùu ksid úfoaY j;alï m%udKh YS>f
% hka
wvq ùu jeks wdosh hs'
 úfoaY j;alï hkq lsih
s ï rgla fjkqfjka fjk;a rgj, uy nexl=j,
;ekam;a lr ;sfnk úfoaY uqo,a yd iq/l=ï m;a h'
 úfoaY j;alï Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fj;a" ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wdh;kj,;a"
Y%S ,xld rch;a i;= j mj;S'
 fuhska wdKavqj" uy nexl=j iy jdKsc nexl=j,g wh;a j;alï o< uq¿
j;alï fõ'
 thska wdKavqj iy uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY j;alï o, ks, j;alï fõ'
 úfoaY j;alïj, ixhq;sh my; ±lafõ'
 uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY nexl= ;ekam;=
 uy nexl=j ñ, § .;a úfoaY iq/l=ï m;a
 Y%S ,xld rch i;= úfYaI .ekqï yssñlï
 jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a
 jdKsc nexl= ñ, § .;a úfoaY iq/l=ï m;a
142
 úfoaY j;alïj, ixhq;sh ms<sn| idlÉPd lrk úg úfoaY j;alïj,
ysñlu ilia jQ wdldrh jeo.;a fõ' 2015 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY
j;alïj, ysñldß;ajh my; ±lafõ'
wdh;kh uq¿ úfoaY j;alïj,ska
ysñ lr .;a m%;sY;h ^]&
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j 73
;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wdh;k 22
Y%S ,xld rch 5
100
ûy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&
 rglg úfoaY j;alï mj;ajd .ekSu lsysm wdldrhlska jeo.;a fõ' tajd
kï
 uqof,a úfoaY w.h ia:djr j mj;ajd f.k hdug
 uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lsßug
 wdkhk YlH;dj msßlaiSug
 f.jqï fYaI ys`.h mshùug
 uQ,H wêldßhg úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g n,mEï lsÍfï yelshdj
;SrKh ùug
 úfoaY wdfhdaclhkaf.a úYajdih Èkd.; yels ùug
 rglg ysñ úfoaY j;alïj, idfmalaI m%udKh ukskq ,nkafka úfoaY
j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj fldmuK ld,hla i|yd m%udKj;a fõ o
hkak u;hs' ke;skï úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk yelshdj udi fldmuKlg
o hkak ñkqï lsÍuhs' th .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka my; mßÈ h'
úfoaY j;alï m%udKh

úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj ûdi& =
udisl wdkhk úhou
ksoiqka f,i rglg ysñ úfoaY j;alï m%udKh } re' ì,shk 5 000
jd¾Isl wdkhk úhou } re' ì,shk 12 000
úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj ûdi&
60000

12000
} udi 5
143
 ñka woyia lrkafka udi 5lg NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd
úfoaY j;alï m%udKj;a jk nj hs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ uE; jirj, úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj my; mßÈ
j.=jlska bÈßm;a l< yels h'
j¾Ih úfoaY j;alïj,
wdkhk YlH;dj ûdi&
2011 4'3
2012 4'7
2013 4'8
2014 5'1
2015 4'9
 úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj b;d iq¿ jeä ùula fmkajhs' Bg

fya;=j NdKav yd fiajd wdkhk jeä jk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä m%;sY;hlska
úfoaY j;alï m%udKh by< hdu hs' ûy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re
wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&
144
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'4 ( úfoaY wdfhdackh rgl wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh
úuihs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 04
bf.kqï m, (
 úfoaY wdfhdack w¾: olajhs'
 úfoaY wdfhdack j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
 Rcq wdfhdack y÷kajd uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d olajhs'
 Rcq wdfhdackfha ys;lr yd wys;lr m%;súmdl ú.%y lrhs'
 l<U wdfhdack y÷kajd tys uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d ú.%y lrhs'

 rgla" wdh;khla fyda mqoa.,hl= fyda fjk;a rgl uQ,H j;alï ñ, §
.ekSu fyda ;u jHdmdr ìys lsÍu iy mj;akd jHdmdrj, fldgia jeä
ixLHdjla ñ, § .ekSu úfoaY wdfhdackhhs'
 úfoaY wdfhdackh m%Odk fldgia folla hgf;a úia;r l< yels h'
 Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack
 l<U úfoaY wdfhdack
 Rcq úfoaYSh wdfhdack hkq lsishï m%;s,dNhla wfmalaIdfjka úfoaYSh
rgl M,odhs uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSu hs'
ksoiqka ( l¾udka; Yd,d" m;,a" bvlvï wd§ j;alï úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhka
w;am;a lr .ekSu
 lsishï j¾Ihla úfoaY Rcq wdfhdack weia;fïka;= lsÍfï § rg ;=<g
.,d tk m%d.aOk m%jdyhka yd ráka msg;g .,d hk m%d.aOkh hk fol
u ie,ls,a,g .efka'
 úfoaYSh Rcq wdfhdack ms<sn| j uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d my; ±lafõ'
 miq.hs jir lsysmh ;=< úfoaYh
S Rcq wdfhdack n,dfmdfrd;a;= uÜgug
wvq ùu
145
 wdfhdaclhkaf.a úYajdih wvq ùug fya;=jla f,i rg ;=< foaYmd,k
ia:djr;ajhla fkd;sîu ksid wdfhdack my< uÜgul mej;Su
 fmd<S wkqmd;slh uE; j¾Ij, jeä ùfï iajNdjhla fmkakqï lsßu
ksid Y%S ,xldj we;=¿ wfkl=;a keÕS tk wd¾Ólhkag ±ä n,mEula
t,a, ùu
 wdfhdaclhka keÕS tk fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh ;=< wdfhdackh lsÍug
ue,s ùu
 Rcq wdfhdackfha ys;lr yd wys;lr m%;súmdl
 úfoaY wdfhdack ;=<ska Yla;su;a jk cd;Hka;r idOl ixp,;dj
fya;= fldg f.k iïm;a fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj by< hdu
 wu;r m%d.aOk m%jdyhka rg ;=<g .,d tau ;=<ska iïm;a mßyrKh
^b;=reï-wdfhdack& mshjd .ekSug yels ùu
 úfoaY úksuh mr;rh mshjd .ekSug yels ùu ^úfoaYSh ,eîï - úfoaYSh
f.ùï - wmkhk mr;rh&
 f.jqï fYaI ys`.hg ms<s;=rla ùu
 Kh nr by< fkdhdu
 kj ;dlaIKh yd l<ukdlrKh rgg ,nd .; yels ùu
 ,dNdxY yd fmd<S jYfhka úYd, uqo,a m%udKhla msgrgg we§ hdu
 foaYSh wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g whym;a n,mEï we;s ùu
 m%d.aOk iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,amSh l%u Ndú;h ksid /lshd wjia:d
wysñ ùu
 iajNdúl iïm;a wêmßfNdackhg ,la ùu
 foaYSh l¾udka; wvmK ùu
 rchg ,efnk nÿ wdodhï kshu f,i fkd,eî hdu
 foaYSh wdfhdaclhka i|yd we;s uqo,a úfoaY jHdmdr fj; we§ hdu
 foaYSh jHdmdrj, olaI fiajlhka úfoaY jHdmdr lrd hdu
ûy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj weiqfrka Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY wdfhdackj,
ld,Sk f;dr;=re yd Wmk;ska ms<sn| j isiqka ±kqïj;a lrkak&'
146
 l<U wdÈh wdfhdackh hkafkka woyia jkafka uQ,H m%;s,dNhka
wfmalI
a dfjka úfoaYh
S wdfhdaclhska fjk;a rgl jHdmdßl iud.ï fldgia"
ms<sKm;a" Khlr" jdKsc m;%sld wdos uQ,H fjf<|fmd< WmlrK ñ, §
.ekSu hs' l<U úfoaY wfhdackj, § wdfhdaclhkag úfoaY jHdmdrhkaf.a
l<ukdldÍ;ajh ysñlu fyda md,kh fyda ms<sn| ysñlula fkd,efnkq
we;'
l<U wdfhdckfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 uE; j¾j, ysñlï fldgia fj; jQ úfoaYSh wdfhdackh wvq ùula fmkakqï
lsÍu
 rfgys mj;s k foa Ymd,k wia :djrNdjh u; úfoa Y wxY fldgia
fjf<|fmdf<ys wdfhdackh lsÍu ukao.dó iajrEmhla ±laùu
 fldgia fjf<|fmd< wia:djr;ajh È.g u wLKav j mej;Su fya;=fjka
wdfhdaclhka wdfhdackhg ue<s ùu fmkakqï lsÍu
 Y%S ,xldfjka msg; fkajdislhka úiska Y%S ,xldfõ wdfhdack isÿ lrkq
,nk iSud yd lafIa;% mq¿,a lsÍu yryd rcfha m%;sm;a;s yd iu.dó j
wdKavqfõ wdfhdack m%;sm;a;s kej; iudf,dapkh lsÍu
147
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,H Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh
.fõIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'5 ( úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 04
bf.kqï m, (
 úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< w¾: olajhs'
 úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh w¾: olajhs'
 úfoaY úksuh wkqmd; l%u ;SrKh jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 úfoaY úksuh yqjudre jk wdh;ksl jHQyhkaf.a iïnkaO;djka úfoaY
úksuh fjf<|fmd< f,i y÷kajhs' fkdtfia kï úfoaY úks uh
b,a¨ïlrejka yd iemhqïlrejka tu úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slhka yd
yqjudre lr .kakd úfoaY úksuh m%udKhka ;SrKh lr .ekSug iïnkaO
jk wdh;ksl jHQyhka úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< f,i ye|skaúh yels
h'
 cd;Hka;r fjf<|du iy uQ,H .kqfokq myiq lsÍu i|yd úfoaY úksuh
imhd §u msKsi úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< ixúOdkh ù we;' tu
fjf<|fmd<j,a f,dalfha úYd, u fjf<|fmd< f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
 fldgia fjf<|fmd<lg jvd úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< f,dalh mqrd
me;sreKq fjf<÷kaf.a cd,hla f,i ixúOdkh ù we;'
 úfoaY úksuh fjf<|dfï fh§ isák fjf<÷ka wod< úfoaY uqof,a .ekqï
ñ, iy úl=Kqï ñ, ms<sn| f;dr;=re fiiq fjf<÷kaf.ka úuid n,d
jvd;a jdisodhl ;;a;ajh ;SrKh lrhs' úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<j,
fndfyda .kqfokq isÿ jkafka ÿrl:k u.ska jk w;r miq j th úoHq;a
;emE, fyda *elaia msKsúv u.ska ikd: lr.kq ,nhs'
 úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a l%shdldÍ md¾Yajhka rdYshla isà'
 jdKsc nexl=
 úfoaY úksuh ;e/õlrejka
 jHdmdßl wdh;k
 uy nexl=j
148
 uyck;dj
 wdKavj
q
 jdKsc nexl= úfoaYSh fjf<|fmdf<a jvd;a m%uqL ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs'
fuys § úfoaYSh úksuh .ekqï ñ, iy úl=Kqï ñ, m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ' úl=Kïq ñ, iy .ekqï ñ, w;r mr;rh wdh;kfha ,dNdka;ls h
ksrEmKh lrhs' úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<j, nyq, j yqjudre jkafka
f,dalfha m%n, uqo,a j¾. jk weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh" iag¾,ska
mjqï" hQfrda iy cmdkfha fhka wdosh hs'
 m%Odk úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< uOHia:dkj, ñ, .Kka w;r lsishï
fjkialula we;s jqjfyd;a úfoaY úksuh cdjdreïlrejka tu wjia:dfjka
m%fhdackhg f.k ,dN Wmh hs' tkï ñ, wvq úksuh fjf<|fmdf<ka
úfoaY úksuh ñ,g f.k ñ, jeä fjf<|fmd<gg úfoaY úksuh wf,ú
lrhs'
 foaYSh jHdjydr uqo,a tallhla úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tall njg;a úfoaY
jHjydr uqo,a tallhla foaYSh jHjydr uqo,a tall njg;a mßj¾;kh
lrk wkqmd;slh úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh f,i y÷kajhs' fuf,i lsih s ï
uqo,a tallhl ñ, ;j;a uqo,a tallhlska m%ldY lsÍu kdñl úksuh
wkqmd;slh kñka y÷kajhs'
 úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh m%ldY lrk l%u folla we;' tkï"
Rcq lshùï
jl% lshùï
 Rcq lshùfï l%uh fyj;a ñ, ks¾Kh lrk l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slh

m%ldYhg m;a lrkafka úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tallhl ñ, foaYSh jHjydr
uqo,aj,ska ±laùu u.sks' ksoiqka f,i weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rhla
ñ, § .ekSug Y%S ,xld remsh,a fldmuK m%udKhla wjYH o hkak ±laùu
USA $ 1 = Y%S ,xld remsh,a 152
 jl% lshùfï l%uh fyj;a mßudj ks¾Kh lsÍfï l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slh
u.ska olajkafka foaYSh uqo,a tallfha ñ, úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tall
u.ska ±laùu hs' jl% lshùfï l%uhg úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh Rcq lshùfï
l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slfha mriamrh hs'
1
Y%S ,xld remsh,a (LKR) 1} tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ $ =  0.00657
152
149
 Rcq lshùfï l%uhg úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jkafka úfoaY
jHjydr uqo,a tallhg mj;sk b,aü yd iemhqu u; h' ksoiqkla f,i
weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rfha remsh,a ñ, ;SrKh jkaafka úfoaY
úksuh fjf<|fmd< ;=< fvd,¾ i|yd we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u; h'
 fvd,¾ b,a¨ï lrkafka úfoaY rgj,ska NdKav wdkhkh lsÍug" úfoaY
rgj, ixpdrh lsÍug Kh wdmiq f.ùug" Kh i|yd fmd<sh f.ùug yd
úfoaY rgj,g ixl%du f.ùug wdos f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha f.ùï .kqfokq
mshùug h' fvd,rfha remsh,a ñ, yd fvd,¾ b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;f
s ,dau
iïnkaO;djla mj;S'
 mj;sk úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a wdkhk jeä ùu" úfoaY ixpdr jeä
ùu" Kh fmd<S f.ùï by< hdu úfoaYj,g flfrk ixl%du f.ùï by<
hdu wdos idOl u; fvd,¾ b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' wdkhk wvq
ùu" úfoaY ixpdr wvq ùu" úfoaY ixl%du f.ùï wvq ùu wdos fya;= u;
fvd,¾ b,a¨ï jl%h jïmig ú;eka fõ'
 fvd,¾ i|yd iemhqula we;s jkafka NdKav wmkhk fiajd ,eîï" m%d:ñl
wdodhï ,eîï" oaú;Shl wdodhï ,eîï wdos f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha ,eîï
.kqfokq u.sks' fvd,rfha remsh,a ñ, yd fvd,¾ iemhqu w;r mj;skafka
wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djls'
 mj;akd úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a wmkhk jeä jk úg ixpdrl ,eîï"
Kh ,eîï jeä jk úg fvd,¾ iemhqu jeä fõ' iemhqu jl%h ol=Kg
ú;eka fõ' wmkhk wvq jk úg fiajd ,eîï wvq jk úg fvd,¾ iemhqu
wvq fõ' fvd,¾ iemhqï jl%h jïmig ú;eka fõ'
 fvd,¾ i|yd we;s b,aü yd iemhqu ;=,kh jk úg fvd,rfha remsh,a
ñ, ;SrKh fõ'
Rs
úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh
$

fvd,rfha remsh,a ñ,
S $ fvd,¾ iemhqu
1 $ = re' 100
fvd,¾ b,aü
D$
 $ m%udKh
100 000 $
150
 fvd,rhla re' 100 ne.ska Èklg 100 000 $la yqjudre fõ'
 jl% lshùfï l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jkafka foaYSh jHjydr
uqo,a tallhg furg ;=< mj;sk b,aü yd iemhqu u; h' ksoiqkla f,i
Y%S ,xld remsh,lska ñ,g .; yels weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ m%udKh
;SrKh jkafka Y%S ,xld remsh,a i|yd mj;sk b,aü yd iemhqu u; h'
 wNHka;r úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a remsh,a b,a¨ï lrkq ,nkafka
úfoaYl
s hka úisks' tfia remsh,a b,a¨ï lrkaka Y%S ,xldfjka NdKav ñ,g
.ekSu" Y%S ,xldj ;=< ixpdrh lsÍu" .;a Kh wdmiq f.ùï wd§ f.jqï
;=,k ,eîï .kqfokq i|yd h' remshf,a fvd,¾ ñ, yd Y%S ,xld remsh,a
b,aü w;r mj;skafka m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djls'
 mj;sk úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ me;af;ka wmkhk jeä
jk úg" fiajd ,eîï jeä jk úg remsh,a b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'
wmkhk wvq jk úg fiajd ,eîï wvq jk úg yd m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîï
wvq jk úg remsh,a b,aü wvq fõ'remsh,a b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wNHka;r úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a remsh,a imhkafka
iajfoaYslhka úiska h' tfia remsh,a imhkafka úfoaY rgj,ska NdKav yd
fiajd wdkhkh i|yd h' remsh,a imhd fvd,¾ ñ, § f.k úfoaY rgj,ska
NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh lrhs' remsh,a fvd,¾ ñ, yd remsh,a iemhqu
w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'
 mj;sk úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a wdkhk jeä jk úg fiajd f.ùï jeä
jk úg remsh,a iemhqï ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' wdkhk yd fiajd f.ùï wvq
jk úg remsh,a iemhqï jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'
 úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a remsh,a i|yd we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u;
remsh,l fvd,¾ ñ, ;SrKh fõ'
$
Rs

remsh,a iemhqu
1 LKR = 0.006$
remshf,a fvd,¾ ñ,
remsh,a b,aü

LKR 100 000 remsh,a m%udKh
 remsh,l jákdlug fvd,¾ 0'006 (0.006$) ne.ska Èklg Y%S ,xld

remsh,a 100 000la yqjudre fõ'
151
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,Hh Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh .fõIKh
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'6 ( úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;sl l%u ;=,kd;aul j úia;r lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh y÷kajd tu l%ufha jdis yd wjdis olajhs'
 kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh y÷kajd tu l%ufha jdis yd wjdis olajhs'
 md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh y÷kajhs'

 m%Odk jYfhka úksuh wkqmd; l%u folla ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
tkï"
ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh
kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh
 uQ,H wêldßh úiska ;SrKh l< úksuh wkqmd;slh kej; uQ,H wêldßh
úiska u fjkia lrk f;la u tl u uÜgul mj;skafka kï th ia:djr
úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh f,i y÷kajhs'
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uhg mokï jQfha rka ñkqï l%uh yd rka
yqjudre l%uh hs' tkï rka ixÑ; l%uh u; jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍfï
moku fõ' weußld tlai;a ckmoh rka wjqkaihla fmvr,a ixÑ; nexl=fõ
;ekam;a l< úg fvd,¾ 35la ksl=;a lrk ,os' tx.,ka;fha uy nexl=fõ
rka wjqkaihla ;ekam;a l< úg iag¾,ska mjqï 12'50la ksl=;a lrk ,os' ta
wkqj fvd,¾ yd mjqï w;r úksuh wkqmd;slh £1 = $ 2.80 úh' th rka
wjqkaihlg ksl=;a lrk fvd,¾ m%udKh fyda iag¾,ska mjqï m%udKh
fjkia jk f;la u ia:djr j ;sìKs'
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh rglg jdisodhl f,i n,mdkafka my;
mßoafoka h'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh ia:djr ksid wdkhklrejkag we;s jk wjodku
wvq h'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh ia:djr ksid úfoaY wdfhdaclhkag úfoaY Kh
iemhqï lrejkag we;s jk wúksYaÑ; nj wvq h'
152
 ia : djr úks u h wkq m d;s l hla mj;s k úg iuia ; wd¾Ólfha
l%shdldß;ajhka l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï lsÍfï yelshdj jeä h'
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;sk úg iufmalaIK fÉ;kdfjka
úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a b,a¨ï lsÍug fkdfm<fUk ksid úfoaY úksuh
ys`.hla we;s fkdfõ'
 úksuh wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùu u.ska wmkhk lrejkag jdis ,nd
.; fkdyels neúka wmkhkj, ;r.ldrs;ajh by< kxjd .ekSu
wmkhk lrejka fm<fUhs'
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh rglg wjdisodhl f,i n,mdkafka
my; mßoafoka h'
 ndysr iu;=,s;;dj ^f.jqï ;=,kfha iunr;dj& mj;ajd .ekSug"
wNHka;r iu;=,s;;dj îudydr b,aü yd iudydr iemhqu ;=,s; j
mj;ajd .ekSu& lem lsrug isÿ ùu' f.jqï fYaI ys`.hla we;s jqjfyd;a
th iukh lr .ekSug wNHka;r wd¾Ólfha wjOdkhla we;s lr
.ekSug isÿ fõ'
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slfha wê ;lafiarejla fyda W!k ;lafiarejla
mej;=Kfyd;a th ksr;=re j f.jqï fYaI ys`.hla fyda w;sßla;hla
fyda we;s ùug fya;= fõ'
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;ajd f.k hk úg tys wê ;lafiare
ùï hgf;a u;= jk úfoaY úksuh ys`.hla mshùug uQ,H wêldßhg
úYd, úfoaY úksuh ixÑ; mj;ajd f.k hdug isÿ ùu' th úYd,
uQ,H m%udKhla wl¾uKH f,i isr lr ;eîuls'
 úfoaY úksuh ixÑ; wjidk jk úg úksuh ys`.h mshjd .ekSug
úl,am l%shd ud¾. f,i wdkhk md,kh jeks wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s
wkq.ukh lsÍug isÿ ùfuka újD; fjf<|dfuka ,eìh yels Y=N
idOkh wvq fõ'
 úfoaY úksuh b,aü yd iemhqu u; ;SrKh jk úksuh wkqmd;slh kuH
úksuh wkqmd;slh" ^p, úksuh wkqmd;slh" mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;slh&
f,i y÷kajhs' th b,aü yd iemhqu n,fõ.j, fjkia ùu u;
ksrka;rfhka fjkia fõ'
 1970ka miq f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, kuH úksuh wkqmd; l%uh l%shd;aul
úh' úfoaY úksuh i|yd mj;sk b,aü by< hk úg úfoaY úksuh
wkqmd;slh jeä jk w;r úfoaY úksuh i|yd mj;sk b,aü my< hk
úg úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h my< hhs' úksuh wkqmd;slh by< hdu ksid
foaYSh uqof,a úfoaY w.h my< hdu uqof,a úfoaY w.h laIh ùu f,i
y\qkajhs'
153
 kuH úksuh wkqmd;slfha p,khkag n,mdkafka rgla ;=<g .,d tk yd
ráka msg;g .,d hk úfoaY úksuh m%jdyhka h' tkï f.jqï fYaI
f,aLkfha ,eîï yd f.ùï md¾Yajhkaf.a .kqfokq úksuh wkqmd;slfha
fjkia ùug n,mdkq we;'
 f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha wmkhk YS>%fhka j¾Okh jk úg kuH úksuh
wkqmd;slh my<g .uka lrhs' uqof,a úfoaY w.h by< hhs'
 fuh my; rEm igyfkka fmkakqï flf¾'
Rs
$

remsh,a iemhqu

1 LKR = 0.006$
1 LKR = 0.004$
remsh,a b,aü

0 80 100 remsh,a m%udKh ^ì,shk&
 f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha wdkhk YS>%fhka j¾Okh jQ úg kuH úksuh

wkqmd;slh by<g .uka lrhs' uqof,a úfoaY w.h my< hhs'
kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh u.ska f.jqï fYaIh iajhxls%h j ;=,kh jk
hdka;%Khla ks¾udKh fõ' f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha ys`.hla mj;sk úg
Rs
 úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh
$


remsh,a iemhqu
1 LKR = 0.006$
1 LKR = 0.004$

remsh,a b,aü

0 80 100 remsh,a m%udKh ^ì,shk&
154
úfoaY úksuh i|yd b,aü jeä ùu yd iemhqu wvq ùu u.ska úksuh
wkqmd;slh by< hkakg mgka .kS' túg uqof,a úfoaYSh w.h my< f.dia
wmkhk j¾Okh fõ' wdkhk wffO¾hj;a fõ' f.jqï fYaaI f,aLkfha
w;sßla;hla mj;sk úg úfoaY úksuh i|yd iemhqu jeä fõ' b,aü wvq
fõ' túg úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hkakg .kS' uqof,a úfoaY w.h by<
hhs' túg wdkhk jeä fõ' wmkhk wvq fõ' f.jqï ;=,k iunr;dj we;s
fõ'
kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%ufha jdis my; ±lafõ'
 kuH úksh wkqmd;slh úfoaY úksuh b,aü iy iemhqu iudk

flfrk iu;=,s; úksuh wkqmd;slhla neúka úksuh wkqmd;slh wê
;lafiare ùug;a W!k ;lafiare ùug;A bvla fkdue;'
;d;aa;aúl úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;akd neúka f.da,Sh wd¾Ól iïm;a
úl,am Ndú;hka w;r jvd;a ld¾hlaIu wdldrhg fn§ hhs'
kuH úksuh wkqmd; l%uh u.ska ndysr iu;=,s;;dj ksrdhdifhka
f.dv kefÕk neúka m%;m
s ;a;s iïmdolhka yg wNHka;r iu;=,;
s ;dj
Wfoid ;u mQ¾K m%h;akh fhoúh yels h'
uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ndysr idOlj,ska n,mEfuka iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksoyia
ksid foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;sula lsÍug uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ksoyfia fhdod
.; yels h'
úksuh wkqmd; ;SrKh ùfï § úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a b,aü yd
iemhqu iu;=,s; jk ksid úfoaY úksuh ys`.hla fyda w;sßla;hla
fyda we;s fkdfõ' tu ksid úYd, úfoaY úksuh ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSfï
wjYH;djla u;= fkdfõ'
wdkhk yd wmkhk md,kh i|yd wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh
l< hq;= fkdjk neúka jvd;a újD; fjf<|du u.ska iudc Y=N
idOkh Wmßu jYfhka N=la;s ú£ug bv m%ia;d j ysñ fõ'
kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%ufha wjdis my; ±lafõ'
   úksuh wkqmd;slh ksrka;rfhka Wia my;a ùu ksid cd;Hka;r

fjf<|du m%j¾Okhg kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh ndOdjls'
kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh úfoaY wdfhdaclhkag yd Kh iemhqï lrejkag
±ä wúksYaÑ; njla we;s lrhs'
kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;akd úg úksuh fjf<|fmd< wdY%s;
iufmalaIK ls%hd nyq, fõ' tu.ska úksuh wkqmd;slfha WÉpdjpkh
;j ;j;a ;Sj% lrhs'
155
ksrka;rfhka fjkia jk úksuh wkqmd;slhla neúka iuia; wd¾Ólfha
úkh mj;ajd .ekSu ÿIalrhs'
úksuh wkqmd;slfha WÉpdjpkh u.ska wmkhk lrejkag jdis ,eìh
yels neúka wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh j¾Okh lr .ekSug olajk
Wkkaÿj wvq fõ'
md,s; úksuh wkqmd;slh ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slfha;a kuH úksuh
wkqmd;slfha;a ixl,khls' ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slh iy kuH úksuh
wkqmd;slfha jdis w;am;a lr .ekSu i|yd md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh
ilid we;'
ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;ajd f.k hk wjia:djl th lsishï
mrdihla ;=< fjkia ùug bv § we;' tu mrdih blaujd fjkia jk úg
uQ,H wêldßh úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g msúi úfoaY úksuh $ foaYSh
uqo,a úlsKSu fyda ñ, § .ekSu u.ska úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slfha wka;.dó
foda,kh md,kh lrkq ,nhs' th md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh fyj;a
l<ukdlrKh l< kuH úksuh wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajhs'
fufia uQ,H wêldßh úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g ueÈy;a jkafka flá
ld,Sk jYfhka jQj o tu`.ska úksuh wkqmd;slfha ld,Sk ia:djr;ajhla
we;s lsÍug wfmalaId flf¾'
lsishï rgl jHjydr uqo,a tallh i|yd úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh" úúO
úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,g idfmalaI j úúO m%udKhkaf.ka iy úúO
ÈYdjkag fjkiajk úg tu fjkia ùïj, uOH.; w.h .Kkh lsÍu
i|yd iM, úksuh wkqmd;h .Kkh lrhs'
iM, úksuh wkqmd;slfha iajrEm folla we;'
kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh
uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh
 kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka Y%S ,xldj iu`.
úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok m%Odk rgj,a 24ys kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slhka
u;" tu rgj,a w;r we;s jk úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%udKh u; nr ;nd
.Kkh l< yels nß; idudkH úksuh wkqmd;slh kdñl iM, úksuh
wkqmd;slh fõ'
 uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka Y%S ,xldfõ
WoaOuk wkqmd;slh iy úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok rgj, WoaOuk
wkqmd;slhka w;r fjkfia idudkH" kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg
.<md ilia l< úksuh wkqmd;slh fõ'
156
 kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh iy uQ¾; iM, úksuh w;r iïnkaOh
ir, ksoiqkla u.ska my; mßÈ ú.%y l< yels h'
úfoaY úfoaY
kdñl úksuh fjf<|du Y%S ,xldfõ
fjf<| yjq,alrejka rfÜ
wkqmd;slh (R) u; nr R W WoaOuk WoaOuk fjki
wkqmd;slh
;eîu (W) wkqmd;slh
1' weußld tlai;a 1 $ = re' 150 30 4500 8 10 -2

ckmoh
2' tlai;a rdcOdksh 1 $ = re'200 20 4000 8 12 -4
3' bkaÈhdj 1 Rs = re'225 50 8 8 -5 +3
4' Ökh 1U= re'2 10 20 8 10 -2
5' cmdkh 1F= re' 2 5 10 8 5 +3
 W  100 8580  RW -8+6=-2
kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh  E R W

EW
8580

100
 8 5 .8 0
 kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh 85'80 hkafkka woyia lrkafka by; ±la
jQ Y%S ,xldj iu`. úfoaY fjf<|dfuys fhfok ´kE u rgl idudkH
úksuh wkqmd;slh re' 85'80 la jk njhs'
 by; i|yka kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg tla tla rgj, WoaOuk
wkqmd;slh yd Y%S ,xldfõ WoaOukh wkqmd; fjkfiys idudkH .e<mQ
úg uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh ,efí'
 uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh } kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh + forfÜ
úksuh wkqmd;slh fjiaùfï idudkHh
} 85'80 + ^-2&
} 83'80
 YS% ,xldfõ WoaOuk wkqmd;slhg jvd úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok rfgys

WoaOuk wkqmd;slh jeä kï kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd uQ¾;
iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh wvq w.hla .kS'
157
 Y%S ,xldfõ WoaOuk wkqmd;slhg idfmalaI j úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok
rgj, WoaOuk wkqmd;sl wvq kï kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd
uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh by< w.hla .kS'
 kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slfha iajNdjh jkqfha úúO rgj, kdñl
úksuh wkqmd;slhka ksr;=re j u by< yd my< hhs' túg remshf,a úfoaY
w.h ksYaÑ; j m%ldY l< fkdyels fõ' Bg úi÷ula f,i úfoaY rgj,
kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slhkaf.a uOHhk w.hla f,i iM, úksuh
wkqmd;slh wkqj foaYSh uqof,a úfoaY w.h jvd;a ksYaÑ; mokulska
m%ldY l< yels fõ'
 uQ ¾ ; úks u h wkq m d;s l fha ia j Ndjh jkq fha wod< rfÜ wmkhk
;r.ldrs;ajh ñkqï lsÍug o¾Ylhla jYfhka fhdod .ekSug yels ùu hs'
uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrkqfha kdñl iM, úksuh
wkqmd;slhg fjf<| yjq,alrejkaf.a WoaOukh wkqmd;slhla furg
WoaOuk wkqmd;slh;a w;r fjki .e,mSu u.sks'
 kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh
my< w.hla .ekSu u.ska woyia lrkafka fu rfÜ WoaOuk wkqmd;slh
fjf<| yjq,alrejkaf.a WoaOuk wkqmd;slhg jvd wvq nj hs' thska
;yjqre jkafka furfÜ wmkhk ;r.ldrs;ajh by< uÜgul mj;sk nj
hs'
 kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh by<
w.hla .ekSu u.ska woyia lrkafka fjf<| yjq,alrejkaf.a WoaOuk
wkqmd;slhg idfmalaI j fï rfÜ WoaOuk wkqmd;slh jeä nj hs' thska
;yjqre jkafka fï rfÜ wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh my< uÜgul mj;sk
nj hs'
 kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh iu`.
iei£u Tiafia foaYSh kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh wê ;lafiarejlska hqla;
o W!k ;lafiarejlska hqla; o iu ;lafiarejlska hql;
a o hkak ñkqï l<
yels h'
 uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh hkq rgj,a folla w;r mj;sk ñ, uÜgïj,
fjkialï .,mk ,o kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh hs' th .Kkh lrk
wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
158
RER = NER (Pd/Pf)
RER = uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh
NER = kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh
^remsh,lska ñ, § .; yels úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a m%udKh&
Pd = foaYSh ñ, uÜgï
Pf = úfoaYSh rfÜ ñ, uÜgu
ksoiqk (
wefußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ 1 } Y%S ,xld remsh,a 150
Y%S ,xldfõ ñ, uÜgu } 110
wefußld tlai;a ckmo ñ, uÜgu } 220
uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh 1 110
 
150 220
 0.0033
 uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia úh yels wdldr folla we;'

1' uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hdu
2' uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh by< hdu
 uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my<hdu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka j¾Ih uq,

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slhg idfmalaI j j¾Ih wjidkfha uQ¾; úksuh
wkqmd;slh my< w.hla .ekSu hs'
ksoiqk (
j¾Ih uq, uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh Y%S ,xld remsh,a 1 = $ 0.03 isg j¾Ih
wjidkfha uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh Y%S ,xld remsh,a 1 = $ 0.01 olajd my<
hdu'
 uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hk wjia:d my; ±lafõ'
 foaYSh ñ, uÜgu yd úfoaYSh ñ, uÜgu ia:djr j ;sìh § kdñl
úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hdu
159
 kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh iy úfoaY rfÜ ñ, uÜgu foaYSh ñ,
uÜgu my< hdu
 kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh iy foaYSh ñ, uÜgu ia:djr j ;sìh §
úfoaY rfÜ ñ, uÜgu by< hdu
 uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hdfuka my; i|yka m%;súmdl we;s fõ'
 wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh jeä ù wmkhk ffO¾hu;a fõ'
 wdkhk wffO¾hj;a fõ'
 fjf<| .sKqfï hym;a m%jK;djla we;s fõ'
 iu;=,s; úksuh wkqmd;slhka ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍul § l%h Yla;s iduH
úksuh wkqmd;slh jvd;a jeo.;a ixl,amhla fõ'
 fjf<|dug md;% jk iudk NdKav meil jákdlu rgj,a fofla foaYSh
uqo,a tallj,ska ukskq ,enqjfyd;a tu w.hhka fol w;r wkqmd;slh
l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh fõ'
ksoiqk (
iudk j¾.fha NdKav meil ñ, = re' 1000$-
tu NdKav mefiys úfoaYSh rfgys ñ, $ 20
fï wkqj l%h Yla;s iduH $ 20 = re' 1000$-
1000
$ 1 } re' =
20
= re' 50
 fuhska woyia lrkafka weußld tlai;a ckmofha § fvd,rfha l%h Yla;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ re' 50 l l%h Yla;shg iudk nj hs'
 kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh yd l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh w;r
hï fjkila mej;=K o È.= ld,fha § iu;=,s; úksuh wkqmd;slh l%h
Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh lrd keUqre úh hq;= h'
 rgj,a folla w;r kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh iy l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh
wkqmd;slh iudk kï bka woyia jkafka forfÜ NdKavj, ñ, .Kka
tlsfklg iudk jk nj hs' fï ksid tla rgla wNsnjd wfkla rgg
;r.ldß;ajfha jdis ,nd .; fkdyels h'
160
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,Hh Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh
.fõIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'7 ( úksuh wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùï iy tys m%;súmdl ú.%y
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06
bf.kqï m, (
 úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia jk wdldrh olajhs'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh iy laIh ùu w¾: olajhs'
 wjm%udKfha m%;súmdl ksoiqka weiqfrka úia;r lrhs'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh iy w.h by< hdu w¾: olajhs'
 m%;sm%udKhl m%;súmdl ksoiqka weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
 uqo,a wjm%udKfha wfmalaI;
s b,lal bgq ùug ;ssìh hq;= fldkafoais meyeÈ,s
lrhs'

 úfoaY úksuhg mj;sk b,aü iy iemhqu u; úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia
úh yels h' th kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh ;=< isÿ fõ'
ksoiqk ( jdKsc nexl=j, Èkm;d úúO úfoaY úksuhj, w.hka m%o¾Ykh
lr we;' tjeks m%o¾Yk mqjrejl úksuh wkqmd;sl fjkia ùu u;
wd¾Ólfha úfoaY úksuh ñ,g .ekSu iy úlsKSu isÿ fõ'
 úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl lsysmhla we;'
 cd;Hka;r fjf<|du
 m%d.aOk ixp,k
 ñ, úp,kh
 iufmalaIKh
 wd¾Ól Yla;sh
 rdcH m%;sm;a;s
 fldgia fjf<|fmd< lghq;=
 foaYmd,Ksl ;;a;ajh
 úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh úu iy m%;sm%udKh ùu ia:djr úksuh
wkqmd;hla ;=< isÿ fõ'
161
 úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùu iy w.h by< hdu kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla
;=< isÿ fõ'
 wmkhk yd wdkhk fjf<|dug mj;sk b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u;
úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia fõ'
01' ksoiqk ( Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhklrejl=g tlai;a rdcOdksfha wdkhklrejd
f.úh hq;af;a iagd¾,ska mjqïj,ska h'
01 ksoiqkg wkqj úfoaY úksuh iemhqu by< hk úg remshf,a ndysr w.h
by< hhs'
02' ksoiqk Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhklrejl= cmdkfhka fudag¾ r: wdkhkh
lrk úg cmdkfha wmkhk iud.ug f.úh hq;af;a fhkaj,ska h'
02 ksoiqkg wkqj úfoaY úksuh i|yd b,aü by< hdu ksid foaYSh
remshf,a ndysr w.h laIh ùug ,la fjhs'
 úfoaY wdfhdack by< hdu u.ska rgl m%d.aOk ixp,khla ksid úfoaY
úksuh iemhqu by< hhs' úfoaY úksuh iemhqu by< hk úg remshf,a
ndysr w.h Yla;sula fõ'
 wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajdj, idudkH ñ, uÜgu WÉpdjpkh ùug
idfmalaI j wka;¾cd;sl j .kqfokq isÿ lrk rgj, NdKav yd fiajdj,
ñ, uÜgu fjkia ùu úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdhs'
ksoiqk ( Y%S ,xldfõ NdKavj, yd fiajdj, idudkH ñ, uÜgu by<
hdug idfmalaI j bkaÈhdfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgu my< kï bkaÈhdkq
remsh,aj,g idfmalaI j Y%S ,xldfõ remsh,aj,g ndysr w.h laIh fõ'
 úfoaY úksuh tla /ia lsÍu yd úlsKsu u; úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia
fjhs' iufmalaIKfha fhfokafkda úksuh tla /ia lsÍu iy úlsKSfï
lghq;= isÿ lr;s' wkd.;fha ,dN bmhSu i|yd úksuh tla /ia lsÍu isÿ
lr;s' th úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia úu flfrys n,mdhs'
 rdcH m%;sm;a;sj, úksuh m%;sm;a;s ,sys,a lsÍu ksid ta rg ;=<g .,d
f.k tk úksuh iemhqu by< hdu my< hdu isÿ úh yels h' th úksuh
wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdhs'
 fldgia fjf<|fmd< il%sh ùu úksuh iemhqu by< hdu iy my< hdu
flfrys n,mdhs' th o úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdhs'
 foaYmd,k ia:djr ùu iy wia:djr ùu úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu
flfrys n,mdhs'
162
ksoiqk ( Y%S ,xldfõ jir 30 g wdikak ld,hl mej;s foaYmd,k wia:djr
nj úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùug tla fya;=jls'
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla hgf;a uQ,H wêldÍka ks, úksuh wkqmd;slh
fjkia lsÍu ksid úksuh wkqmd;sh wjm%udKh lsßu iy m%;sm%udKh isÿ
fõ' f.jqï fYaIfha ys`.h wLKav j mj;S kï ks, úksuh wkqmd;slhg
jvd th my< ±óu úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh f,i y÷kajhs'
 kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla hgf;a úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùug bv
ie,ish yels h' úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùula hkqfjka woyia lrkafka
foaYSh jHjydr uqo,a tallfha w.h úfoaYSh uqo,ska my; jeàu hs'
ksoiqk ( Rcq m%fõYhg wkqj wfußldkq fvd,rfha ñ, remsh,a 100 laj
;sî miq j th remsh,a 114 olajd by< .shfyd;a thska woyia lrkafka
remshf,a úfoaY úksuh jákdlug my< jeàula fyj;a laIh ùug m;a
j we;s nj hs'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh fyda laIh ùu wjia:d folla hgf;a isÿ
jQj;a tys m%;sM,h tl yd iudk fõ'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my; i|yka fõ'
 wdkhkj, foaYSh ñ, by< hdu
 fmrg jvd wdkhk úhoï by< hdu
 foaYSh b,aü wdkhkh u; r|d mj;S kï foaYSh WoaOukh by< hdu
 úfoaYSh Kh jdßl yd fmd<sh by< hdu
 ixpdrl bmhSï by< hk w;r f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha fiajd .sKqfï
fYaIh ys;lr ùu
 ueo fmrÈ. we;=¨ rgj, Y%S ,dxlsl fiajd kshqla;hkaf.a fm%aIK
by< hdu ksid ixl%du .sKqu hym;a ùu
 wdkhk ñ, by< hdu ksid wdkhkh wffO¾hj;a ù wdkhk b,aü
foaYSh NdKav fj; fhduq ùu
 wmkhk NdKav i|yd by< b,aüla we;s ù wmkhk bmhSï by<
hdu
ksoiqk ( Rcq m%fõYh wkqj fvd,rfha jákdlu remsh,a 100ls' Y%S
,xldfõ we.¨ï wmkhl tallhl jákdlu remsh,a 100ls' úksuh
wkqmd;sl laIh ùfuka miq fvd,rfha jákdlu remsh,a 150 jQfha
kï we.¨ï wmkhk tallhlg f.úh hq;af;a fvd,¾ 0'66 ls'
fï ksid wmkhk b,aü by< hhs'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh hkq foaYSh uqo,a tallhl ñ, úfoaYSh
uqo,aj,ska by< hdu hs'
163
ksoiqk ( Rcq m%fõYhg wkqj fvd,rh remsh,a 114lg yqjudrej ;sìh §
fvd,rfha ñ, remsh,a 100 olajd fjkia jqjfyd;a thska m%ldY jkafka
úksuh wkqmd;slfha w.h jeä ùuls' ñka ms<sìUq jkafka fvd,rhg
idfmalaI j remshf,a w.h by< f.dia we;s ksid remsh,a ñ, § .ekSug
by< fvd,¾ m%udKhla f.úh hq;= nj hs'
 kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla ;=< § úksuh wkqmd;slh by< hd yels h'
úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh ùu fyda by< hdu fyda ksid we;s jk
m%;sM,h tl iudk fõ'
 úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh ùfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my; i|yka fõ'
 wdkhkj, foaYSh ñ, .Kka my< hdu
 WoaOuk wkqmd;slh my< hdu ^wdkhkh u; r|d mj;S kï&
 úfoaYSh Khj, foaYSh uQ,H jákdlu my< hdu
 úfoaYSh Kh wdmiq f.ùfï msßjeh wvq ùu
 wdkhkj, foaYSh ñ, my< hdu ksid wdkhk b,aü m%idrKh ù
wkhk úhoï by< hdu
 ta ksid fjf<| fYaIh flfrys wys;lr n,mEu
 wmkhklrejkag ,efnk úfoaY úksuh wdodhïj, foaYSh uqo,ska
jákdlu wvq ùu ksid wmkhk wffO¾hj;a ùu
 úfoaYSh fiajd kshqla;Skaf.a bmhSï i|yd foaYSh uqo,ska jákdlu wvq
ùu ksid fiajd kshqla;hkag wjdis ùu
 úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq lsysmhls'
 f.ùï ;=,k f,aLkfha È.= ld,Sk ys`.h wju lsÍu
 wdkhk b,aü wffO¾hj;a lsÍu
 wmkhk iemhqu ffO¾hj;a lsÍu
 fiajd kshqla;hkaf.a fm%aIK Èßu;a lsÍu
 úfoaY Rcq wdfhdack by< kexùu
 fuu wfmalaIs; b,lal imqrd ,Su i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais lsysmhls'
(i) wmkhkh i|yd úfoaYslhskaf.a b,aü ñ, kuH ùu
(ii) wdkhkh i|yd we;s foaYSh b,aü ñ, kuH ùu
164
(iii) wmkhkh yd wdkhkh b,aü fjka fjka j .;a úg ñ, b,a¨ï
kuH;djla fkdfmkakqj;a tu foflysu tl;=j ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj
tlg jeä w.hla .ekSu ûd¾I,a-,¾k¾ fldkafoaish&'
(iv) wmkhk ms<sn| foaYSh iemhqu kuH ùu
(v) foaYSh ñ, uÜgu ia:djr ùu
 úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùu fyda wjm%udKh lsÍfuka fyda wfmalaIs;
wruqKq fj; hdug foaYSh ñ, uÜgu i:djr ùu w;HjYH idOlhls'
úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh lsÍfuka úfoaYslhkag Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk
NdKav ñ, § .ekSu jdis odhl úh yels h' Y%S ,xldfõ NdKav yd fiajd
ñ, by< hdula isÿ jkafka kï úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh lsÍfï tu
jdish fkd,efnkq we;'
165
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'8 ( nyq md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;kj, ld¾hhka úuihs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06
bf.kqï m, (
 nyq md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;k kï lrhs'
 wka;¾ cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a wruqKq olajhs'
 wka;¾ cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a ld¾hhka úia;r lrhs'
 f,dal nexl=fõ wruqqKq olajhs'
 f,dal nexl=fõ ld¾hhka úia;r lrhs'
 f,dal nexl=fõ ld,Sk fjkialï úuihs'

 cd;Hka;r uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj Yla;su;a fldg f,dal fjf<|du j¾Okh
lsÍu;a úksuh wkqmd;slhkays l%uj;a Ndjhla we;s lsÍu;a wruqKq lr
.ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a tl;= ù msysgqjd f.k we;s uQ,H wdh;k nyq
md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;k hkqfjka y÷kajhs'
 tfia msysgqjd f.k we;s m%Odk nyq md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;k folls'
(i) wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo,
(ii) f,dal nexl=j
 cd;Hka;r uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj" úksuh wkqmd;slhkays ia:djr;ajh iy
úksuh wkqmd;sl m%n, úêu;a Ndjh m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd;a wd¾Ól
jDoaëh yd fiajd kshqla; uÜgï j¾Okh lsÍug;a f.jqï fYaI .e<mSï
myiq lr,Su i|yd idudðl rgj,g ;djld,sl uQ,H wdOdr iemhSu
i|yd;a 1945 foieïn¾ 27 Èk wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo, wdrïN lr we;'
 wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a wdrïNl idudðlhka ixLHdj 29la jk w;r
j¾;udk idudðl ixLHdj 186ls'
 wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a wruqKq my; ±lafõ'
1. cd;Hka;r uQ,H .eg¨j, § WmfoaYk iy iyfhda.S;dj ,nd fok
iaÒr wdh;khla msysgqùu u.ska uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh lsÍu
166
2. ishü idudðl rgj, ksIamdok iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug;a by<
fiajd kshqla;hla yd uQ¾; wdodhula mj;ajd f.k hdug;a wka;¾
cd;sl fjf<|dfï iunr j¾Okhg;a wjYH myiqlï iemhSu
3. ixj¾Ok rgj,a w;r úksuh wkqmd;shka l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k
hñka úksuh wkqmd;slhkays ia:djr Ndjhla we;s lsÍu
4' idudðl rgj, j¾;k .kqfokq iïnkaOfhka nyq md¾Yaùh f.ùï
l%uhla ia:dms; lsÍu yd wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|dfï j¾Okhg ndOd
muqKqjk úfoaY úksuh iSudjka bj;a lsÍu
5' f.jqï fYaIfha .e<mqu we;s lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH wruqo,a idudðl
rgj,g ;djld,sl j ,nd §u
6' idudðl rgj, f.jqï fYaI wiu;=,s;;d iy tu wiu;=,s;;d mj;sk
ld,h wvq lsÍu
wka;¾ cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a ld¾hhka my; ±la fõ'
1' cd;sl wd¾Ólhka yd f,dal wd¾Ólhka wk;=reodhl ;;ajhkag m;a

jk wjia:dj, § ksjerÈ uÕg fhduq lsÍu i|yd wjYH Wmfoia ,nd
§u
2' nexl= yd uQ,H lghq;=j, .=Kd;aul Ndjh we;s lsÍu i|yd wjYH
kS;sÍ;s mj;ajd f.k hdug Wmfoia ,nd §u
3' yÈis uQ,H w¾nQoj, § idudðl rgj,g ;djld,sl Kh myiqlï ,nd
§u" È.= ld,Sk wd¾Ól .eg¨j, § uQ,H myiqlï ,nd §u yd wd¾Ól
m%;sixialrK we;s fldg úi÷ï ,nd §ug wjYH mshjr .ekSu
4' idudðl rgj,g ;dlaIKsl iyfhda.S;dj ,nd §u yd rcfha yd uy
nexl= ks,Odßka mqyqKq lsÍu
5' idudðl rgj,a w;r rdcH uQ,H" úfoaY uQ,H yd cd;sl .sKqï jeks
wxY iïnkaO m%ñ;s ieliSu yd ta wkqj f;dr;=re m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu
u.ska wfkHdakH wjfndaOh yd wOHdmkh idudðl rgj,a w;r fnod
yeÍu
 weußld tlai;a ckmoh" uyd ì%;dkH we;=¿ rgj,a 42 l iyNd.s;ajfhka
1944 cQ,s udifha § weußld tlai;a ckmofha fn%ÜkajQâia k.rfha mej;s
fn%ÜkajQâia iuq¿fõ m%;sM,hla f,i fojk f,dal ix.%dufhka úkdYhg
m;a jQ hqfrdamd rgj,a h<s mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍfï wruqfKka 1947 ud¾;=
01 Èk f,dal nexl=j msysgqjd we;'
167
 1946 j¾Ifha jHdmdßl lghq;= wdrïN l< f,dal nexl=fõ wdrïNl
idudðl ixLHdj 38ls' j¾;udkh jk úg f,dalfha rgj,a 186 la fuys
idudðl;ajh orhs'
 f,dal nexl=j m%Odk wdh;k follska iukaú; fõ'
1' m%;sixialrKh yd ixj¾Okh i|yd jk wka;¾cd;sl nexl=j
2' wka;¾cd;sl ixj¾Ok ix.uh
 f,dal nexl=fõ wruqKq my; ±lafõ'
 idudðl rgj, ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd wfkHdakH myiqlï iemhSu
u.ska tu rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu
 idudðl rgj,g ,sys,a fldkafoais u; úfoaY m%d.aOkh fkd,efnk
úg úfoaY fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack Èß .ekaùï i|yd wjYH myiqlï yd
wjia:d we;s lsÍu
 fm!oa.,sl wdfhdackj,g wu;r j nexl=fõ wruqo,a yd fjk;a
ud¾.j,ska ,nd .kakd wruqo,a o Ndú; lrñka idudð; rgj, M,odhs
ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd È.= ld,Sk Kh iemhSu
 idudðl rgj,g ld¾ñl yd Ys,amSh Wmfoia fiajd ,nd §u
 idudðl rgj, ksIamdok iïm;a j¾Okh lsÍu u.ska yd wka;¾cd;sl
wdfhdack Èß .ekaùu u.ska wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï iunr j¾Okhla
we;s lsÍu
 f,dalfha È<s÷ nj wvq lsÍu
 f,dal nexl=fõ ld¾hhka my; i|yka fõ'
 idudðl rgj,g uQ,H yd ;dlaIKsl wdOdr iemhSu
 idudðl rgj,g iykodhS fldkafoais hgf;a Kh ,nd §u
 úfoaY wdfhdack f.kajd .ekSu i|yd idudðl rgj,g wjYH
iyfhda.h ,nd §u
 idudðl rgj, ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu i|yd wjYH jHdmD;s ie,iqï
lsÍug yd wëlaIKh lsÍug f,dal nexl= úfYaI{hkaf.a iyfhda.h
,nd §u
 ;srir ixj¾Okh we;s lsÍu i|yd ck;djf.a ðjk ;;a;ajh Wiia
lsßug;a wd¾Ól M,odhs;d by< kexùug;a" mßirh wdrlaId lsÍug;a"
rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxY w;r iyfhda.S;dj f.dv kexùug;a lghq;=
lsÍu
168
 idudðl rgj,g f.da,ShlrK .uka uÕg msúiSu i|yd wjYH
iyfhda.h ,nd §u
 f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a uqyqKmEug isÿ jk wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhka
iukh lr .ekSu i|yd idudðl rgj,g wjYH wdOdr iemhSu
 f,dal m%cdj iuÕ hym;a iïnkaO;d f.dv kÕd .ekSu i|yd
iyfhda.h ,nd §u
 kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd idudðl rgj,g wjYH
iyfhda.h ,nd §u
169
ksmqK;dj 11'0 ( ixj¾Okfha úúO;ajh ú.%y lrñka ;srir ixj¾Okhg
odhl ùfï we,au meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 ( wd¾Ól jDoaêfha jeo.;alu w.h lrñka wd¾Ól j¾Okhg
bjy,a jk idOl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh uekSu isÿ lrk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

 wd¾Ól jDoaêh ;SrKh jk idOl fmkajd fohs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêfha msßjehla mj;sk nj ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk wd¾Ól jDoaê m%jK;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jDoaê l%shdj,sh ch .;a rgj, fmdÿ ,laIK ú.%y lrhs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkafkka woyia jkafka uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha

wLKav jeä ùu hs'
 kHdhd;aul m%fõYhla Tiafia ks¾jpkh lrk úg wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkq

wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdok Odß;dj fyj;a úNj ksuejqu
m%idrKh ùu hs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêhl § wd¾Ólfha uQ¾; ksuejqu È.= ld,Sk j m%idrKh ùula

isÿ fõ'
 kuq;a ienúka u wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha NdKav yd

fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍfuys ,d wd¾Ólh i;= Odß;dj m%idrKh ùuhs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh fmkakqï l< yels wdldr folls'

1' ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla weiqfrka fmka ùu
170
by; rEm igyfka ksIamdok yelshd udhsu PPF1 isg PPF2 olajd ú;eka
ùu u.ska wd¾Ól jDoaê l%shdj,sh ksrEmKh lr we;'
2' iudydr b,a¨ï yd iudydr iemhqï weiqfrka fmka ùu
ñ, uÜgu
AS1 AS2
uQ¾; ksuejqï
Y1 Y2
 by; rEm igykg wkqj wd¾Ólfha È.= ld,Sk iudydr iemhqï jl%h AS1
isg AS2 olajd ol=Kg ú;eka ùu u.ska wd¾Ólfha úNj ksuejqï uÜgfï
jeä ùu ksrEmKh l< yels h' úNj ksuejqï uÜgu jeä ùfuka fmkakqï
lrkqfha wd¾Ól jDoaêh hs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh uekSu i|yd l%u folla Ndú; lrhs'
1' ld,hla iu. uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys fyda Y=oaO foaYSh
ksIamdÈ;fhys yg fyda fkd.kakd jeä ùu
2' ld,hla iu. m%;sYS¾I uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys fyda m%;sYS¾I
uQ¾; Y=oaO foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha yg fyda fkd.kakd jeä ùu
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh ukskq ,nkafka wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh u.sks'
171
^wod< j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h - fmr
j¾Ifha jQ uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdokh&
wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh = X 100
fmr j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h
ksoiqka ( wod< j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYShksIamdos;h re' á%,shk 210 hehs o fmr
j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h re' á%,shk 200 hehs o is;uq'
túg"
wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;h

210  200
  100
200
 5%
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 iïm;a iïNdrh
 fN!;sl m%d.aOkh
 udkj m%d.aOkh
 iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh
 iudc m%d.aOkh
 M,odhs;dj
 ;dlaIKh
 udkj m%d.aOkh
 wd¾Ól ia:dhS;dj
 foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh
 hymd,kh
 wd¾Ól jDoaêfha jeo.;alu my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'
 by< Ôjk uÜgula w;am;a lr .ekSug yels ùu

 fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu
 id¾:l rdcH uQ,H l<ukdlrKhla mj;ajd .; yels ùu
 wdfhdack Yla;su;a ùu
 úYajikSh;ajh j¾Okh ùu ksid jHdmdßlhkaf.a ,dN jeä ùu
172
 wd¾Ól jDoaêfha msßjeh my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 mdßißl .eg¨ we;s ùu
 mßir ¥IKh
 mßir ydhkh
 m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a úkdY ùu
 ksIamdokfha yd mßfNdackfha RK ndysr;d we;s ùu
 wd¾Ólfha WoaOukldÍ ;;a;ajhka mek keÕSu
 wdodhï úIu;d yg .ekSu
 m%foaYfha úIu;d yg .ekSu
 ck;djf.a Y=NidOkh j¾Okh jk lafIa;% ;=< wdodhu wdfhdackh
fkdjqjfyd;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhg n,mEï we;s ùu
 j¾;udk mßfNdackh my< hdu
^Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk jDoaê m%jK;d wod< j¾Ihkays uy nexl= jd¾;d
mßYS,kh lrñka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
 jDoaê l%shdj,sh ch .;a rgj, fmdÿ ,laIK my; ±lafõ'
 f.da,Sh wd¾Ólfhys mQ¾K f,i jdis ,nd .ekSu
 id¾j wd¾Ólfhys ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd .ekSu
 by< b;=reï yd wdfhdack uÜgula r|jd .ekSu
 iïm;a fnod yeÍu fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. u.ska isÿ ùu
 lem jqKq úYajikSh yd ld¾hlaIu wdKavq mej;Su
173
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'2 ( ixj¾Okh wdY%s; úúO ixl,am ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh w¾: olajhs'
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shl § wd¾Ól jHQyfha we;s jk fjkialï
úia;r lrhs'
 ixj¾Ok ixl,am w¾: olajhs'
 ixj¾Okfha me;slv ú.%y lrhs'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh yd ixj¾Okh w;r fjki ii|hs'
 udkj ixj¾Okh w¾: olajhs'
 ;srir ixj¾Okfha me;slv ú.%y lrhs'
 ixj¾Okh wdY%s; kj m%jK;d ú.%y lrhs'

 wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh mßKduk l%shdj,shla jk w;r wd¾Ól jDoaêhla
iu`. ne÷Kq wd¾Ólfha jHQyuh fjkia ùï Bg we;=<;a fõ'
 wd¾Ól jDoa êh m%u dKd;a ul me;s lvla muKla jk w;r wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okfha § m%udKd;aul me;slvg wu;r j .=Kd;aul ,laIK o
we;=<;a h'
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shl § wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a iuÕ wd¾Ól jHQyfha
my; i|yka .=Kd;aul fjkialï isÿ úh hq;= h'
 ld¾ólrKh fõ.j;a ùu
 ksIamdok iïm;aj, M,odhl;ajh by< hdu
 ksIamdok Ys,am l%u yd ;dlaIKh Wiia ùu
 kùlrKh ùu
 ksIamdok wxYhkays jHQyd;aul fjkialï isÿ ùu
 ÿ.S nj" ú/lshdj wvq ùu yd wdodhï úIu;dj ke;s ùu
174
 ixj¾Okh nyqudk l%shdj,shls' ñksia Ôú;fha wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" iudÔh
yd ixialD;sl wdos jYfhka ish¨ u me;slvj, m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul
jeä ÈhqKq ùu;a ixj¾Okh hkafkka woyia fõ'
 ñksidf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh whym;a ;;a;ajhl isg hym;a ;;a;ajhla lrd
fjkiaùu ixj¾Okh hs'
 Ôjk ;;a;ajh whym;a ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl 5ls'
1' fN!;sl oE ys`. ùu
2' YdÍßl jYfhka ÿ¾j, ùu ^frda.S ùu&
3' iudc iïnkaO;d whym;a ùu
4' wkdrlaIs; Ndjh
5' n, rys; ùu
 ixj¾Okh wd¾Ól" iudÔh" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl jYfhka me;slv
iuQyhla iuÕ ne£ mj;S'
 wd¾Ól jDoaëh yd ixj¾Okh w;r my; i|yka fjkialï y÷kd .;
yels h'
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh u.ska wd¾Ólh i;= ksIamdok Odß;dj m%idrKh ùula
fmkakqï lrk w;r ixj¾Okh u.ska wd¾Ólhl fjfik ñksiqkaf.a
Ôjk ;;a;ajfha hym;a j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrhs'
 wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd mßudfõ fyda wdodhfï fyda ygf.k we;s
m%udKd;aul jeä ùu wd¾Ól j¾Okh u.ska olajk w;r tu wd¾Ól
j¾Okh;a iu`. ñksia Ôú;j, isÿ jk .=Kd;aul j¾Okh ixj¾Okh
u.ska olajhs'
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh u.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha rgl m%udKd;aul me;slv
muKs' ixj¾Okh u.ska m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul me;slv hk fol
u ms<sìUq flf¾'
 rgl m%;sYS¾I wdodhu" uQ¾; o< cd;sl ksIm
a dÈ;h wdÈh fhdod .ksñka
rgl wd¾Ól jDoaêh ñkqï l< yels h'
 udkj ixj¾Okh hkq ñksiqkag ;ukaf.a udkj yelshdjka iïmQ¾Kfhka
u mq¿,a lr .ekSug fuka u tlS yelshdjka wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl
iy foaYmd,k hk lafIa;%hka ys Wmßu jYfhka Ndú; lsÍug we;s
yelshdj ,nd §u iy wkd.; mrïmrdjg o tu whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍu hs'
 udkj ixj¾Okh úúO me;slv iys; újD; ixl,amhla jk w;r th
ls%hdj,shla jYfhka tla tla mqoa.,hkaf.a Wreu yd ysñlï ;;a;ajhka
fjka fldg olajkakd jQ f.da,Sh jYfhka iïnkaO jQ foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól
yd ixialD;sl jHQyhka ;=< l%shd;aul fõ' thska ck;dj úiska N=la;s
ú¢kq ,nk ksoyi ks¾Kh flf¾'
175
 tu me;slvhkag wh;a jk wxY my; ±lafõ'
 wdodhu
 wOHdmkh
 fi!LH ;;a;ajh
 iún, .ekaùu
 foaYmd,k iajdëk nj
 hym;a iudc iïnkaO;d
 iudk;dj
 jev lrk mßirh
 úfõl .ekSfï myiqlï
 foaYmd,k iqrlaIs; nj
 wd¾Ól ksoyi
 mdßißl .=Kd;aul Ndjh
 wkd.; mrïmrdj,g ;u wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug we;s yelshdjg
ydkshla fkdjk f,i j¾;udk mrïmrdj ;u wjYH;d imqrd .efkk
ixj¾Okh ;srir ixj¾Okh hs'
 ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd wd¾Ól" iudcSh yd mdßirl hk wxY ;=fkys
u ;=,kd;aul j¾Okhla isÿ úh hq;= h'
 ;srir ixj¾Okfha me;slv my; ±lafõ'
 wd¾Ól me;slv
 mdßißl me;slv
 ld¾hlaIu;dj
 ia:dhs;dj
 mdßißl me;slv
 ñksiqkag ys;lr ikSmdrlaIl mßirh
 m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iïm;a ld¾hlaIu Wmfhdackh lsÍu
 m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a iq/lSu
 iudðh me;slv
 idOdrK;ajh  iudc ixp,;dj
 iyNd.s;ajh  iudc iyÔjkh
 iún, .ekaùu  ixialD;sl wkkH;dj
176
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'3 ( ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï o¾Yl fm<.iajñka ixhqla; o¾Yl
ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Yl fm< .iajhs'

 ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Ylj, jeo.;alu yd wvqmdvq
wkdjrKh lrhs'
 m%;sYS¾I wdodhu mokula f,i fhdod f.k f,dal nexl=j wd¾Ól
j¾.SlrKh lrk wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd ixhqla; o¾Yl kï lrhs'
 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Yl y÷kajhs'
 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ilia lsÍug fhdod .efkk ixrpl kï
lrhs'
 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh u; msysgd rgj,a j¾. lrk wdldrh olajhs'
 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d fmkajd fohs'
 udkj ixj¾Okfhys ,d Y%S ,xldj w;am;a lr .;a m%.;sh wkdjrKh
lrhs'
 ika;=Iaá o¾Ylh y÷kajhs'
 tys ixrpl úia;r lrhs'

 ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd o¾Yl m%Odk fldgia follg
fnfoa'
1' wd¾Ól o¾Yl
2' ixhqla; o¾Yl
 ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd wd¾Ól o¾Yl my; ±lafõ'
 m%;sYS¾I wdodhu hkq foaYSh fyda cd;sl wdodhfï jákdlu ck.ykhg
idfmalaI .Kkh l< úg tla mqoa.,hl=g ,efnk wdodhu hs' th uQ¾;
jYfhka fuka u uQ,H jYfhka o .Kkh l< yels h'
177
 m%;sYS¾I wdodhu .Kkh lrkqfha my; i|yka whqfrks'
o< foaYSh $ cd;sl wdodhu

m%;sYS¾I wdodhu =
uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh
 o< foaYSh yd o< cd;sl wdodhfï j¾Okh

 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl j¾Okh ^lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl" fiajd&
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha ixhq;sh
 b;sß lsÍï ^foaYSh" cd;sl&
 wdfhdack ^fm!oa.,sl" rdcH&
 WoaOukh
 fuu wd¾Ól o¾Ylj,ska wd¾Ólfha úúO wxYj, ixj¾Ok uÜgï uek
nef,a' tu ksid tajd wdxYsl ñkqï h'
 ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Ylj, jeo.;alu my; i|yka mßÈ
±laúh yels h'
 ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd m%;sYS¾I wdodhu fhdod .kakd úg" jvd;a
fhda.H ñkqu jkafka m%;sYS¾I uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hs' fuu.ska
ienE jYfhka NdKav yd fiajd m%udKfha fjkia ùu y÷kd .; yels
h'
 tfuka u j¾Ih ;=< isÿ jk uq¿ ksIamdÈ;fhka ck;djg j¾;udk yd
wkd.; mßfNdackh i|yd ,efnk m%udKh y÷kd .ekSug bv ie,fia'
 iuia;hla jYfhka rgl ck;dj ,nk m%;s,dN fuu o¾Ylh u.ska
uefka' tkï mßfNdackh yd wdfhdackh i|yd rgl ck;djg ,nd
yels uQ¾; NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh fldmuK ±hs fuu.ska .Kkh
l< yels h'
 rgj,a w;r ÈhqKqj iei£fï o¾Ylhla f,i jeo.;a fõ'
 ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Ylj, my; i|yka wvqmdvq y÷kd .;
yels h'
 by; i|yka wdxYsl o¾Yl ish,a, u .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka cd;sl
wdodhï .sKqï o¾Yl mokï lr f.k hs' tfia jqj;a cd;sl wdodhï .sKqï
o;a;j, mj;akd ÿ¾j,;d iy tajd ilia lsÍfï § mek kÕsk .eg¨
178
ie,ls,a,g .;a úg ixj¾Okfha wd¾Ól me;slv fuu o¾Yl u.ska ksjerÈ
j uefka o hkak .eg¨jls'
 cd;sl wdodhï o;a; fhdod .ekSfï § mek kefÕk W!k;d my; ±lafõ'
1' oaú .Kk fodaI yg .ekSu
2' NdKavj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfha yg .kakd fjkialï fmkakqï
fkdlsÍu
3' fjf<|fmd< .kqfokqj,g md;% fkdjk M,odhs wd¾Ól lghq;=j,
tl;= l< w.hka jd¾;d fkdùu
4' Y=NidOkhg wys;lr wj.=K NdKav ksIamdok o;a; we;=<;a ùu
5' ksIamdokh ksid yg .kakd iajdNdúl iïm;a laIh ùï yd mßirhg
isÿ jk ydks ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu
6' wdodhï fn§ hk wdldrh ms<sìUq fkdùu
7' úfoaY Kh .e;s Ndjh iy úfoaY iïm;a laIh ùï cd;sl .sKqï ;=<ska
ms<sìUq fkdùu
8' fN!;sl Y=NidOkhg wod< NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh muKla cd;sl
.sKqï ;=<g we;=<;a lsÍu
9' wd¾Ólfha jHQyd;aul fjkialï fmkakqï fkdlsÍu
10' rgj,a w;r ixj¾Ok uÜgï iei£fï § m%;sYS¾I wdodhu" kdñl
úksuh wkqmd;slh fhdod .ksñka weußldkq fvd,¾ tallj,ska m%ldY
lsÍu
 m%;sYS¾I wdodhu mokula f,i fhdod f.k f,dal nexl=j f,dalfha rgj,a
my; i|yka whqfrka j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
1' wvq wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 975 fyda Bg wvq&
2' my< ueo wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 977 - 3855&
3' by< ueo wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 975 - 11905&
4' by< wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 11906 fyda Bg jeä&
 ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd ixhqla; o¾Yl my; ±la fõ'
1' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh
2' ika;=Iaá o¾Ylh
179
 f,dalfha úúO rgj, iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh mßlaId lr ne,Su i|yd
jvd mßmQ¾K yd úYaf,aIKd;aul ñkqula jYfhka 1990 j¾Ifha § tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk (UNDP) u.ska udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh
y÷kajd § we;'
 fuu o¾Ylh u.ska rgl wd¾Ólfha mq¿,a me;slvla wdjrKh lrk w;r
jißka jir hdj;ald,Sk lrñka mj;ajd f.k hhs'
 udkj ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd ks¾Kdhl úYd, ixLHdjla Ndú; l<
yels jqj;a ixj¾Okfha m%Odk wruqKq 3la jk fi!LH" ±kqu yd ðjk
uÜgug wod< ixrpl 3la fhdod .ksñka fuu o¾Ylh ilia lr we;'
udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhg we;=<;a lr we;s m%Odk ixrpl 3 my; ±lafõ'
1' Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj ^fi!LH&
2' (i) mdi,a wOHdmkh ,enQ w;r ixLHdfõ uOHhk w.h ^±kqu&
(i) mdi,a wOHdmkhg fhduq jk orejl= wOHdmkfha ksr; fj;ehs
wfmalaIs; jir ixLHdj ^±kqu&
3' l%h Yla;s iduHh m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu
rgl ksmojk ta ta NdKavfha

X
l%h Yla;s iduHh m%;sYS¾I NdKav m%udKh fvd,¾ ñ,
o< cd;sl wdodhu =
ck.yk m%udKh
 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha w.h mokï lr .ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a udkj

ixj¾Ok uÜgï 4la hgf;a j¾. lrhs'
1' b;d by< udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a
2' by< udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a
3' uOHu udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a
4' wvq udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a
 ^wod< j¾Ihg wkqj udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh wkqj rgj,a j¾.SlrKh
isiqkag ,nd fokak&'
 fuu j¾.SlrKh lr we;af;a udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha ksrfmalaI o¾Yl
w.hka u; fkdj rgj,a ish,a, tla j f.k tajdfha idfmalaI ;;a;ajh
ie,ls,a,g .ksñks'
180
 ixj¾Ok ñkqula f,i udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha my; i|yka m%n,;d
±lsh yels h'
 f.da,Sh jYfhka flfrk iei£ïj, § ixj¾Okh uksk jvd;a
f;dr;=re iys; ks¾Kdhlhla jYfhka udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh jeo.;a
fõ'
 ixj¾Okhg wh;a oE ljf¾ o ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § id¾:l ù we;s
rgj,a ljf¾ o hkak ms<sn| j ±kqu yd wjfndaOh mq¿,a lr .ekSu
i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;s b;d m%fhdackj;a ñkqula f,i udkj
ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh jeo.;a fõ'
 ixj¾Okh hkq ñksidg f;aßï lsÍug we;s ksoyi mq¿,a flfrk
l%shdj,shla neúka th ;SrKh jkafka yqfola wdodhï uÜgu u;
muKla fkdj wdhq wfmalaIKh" idlaIr;dj" wOHdmkh" fi!LH jeks
iudcSh idOl u.sks' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh fïjd ie,ls,a,g f.k
we;'
 ixj¾Okh uekSfï § fhdod .kakd m%;Y
s ¾
S I wdodhu jeks mgq ñkqïj,ska
yg .kakd iSudlï udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfhka my j hhs'
 fuu o¾Ylh mokï lr .ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾Ok uÜgï
wkqj j¾. l< yels h'
ixj¾Ok ñkqula jYfhka udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha my; i|yka ÿn,;d
±lsh yels h'
udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Yl iudydr ñkqula jk neúka rgj,a wNHka;rfha
±lsh yels ixj¾Ok úIu;djka ^wdodhï jHdma;sh" m%foaYSh ixj¾Okh
jeks& y÷kd .; fkdyels h'
ksoiqka ( ixj¾Okhg wod< ish¨ wxY fï hgf;a ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'
tkï' iyNd.s;ajh" foaYmd,k ksoyi" udkj wdrlaIdj jeks wxY
.=Kd;aul fjkialï fuu o¾Ylfhka ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'
ksoiqka ( mdi,a wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh
fi!LH myiqlïj, .=Kd;aul fjkialï
wOHdmkh ñkqï lsÍfï § m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg wdrïNfha § u fhduq
jQ YsIH ixLHdj muKla ie,ls,a,g .kS' tfy;a w;ruÕ § mdi,a
yerhk m%udKh ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'
   ixj¾Okh flfrys n,mdk mdßißl me;slv fuu o¾Ylh ;=<
wka;¾.; fkdfõ'
181
o¾Ylhg wod< m%Odk me;slv i|yd iudk nr ;eîula lr we;'
 ûdkj ixj¾Okfhys ,d Y%S ,xldj w;am;a lr .;a m%.;sh miq.sh jir
lssysmhl udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Yl o;a; fhdod .ksñka isiqkag meyeÈ,s
lrkak'&
Y%S ,xldj 2015 j¾Ih jk úg udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha w.h 0'0750la ,nd
.ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a w;r 73 jk ia:dkfha miq fõ' ol=Kq wdishdkq
l,dmSh rgj,a w;r m%:u ia:dkfha miq fõ'
f,dalfha rgj, iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,k yd mdßißl ishü
wxYj, ixj¾Okh uek ne,Su i|yd 2008 j¾Ifha § ika;=Iaá o¾Ylh
y÷kajd § we;'
ika;=Iaá o¾Ylhg we;=<;a jk ixrpl my; ±lafõ'
hymd,kh
mßirh
ixialD;sh
udkisl i;=g
ld, l<ukdlrKh
wOHdmkh
fi!LHh
Ôjk ;;a;ajh
iudcSh in|;d
182
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'4 ( wdodhï úIu;dj uekSug fhdod .kakd iïu; l%u
mÍlaId lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj w¾: olajhs'
 ksrfmalaI wdodhu iy idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj w¾: olajñka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wdodhï úIu;dj uekSug fhdod .kakd úúO ñkqï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 f,darkaia jl%h ks¾udKh lrhs'
 .sKs ix.=Klh .Kkh lrhs'
 mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh úia;r lrhs'

 wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj hkq lsishï rgl wdodhï fn§ f.dia ;sfnk
wdldrfha mj;sk úIu;djh hs'
 lsishï rgl wdodhï jHdmd;sh foi m%fõY folla Tiafia ne,sh yels h'
tkï"
1' ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh
2' mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh
 ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq rgl wdodhï ìys lrk uQ,dY% wkqj
wdodhï fn§ hk wdldrh úuid ne,Su hs'
 fuys § N+ñh" Y%uh" jHjidhl;ajh hk úúO ksIamdok iïm;a uQ,dY%
ksid ìys jk nÿ l=,S" jegqma" fmd<S" ,dN hk m%Odk wdodhï ldKavj,
idfmalaI úYd,;ajhka úuid nef,a'
 mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;hs hkq wdodhï Wmhk ud¾.h l=ula jqj;a tu uQ,dY%
Tiafia mqoa.,hl= ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< Wmhkq ,nk uq¿ wdodhï m%udKh
wkqj mqoa.,hka fm< .eiaùu hs'
 fuys § mqoa.,hd Wmhk uq¿ wdodhï m%udKh wkqj úúO wdodhï mka;sj,g
Tjqka wkqhqla; lrk w;r tu.ska úúO wdodhï mka;sj,g we;=<;a jk
183
mqoa., ixLHdj;a" uq¿ wdodhfuka ta ta wdodhï mka;shg ysñ jk m%;sY;hkaa
.Kkh l< yels h'
 wd¾Ólfha ish¨ u wdodhï Wmhkakkaf.a wdodhï ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd
.ekSu wmyiq neúka ish¨ fokd u ksfhdackh jk mßÈ f;dard .;a
ksheÈhla weiqfrka mj;ajkq ,nk iólaIKhla u.ska ck yd ixLHd
f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j jßka jr mqoa., wdodhï
jHdma;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrkq ,nhs'
 mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh ú.%y l< yels m%fõY folls'
1' ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh
2' idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh
 ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq wd¾Ólh ;=< isák úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a
ksrfmalaI wdodhï uÜgï tlsfkl ixikaokh lsÍu hs'
 úúO wdodhï mka;s hgf;a mqoa.,hka fm<.iajd ta ta wdodhï mka;sh ;=<
issák mqo.
a ,hka ixLHdj;a mqoa.,hka ixLHdfõ m%;sY;h;a fuys § .Kkh
l< yels h'
 wd¾Ólfha È<s÷ mqoa.,hka y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh
ms<sn| o;a; m%fhdackj;a fõ'
 idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq wdodhï uÜgu wkqj fm<.iajk ,o
mqoa., wdodhï uq¿ wdodhfï m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùuhs'
 ieu mqoa.,hl=f.a u fyda l=gqïnhl u fyda uq¿ wdodhu wdfrdayK fyda
wjfrdayK l%uhg ilia fldg wdodhï ,dNSka lKavdhï jYfhka fm<
.eiaùfuka idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh .Kkh lrkq ,nhs'
 tf,i .Kkh lrk ,o wvq wdodhï ,nk lKavdhug ysñ jk wdodhu
uq¿ wdodhfï m%;sY;hla f,i;a" by< wdodhï ,nk lKavdhug ysñjk
wdodhu uq¿ wdodhfï m%;sY;hla f,i;a .Kkh fldg ixikaokh lrhs'
 wd¾Ól yd iudc m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍfï § idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh
ms<sn| o;a; jvd;a m%fhdackj;a fõ'
184
ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh
wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a $ wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a $ wdodhï
udisl wdodhu remsh,a l=gqïn m%;sY;h l=gqïn m%;sY;h
oYul jYfhka
re' 1000g wvq 10 m<uqjk^wvq u&10] 2'5
re' 1001 - 2000 30 fojk 10] 5'0
re' 2001 - 3000 32 f;jk 10] 24'5
re' 3001 - 4000 20 isjq jk 10] 28'0
re' 20"000g jeä 08 oi jk 10] 40'0
100 100'0
 ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh yd idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh bÈßm;a lrk

wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
 wdodhï úIu;dj uekSu i|yd my; i|yka ñkqï Ndú; lrhs'
1' f,darkaia jl%h
2' .skS ix.=Klh
3' mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh
 f,darkaia jl%h u.ska fmkajkafka lsishï wdodhï jHdma;shl iuqÉÑ;
m%;sY; w.hka m%dia;dßl ksrEmKh lsÍu hs'
 jHdma;s úIu;djka y÷kd .ekSug b;d m%fhdackj;a jk f,darkaia jl%h
1905 § weußldkq cd;sl wd¾Ól úoHd{hl= jQ uelaia f,darkaia úiska
y|qkajd fok ,È'
 l,ams; o;a; fhdod .ksñka my; i|yka mßÈ f,darkaia jl%h ks¾udKh
l< yelsh'
wdodhu uq¿ tl;=fõ iuqÉÑ; w.h iuqÉÑ; w.h
mqoa.,hka remsh,a wkqmd;hla f,i m%;sY; hla f,i
m qoa.,hka wdodhu mqo a.,hka wdodhu mqoa.,hka wdodhu
1 5 0'2 0'05 0'2 0'05 20 5
1 10 0'2 0'10 0'4 0'15 40 15
1 15 0'2 0'15 0'6 0'30 60 30
1 25 0'2 0'25 0'8 0'55 80 55
1 45 0'2 0'45 1'0 1'00 100 100
185
 j.=fõ wjidk ;Sre foflys ±lafjk o;a; ;sria yd isria wlaIj, ksrEmKh
lrñka f,darkaia jl%h my; mßÈ ks¾udKh l< yels h'
 f,darkaia jl%h iu jHdma;s f¾Ldfjka wE;a jk úg wdodhï wiudk;dj

jeä jk w;r" f,darkaia jl%h iu jHdma;s f¾Ldjg wdikak jk úg
wdodhï wiudk;dj wvq fõ' wdodhï úIu;djla fkdue;s kï f,darkaia
jl%h iu wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj u; m;s; fõ'
 lsishï wdodhï jHdma;shl mj;sk úIu;dj ixLHdjla u.ska ±laùu .skS
ix.=Klh hs'
 1912 § b;d,s cd;sl ixLHd úoHd{hl= jQ fldrdfvda .skS úiska y÷kajd §
we;s .skS ix.=Klh .Kkh lrk wdldrh f,darkaia jl%h u.ska mßlaId
lr ne,sh yels h'
 by; rEm igyfkys iu wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj OA f¾Ldfjka ±lafjk
w;r tu ,laIH (OA) iïnkaO lrñka f,darkaia jl%h ks¾udKh lr
we;' f,darkaia jl%h u.ska i;H wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj fmkakqï flf¾'
 .skS ix.=Klh .Kkh lrkqfha iu wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj iy f,darkaia
jl%h w;r we;s m%foaYfha (C) j¾.M,h;a OAB ;%sfldaKfha j¾.,h;a
w;r wkqmd;hla jYfhks'
 .skS ix.=Klh .Kkh lrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
C fldgfia j¾.M,h
.skS ix.=Klh =
OAB ;%sfldaKfha j¾.M,h
186
f,darkaia jl%h OAB ;%sfldaKh u; jegqkfyd;a wdodhï úIu;dj Wmßu
fõ ^.skS ix.=Klh 1g iudkhs&'
 fï wkqj .skS ix.=Klh Y=kH jk úg wdodhï úIu;dj wvq jk w;r .skS
ix.=Klh 1g iudk jk úg wdodhï úIu;dj Wmßu fõ'
 wdodhï jHdma;sfha úIu;dj uekSu i|yd ñkqula f,i mxpul wmlsrK
wkqmd;slh Ndú; lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mxpul wmlsrK
wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrkq ,efí'
 fuys § my< wdodhfï isg by< wdodhu olajd wdodhu ,nk wdldrh
wkqj wdodhï ,dNSka wdodhï mka;sh mylg j¾. lrkq ,efí' fuu
wdodhï mka;s wdodhï mxpul f,i ye¢kafõ' tu wdodhï mka;s my;
mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'
1' my< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Low - m<uq jk mxpulh )
2' my< ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Low mid - fojk mxpulh)
3' ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Mid - f;jk mxpulh)
4' ueÈ by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh ( Mid upper - isõjk mxpulh)
5' by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Upper - mia jk mxpulh)
 uq¿ idudkH udisl wdodhfuka tla tla wdodhï mka;sj,g ysñ idudkH
udisl wdodhu .Kkh lrkq ,efí'
ksoiqka (
wdodhï mka;sh idudkH udis l wdodhu
my< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 8 211
my< ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 16 062
ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 23 880
ueÈ by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 35 552
by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 98 575
uQ,Y%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
187
 my; i|yka iQ;%h Ndú; lrñka mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh .Kkh
l< yels h'
by< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ

idudkH udisl wdodhu
mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh =
my< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ
idudkH udisl wdodhu
ksoiqka (
 by; j.=fõ f;dr;=re weiqfrka my; mßÈ mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh
.Kkh l< yels h'
- by< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ idudkH udisl wdodhu } 98 575
- my< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ idudkH udisl wdodhu } 8 211
- mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh 98575 } 12

8211
 mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slfha w.h 12 hkafkka woyia jkafka my<

wdodhï ,nk mka;sfha idudkH wdodhu fuka fodf<dia .=Khl idudkH
wdodhula by< wdodhï ,nk mka;shg ysñ jk njhs'
188
ksmqK;dj 11'0 ( ixj¾Okfha úúO;ajh ú.%y lrñka ;sridr ixj¾Okhg
odhlùfï we,au meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'5( o¾ø;d ixl,amh ú.%y lrñka th ñkqï lrk whqre olajhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 oßø;d ixl,amh ks¾jpkh lrhs'
 oßø;dj uekSfï úúO ñkqï kï lrhs'
 cd;sl oßø;dj bu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 cd;Hka;r oßø;d o¾Ylh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 oßø;dj u.ska ñkqï wdY%hfhka rgj,a w;r oßø;dj ;=,kd;aul j ú.%y
lrhs'
 oßø;dfõ iajrEm fol y÷kajd fohs'
 oßø;dfõ me;slv fol meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 oßø;dj hkq hï mqoa.,hl=g fyda mqo.
a , iuQyhlg fyda hym;a meje;aula
i|yd wjYH jk idOdrK fya;= iys; j y÷kd .;a wju Y=NidOk
;;a;ajhkag tkï lsishï mßfNdack fyda wdodhï uÜgulg fyda ksjdi"
fi!LH yd wOHdmk myiqlï iy udkqIsl wjYH;d yd mj;akd iudc
wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka u; y÷kd .;a /lshd foam< iy fjk;a whs;sjdislï
N=la;s ú£fï wju uÜgulg <`.d ùug fkdyels ùu hs'
 oßø;dj" ÿ#Å; Ndjh" úySk;dj" n,rys; ùu" neyer lsÍu" ÿmam;alu"
È<s÷lu hk kïj,ska o ye¢kafõ'
 oßø;dj úúO ixl,am Tiafia ú.%y l< yels h'
 oßø;dj uekSu i|yd my; i|yka o¾Yl fhdod .kS'
1' cd;sl oßø;d bu
2' ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh
3' cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu
4' fjk;a oßø;d o¾Yl
189
 udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh
 mdßfNdack oßø;d o¾Ylh
 oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh
 nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh
 cd;sl oßø;d bu hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha uQ,sl wjYH;d i|yd jeä jk
úhou mokï lr .;a l%ufõohg wkqj ffoksl tal mqoa., wdydruh
Yla;s mßfNdack wjYH;d iy wdydr fkdjk w;HjYH mßfNdack
wjYH;d hk wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSug wod< j ksYaÑ; j msysgqjd we;s
ksrfmalaI oßø;d f¾Ldjls'
 fuh .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka mqoa.,hl=g uil wju jYfhka ldhsl
Yla;sh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd wjYH lrk le,ß m%udKh ñ, § .ekSu
i|yd jeh lrk úhoula wdydr fkdjk w;HjYH wjYH;d i|yd jeh
lrk uqo,la ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuks'
 ÈhqKq mqoa.,hl=g È<s÷ núka ñ§ug wjYH lrk wju fmdaIK uÜgu <`.d
lr .ekSug wjYH wdodhï cd;sl oßø;d bu jYfhka y÷kajhs'
^fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ tla mqoa.,hl=g Èklg lsf,da le,ß 2030 la wjYH
nj .Kka n,d we;&'
 ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j ñ, fjkia ùï i|yd hdj;ald,Sk
fldg udisl j cd;sl oßø;d bfuys jákdlu uQ¾; w.hla f,i m%ldYhg
m;a lrhs'
 fuu cd;sl oßø;d bug jvd wvq wdodhula Wmhk mqoa.,hka È<skaoka
jYfhka y÷kd .efka'
 ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh hkq oßø;d bug my<ska isák È<s÷ ck.yk
m%udKh uq¿ ck.ykfha m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu hs'
 ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod
.kS'
oßø;d bug my< isák ck fldgi
ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh } X 100
uq¿ ck.ykh
 2015 j¾Ifha ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a iïnkaOfhka Èklg

weußldkq fvd,a 1'9 lg jvd wvq wdodhulska Èú fmfj; /l .kakd ck
wkqmd;h fjka lr olajk f¾Ldj cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
190
 2015 j¾Ifha ÈhqKq rgj,a cd;Hka;r oßø;dj .Kkh lsÍfï § Èkl
wdodhu weußldkq fvd,¾ 2'5 g wvq wodhï ,nk ck ixLHdj fhdod .kS'
 j¾;udkfha f,dalfha rgj, oßø;dj wvq fjñka mj;sk njla fmkS hhs'
 oßø;dj uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk fjk;a oßø;d o¾Yl lSmhla my;
±lafõ'
 udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh
 mßfNdack oßø;d o¾Ylh
 oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh
 nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh
 udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh hkq Ôj;a ùug m%udKj;a wdodhula fkdue;s lu
jeks mgq ixl,amhlg jvd me;slv lsysmhla iys; mq¿,a ixl,amhls'
 mqoa.,fhl=g w¾:j;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd we;s f;aßï yd bv m%ia;d
wysñ ùu;a udkj oßø;dj hkafkka woyia flf¾'
 tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh udkj oßø;dj uekSu i|yd m%Odk me;slv
3la ie,ls,a,g .kS'
1' §a¾> yd fi!LH iïmkak Ôú;hla fkdue;s ùu
2' hym;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhla fkd,eîu
3' ±kqu fkdue;s ùu
 udkj oßø;d o¾Ylfhys iajrEm folls'
1' ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a i|yd ielfik udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh
2' ixj¾ê; rgj,a i|yd ielfik udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh
wju ffoksl tal mqoa., wdydruh Yla;s mßfNdack wjYH;d yd wdydr
fkdjk w;HjYH mdßfNdack wjYH;d m%udKhka uek ±laùu mßfNdack
wjYH;d o¾Ylfhka isÿ flf¾'
 wdydr yd wdydr fkdjk ksYaÑ; mdßfNdaack wjYH;d m%udKhka mokï
lr .ksñka ld,h;a iuÕ tys msßjefhys fjki i,ld n,d ta wkqj
oßø;djfha fjkialï úYaf,aIKh lsÍu fuu o¾Ylh u.ska isÿ flf¾'
 È<s÷ mqoa.,hl=g mßfNdack oßø;djfhka ñ§ug wjYH jk uqo,a m%udKh
^ys`. uqo,a m%udK& oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh hkafkka woyia flf¾'
191
È<s÷ mqoa.,hl=f.a uq¿ udisl mßfNdack úhou
oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh =
oßø;d f¾Ldfõ w.h w;r fjki
 È<s÷ whl=f.a oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylfha w.h 0 f,i i,ld fuu o¾Ylh
ms<sfh, flf¾'
 wdodhu mokï lr .;a ir, ñkqula Tiafia ÿ.S Ndjh ñkqï lrkjd
fjkqjg l=gqïn uÜgfï § mqoa.,hkag uqyqK mEug isÿ jk úúOdldr jQ
ys`.;djka mokï lr f.k oßø;d ñkqï lsÍu nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylfhka
isÿ fõ'
 fi!LH" wOHdmkh" Ôjk ;;a;ja h hk mq¿,a lafIa;% ;=kg wod< úySk;djka
10la mdol lr .ksñka nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh ms<sfh< lr we;'
 fuu úysk;d ish,a, leá lrk ,o úySk;d o¾Ylfha w.h 30] blaujd
we;s l=gqïn È<s÷ lgqïn f,i y\qkd .efka'
 úySk;d o¾Ylh hk foflys idudkH w.hka tlsfklska .=K lrñka
nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh ,nd .kS'
nyqudk o¾ø;d o¾Ylh = ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh x úySk;d o¾Ylh
^by; i|yka o¾Ylj, ld,Sk o;a; weiqfrka rgj,a w;r oßø;dj fjkia
jk wdldrh isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
 oßø;dfõ iajrEm folls'
1' ksrfmalaI oßø;dj
2' idfmalaI oßø;dj
 ksrfmalI
a oßø;dj hkq lsishï mqo.
a ,hl=g fyda l=gqïnhlg uQ,l
s wjYH;d
imqrd .ekSug m%udKj;a wdodhula fkd,efnk ;;a;ajhls'
 cd;sl oßø;d bu yd cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu u.ska fmkajkqfha ksrfmalaI
oßø;dj hs'
 idfmalaI oßø;dj hkq wdodhï jHdma;sfha úIu;dj fya;=fjka we;eï ck
fldgiaj,g wfkl=;a ck fldgiaj,g idfmalaI j wvq wdodhula ,fnk
;;a;ajhls'
192
 wvq u wdodhï ,nk 40]g uq¿ wdodhfuka fldmuK m%udKhla ysñ fõ o
hkak fuys § i,ld nef,a'
 idfmalaI oßø;dj wdodhï úIu;dj ;=<ska we;s jk oßø;djls'
oßø;djfha me;slv folls'
1' mßfNdack oßø;dj ^ wdodhï oßø;dj&
2' udkj oßø;dj
 mßfNdack fyj;a wdodhï oßø;dj hkq wju Ôjk ;;a;ajhla i|yd
wjYH lrk mßfNdack uÜgu mj;ajd f.k hdug m%udKj;a wdodhula
fkd,eîu hs'
 mßfNdacH oßø;djfha me;slv folls' tkï ksßfmalI
a oßø;dj yd idfmalI
a
oßø;dj hs'
 mßfNdack oßø;dj ukskq ,nkafka fmdaIK uÜgfuks' fmdaIK uÜgu
ffoksl wdydr fõ,l wvx.= le,ß m%udKh yd fm%daàka m%udKh u; h'
 f,dal fi!LH ixúOdk weia;fïka;=j,g wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 20-30 w;r
mqoa.,fhl=g Èklg le,ß 2500la fm%daàka .a?ï 53la muK o wjYH fõ'
 kuq;a f,dalfha rgj,a mßfNdack oßø;dj uekSu i|yd ;u ;ukag
wdfõKsl fmdaIK uÜgï Ndú; lrhs'
 ta wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ fmdaIK moku le,ß 2145la fõ'
 ksoyi" wd;au .re;ajh yd wkHhkaf.a ie,ls,a, N=la;s ú¢ñka fi!LH
iïmkak j i;=gqodhl Ôjk ;;a;ajhla .; lsÍu idlaId;a lr .ekSug
wod< udkj ixj¾Okh i|yd we;s bv m%ia;d yd f;aÍï wysñ ù .sh
;;a;ajhla udkj oßø;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'
 udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh u.ska uekSug W;aidy lrkqfha udkj ixj¾Okhg
wys;lr f,i n,mdk úp,Hh fõ'
 §¾>dhqI fkdue;s ùu' ±kqu fkdue;s ùu" yd hym;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhla
fkd,eîu hk idOl mokï lr .ksñka udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh ilia lr
we;'
193
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'6( Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj úu¾Ykhg ,la lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06
bf.kqï m, (
 Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;d uÜgu y÷kajhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dfõ m%foaYSh fjkïlïj,g fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;djg fya;= jQ lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj wju lrk l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'

 Y%S ,xldfõ ksrfmalaI oßø;dj ukskq ,nkafka mßfNdack oßø;dj mokï
lr f.k hs'
 fuh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd wjYH wdodhï yd úhoï o;a; imhd .kq
,nkafka ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska jir ;=klg
jrla mj;ajkq ,nk l=gqïN wdodhï úhoï iólaIK u.sks'
 Y%S ,xldfõ mßmd,k Èia;%slal 25 u wdjrKh jk whqßka uE; ld,Sk j
fuu iólaIKh mj;ajd we;af;a 2012$2013 j¾Ifha § h'
 fuu iólaIKhg wkqj 2009$10 j¾Ifha § 8'9] la jQ cd;sl oßø;d
wkqmd;slh 2012$13 j¾Ifha § 6'7] olajd wvq ù we;'
 Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh wkqj Èia;%slal uÜgñkaa wvq u oßø;d
wkqmd;slh 1'4] la f,i fld<U Èia;%slalfha jd¾;d lrk w;r jeä u
oßø;d wkqmd;slh jk 28'8] uq,;sõ Èia;%slalh jd¾;d lr we;'
 m<d;a jYfhka .;a úg wvq u oßø;d wkqmd;slh jk 2'0] niakdysr
m<d;a jd¾;d lrk w;r" by< u oßø;d wkqmd;h jk 15'4] W!j m<df;ka
jd¾;d fõ'
 iuia;hla f,i .;a úg Y%S ,xldfõ 2012$13 j¾Ifha kd.ßl wxYfha
oßø;d wkqmd;slh 2'1] la o .%dóh wxYfha oßø;d wkqmd;slh 7'6] la o
j;= wxYfha oßø;d wkqmd;slh 10'9] la o fõ'
 by; i|yka wdldrhg Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dfõ m%foaYSh fjkialï we;s ùu
flfrys n,mdk fya;= ±lafõ'
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh my< uÜgul mej;Su
 ck ixLHdj fõ.fhka j¾Okh ùu
 iajdNdúl úm;a
194
 há;, myiqlï ÿ¾j, ùu
 whym;a rdcH md,kh
 wOHdmk" fi!LH fiajd ÿ¾j, ùu
 fjf<|fmd<g msúiSfï ndOd
 l=gqïnj, úYd,;ajh
 fmdaIK uÜgïj, úIu;d
 ixialD;sl n,mEï
 wNHka;r .egqï
 Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'
 m%foaYSh idOl
 k.r yd fjf<|fmd< w;r in|;dj ÿria ùu
 ho .egqï yd jd¾Isl wr.,
 lDIs l¾udka;h m%Odk /lshd uQ,dY%hhla ùu
 wdxYsl idOl
 wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj my< uÜgul mej;Su
 lDIs l¾udka;fha M,odhs;dj my< w.hla .ekSu
 l=gqïn idOl
 mjqf,a jeä orejka ixLHdjla isàu
 wvq wOHdmk uÜgu
 Wreufhka ,;a j;alï wvq ùu
 u;aøjH i|yd weíneys ùu
 Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj wju lsÍug .; yels l%shd ud¾. my; ±lafõ'
1' È<s÷ ck fldgiaj, Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍug we;s wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu
 /lshd wjia:d nyq, lsÍu
 fi!LH myiqlï iemhSu
 há;, myiqlï iemhSu
 l=vd mßudKfha jHdmdr Yla;su;a lsÍu
 úúO Y=NidOk jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
2' ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg iyNd.s jk ck fldgia iún, .ekaùu
 rdcH mßmd,kh myiq lsÍu
 ffk;sl ls%hdud¾. i|yd m%fõY ùug we;s yelshdj mq¿,a lsÍu
 f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj mq¿,a lsÍu
3' wkdrlaIs; ;;a;ajfhka wdrlaId lr .ekSug wjYH /ljrK ,nd §u

 fndajk frda. md,kh
 rlaIK wdjrK ,nd §u
 iykdOdr iemhSu
195
ksmqK;dj 11'0 ( ixj¾Okfha úúO;ajh ú.%y lrñka ;sridr ixj¾Okhg
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'7( Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk jHdma;sfha fjkia ùï iy tys
m%;súmdl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 ck.yk j¾Okh yd tys ;Srl y÷kajhs'
 ck.ykfha iajdNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh yd Y=oO
a ú.%y wkqmd;slh .Kkh
lrhs'
 jhia jHQyfha fjkia ùï ksid we;s jk m%;súmdl úu¾Ykh lrhs'
 ck.yk jHdma;sfha fjkia ùï yd tys wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úu¾Ykh lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykfha wdxYsl jHdma;sh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh w¾: olajñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ hemqï wkqmd; w¾: olajhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ hemqï wkqmd; .Kkh lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (

 ck.ykh .;sl m%mxphls' th ksrka;rfhka fjkia fõ'
 rgl ck.yk j¾Okh ;SrKh lrk m%Odk idOl ;=kls'
1' Wm;a
2' urK
3' ixl%uK
 Wm;a hkq hï ck ixLHdjlg WmÈk iÔj Wm;a m%udKhhs'
 ksYaÑ; j¾Ihl uOH jd¾Isl ck ixLHdfjka oyilg we;s jk iÔj
Wm;a ixLHdj o< Wm;a wkqmd;slh f,i ye¢kafõ'
iÔj Wm;a ixLHdj
o< Wm;a wkqmd;slh } x 1000
uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh
 o< urK wkqmd;slh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ksYaÑ; j¾Ihl uOH

jd¾Isl ck ixLHdfjka mqoa.,hska oyilg isÿ jk urK ixLHdjhs'
196
 o< urK wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh flf¾'
urK ixLHdj
o< urK wkqmd;slh } X 1000
uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh
 ck ixLHdfõ iajdNdúl j¾Okh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ksYaÑ; ld,

mßÉfþohla ;=< isÿ jQ Wm;a yd urK ixLHdfõ fjki hs'
iajdNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh flf¾'
Wm;a ixLHdj - urK ixLHdj

iajNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh } X 100
uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh
 ixl%uK hkq mÈxÑh fjkia lsÍu i|yd tla m%foaYhlska ;j;a m%foaYhlg
flfrk ia:dk udrej hs'
 rgj,a w;r flfrk wka;¾ cd;sl ixl%uKfha § rglg we;=¿ ùu wd.uk
f,i;a rglska fjk;a rglg msgùu ú.uk f,i;a ye¢kafõ'
 fuu wd.ukj,ska ú.uk wvq lsÍu u.ska Y=oaO ixl%uK ,nd .; yels h'
 Y=oaO ixl%uK uq¿ ck.ykfhka oyilg fldmuK ±hs ±la jQ úg th
Y=oaO ixl%uK wkqmd;slh f,i ye¢kafõ'
wd.ukh jQ ck ixLHdj - ú.ukh jQ ck ixLHdj
Y=oaO ixl%uK wkqmd;h } X 1000
uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh
 miq.sh oYl lSmhla ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk jHdma;sfha we;s jQ fjkia
ùï my; ±lafõ'
 ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.h my; jeàu
 jhia jHQyfha úYd, jYfhka fjkialï isÿ ùu
 <ud ck.yk m%;sY;h wvq fjñka mej;Su
 o< Wm;a yd o< urK wkqmd;slhka my< jeàu
 wdhq wfmalaIKh by< w.hla .ekSu
197
 ck.yk jHdma;sfha jhia jHQyfha we;s jk fjkialï ksid my;
m%;súmdlj,g uqyqK mEug isÿ fõ'
 Y%u n,ldh my< jeàu
 hemqï wkqmd;slh by< hdu
 Y%u M,odhs;dj wvq ùu
 rcfha jd¾;dys úhoï by< hdu
 whjeh ys`.h jeä ùu
 Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykfha wdxYsl ixhq;sh m%cd úoHd;aul j ±laúh yels
wdydr folls'
1' ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqj
2' jhia ixhq;sh wkqj
 ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqj ck.ykh lsÍfï § mqñ;sß wkqmd;h fhdod .kS'
 mqu;sß wkqmd;h hkq hï ck ixLHdjl ia;%Ska 100 fofkl=g isák mqreI
ixLHdj fldmuK o hkak ±laùu hs'
 mqu;sß wkqmd;h my; i|yka wdldrfhka .Kkh lrhs'
uOH jd¾Isl mqreI ixLHdj x 100

iuia; mqñ;sß wkqmd;h =
uOH jd¾Isl ia;%S ixLHdj
^wdikak j¾Ij, mqñ;sß wkqmd; isiqkag ,nd fokak&'
 jhia ixhq;sh hkq jhia ldKav wkqj ck ixLHdj fjka lr ±laùu hs'
ú.%y lsÍfï myiqj i|yd fndfyda rgj,a my; i|yka mßÈ ck ixLHdj
ldKav ;=klg fjka lrhs ^Y%S ,xldfõ o tu fn§u isÿ lrhs&'
1' <ud ck.ykh ^wjqreÿ 15g wvq&
2' jev lrk jhia ck.ykh ^wjqreÿ 15-59 w;r&
3' jhia.; ck.ykh ^wjqreÿ 60 yd Bg jeä &
 ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ m%lafYams; ck
ixLHdj ^jhia ldKav wkqj& my; j.=fõ ±lafõ' fuys mdol j¾Ih f,i
fhod f.k we;af;a 2001 j¾Ih hs'
198
jev lrk jhfia ck jeäysáhka
wjq' 15g wvq <uhska ^wjq'60g jeä&
j¾Ih ixLHdj ^wjq'15-59&
ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h
2001 4922'4 26'3 12080'5 64'5 1731'4 9'2
2006 4807'4 24'4 12836'7 65'1 2075'7 10'5
2011 4692'4 22'8 13294'8 64'7 2570'4 12'5
2016 4523'6 21'4 13591'9 64'2 3070'2 14'5
2021 4196'1 19'4 13378'8 63'8 3605'1 16'7
2026 3825'3 17'5 13863'2 63'6 4115'0 18'9
2031 3520'3 16'1 13826'2 63'2 4536'1 20'7
2036 3363'2 15'4 13589'3 62'3 4888'8 22'4
2041 3299'0 15'2 13026'7 60'0 5386'7 24'8
 by; ixLHdf,aLk wkqj <ud ck ixLHdj yd jev l< yels jhfia ck

ixLHdj l%ufhka wvq fjñka mj;sk wdldrhla jeäysá ck ixLHdj
l%ufhka jeä fjñka mj;sk wdldrhla meyeÈ,s fõ'
 tlai;a cd;skfa .a ixúOdkh ^2015& olajk mßÈ wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykh
ol=Kq wdishdfõ úhm;a u ck.ykh jk w;r f,dalfha fõ.fhka úhm;a
jk ck.yk w;ßka tlla o fõ'
 2015 jhfia Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykh ñ,shk 20'96la muK jQ w;r bka 13'9]
la jhi wjqreÿ 60g jeä nj weia;fïka;= lr we;'
 jhi wjqreÿ 60g jeä ckixLHdj jir 2050 jk úg 68'6] olajd;a jir
2100 jk úg 40'0] olajd;a jeä fj;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' ^tlai;a cd;skf
a .a
ixúOdkh 2015&'
 jhia jHQyfha we;s ù ;sfnk mßj¾;k fya;=fjka jev lrk jhfia miq
jk ck.ykfha m%;sY;h hefmkakkaf.a m%;sY;hg jvd ie,lsh hq;=
by< w.hla .kakd w;r th wd¾Ól j¾Okh i|yd ys;lr ;;a;ajhla nj
y÷kd f.k we;'
 kuq;a ck.ykh fõ.fhka úhm;a ùu ksid fuu ;;a;ajh jeä ld,hla
.;ùug fmr úhelS hkq we;'
 m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha rgl fyda m%foaYhl
fyda ld,hla ;=< fkdfjkia j by< uÜgul mej;s Wm;a yd urK
wkqmd;sl hï ld,hl § fjkia ùug mgka f.k l%ufhka wvq ù kej;
my; uÜgul fkdfjkia j mj;sk ;;a;ajhlg m;a ùuls'
199
 fndfyda úg m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh wÈhr y;rlska fmkakqï flf¾'
wÈhr 1( Wm;a wkqmd;slh yd urK wkqmd;slh by< uÜgul mj;S'
iajdNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h b;d wvq h'
wÈhr 2 ( Wm;a wkqmd;slh by< uÜgul mj;S' urK wkqmd;slh l%ufhka
my< niS' iajNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h l%ufhka jeä fõ'
wÈhr 3 ( Wm;a wkqmd;slh l%ufhka my< niS' urK wkqmd;slh my< nei
we;' iajdNdúl j¾Okh l%ufhka wvq fõ'
wÈhr 4 ( Wm;a wkqmd;sl fol u my;a uÜgul fkdfjkia j mj;S'
iajdNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h wvq fõ'
 ld¾ólrKh yd wd¾Ól yd iudcSh ÈhqKqj ksid fndfyda hqfrdamd rgj,
m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh by; wÈhr Tiafia isÿ jqK;a ueo fmrÈ.
rgj, th tf,i u isÿ ù ke;'
 wd¾Ól jYfhka b;d by< uÜgulg <`.d fkdù isáh § Y%S ,xldfõ m%cd
úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh wÈhr 3 olajd isÿ ù ;sfí'
 2000 j¾Ih jk úg Y%S ,xldj m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sfha f;jk wÈhf¾
wjidk wjia:djg <`.d ù ;snqK o 2006$07 Y%S ,xld m%cd úµd yd fi!LH
iólaIKfhka jd¾;d jk wdldrhg uq¿ idM,H;d wkqmd;slh kej;;a
jeä ù we;s neúka Y%S ,xldfõ m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sfha wdmiq yeÍula
±lsh yels h'
 kuq;a 2008 jif¾ isg urK wkqmd;slh my< uÜgul mj;sk w;r Wm;a
wkqmd;slh wvq fjñka mej;Su;a yd iajdNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh wvq ùu
la ±lsh yels h'
 Y=NidOk " wOHdmkh yd fi!LHh i|yd oYl lSmhla mqrd lrk ,o
wdfhdack fya;=fjka wdhq wfmalaIdj by< hdu yd YS>%fhka my< hk
idM,H;d wkqmd;h iy Y%S ,xldjg wkkH ckúldY ,laIK fya;=fjka
furg ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha iqúfYaI rgla f,i y÷kd f.k we;'
 lsih
s ï rgl ixLHdjl jev lrk jhfia mqoa.,hka 100 fofkl=g idfmalI
a
j hefmkakka fldmuK ixLHdjla fõ o hkak ms<sìUq lrk w.h hemqï
wkqmd;h hs'
 hemqï wkqmd; m%fNao 3ls' tu m%fNao yd tajd .Kkh lrk wdldrh my;
±lafõ'
200
1' <ud hemqï wkqmd;h
wjqreÿ 0-14 w;r ck ixLHdj
<ud hemqï wkqmd;h } x 100
2' jeäysá hemqï wkqmd;h

wjqreÿ 60 yd Bg jeä ck ixLHdj
jeäysá hemqï wkqmd;h } x 100
3' uq¿ hemqï wkqmd;h

uq¿ hemqï wkqmd;h } <ud hemqï wkqmd;h + jeäysá hemqï wkqmd;h
201
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'8( Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldh yd th .Kkh lrk wdldrh ú.%h
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 Y%u n,ldh w¾: olajhs'
 l,ams; ixLHd o;a; Ndú; lrñka Y%u n,ldh .Kkh lrhs'
 jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh yd Y%u n,ldh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h .Kkh lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldfha ,dlaIKsl meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 hï ksYÑa ; ld, iSudjla ;=< jegqmla fyda fjk;a wd¾Ól m%;s,dNhla fyda
wfmalaIdfjka wd¾Ól jákdlula we;s NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu
i|yd Y%uh imhk iy iemhSug wfmalaId lrk wju yd Wmßu jhia
iSudjka ;=< isák ish¨ u mqoa.,hkaf.a tl;=j Y%u n,ldh hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ'
 jvd;a ir, j mjikafka kï Y%u n,ldh hkq lsishï rgl lsishï
ld,hla ;=< î,ld n,k ld,h ;=<& fiajd kshqla; j iy fiajd úhqla;
j isák fomsßfiys tl;=j hs'
 Y%u n,ldh .Kkh lsÍfï§ f,dalfha úúO rgj,a úúO jhia iSudjka
fhdod .kshs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j Y%u n,ldh .Kkh
lrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
202
uq¿ ck.ykfhka jhi wjq' 15 yd Bg jeä ish¨ fokd xxx
wvq l<d ( .DyKshka xxx
mQ¾K ld,Sk isiqka xxx
mQ¾K wdndê;hka xxx
iaj leue;af;ka /lshd fkdlrk wh x x x - (x x x)
Y%u n,ldh (jhi wjq' 15 yd Bg jeä ils%h ck.ykh) xxx
 Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ ck.ykfhka jhi wjqreÿ 15 yd Bg jeä ck ixLHdj

jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r tu jhia mrdih
;=< isák ck ixLHdfjka .DyKshka" mQ¾K ld,Sk YsIHhka" úY%dñlhka"
uy¿ wh" fn,ySk fyda wdndê; wh fyda " iaj leue;af;ka fiajd úhqla;
jQjka wvq l< úg b;sß jk ck ixLHdj Y%u n,ldh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 Y%u n,ldh jev l< yels jhfia ck ixLHdfõ m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu
Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h f,i ye¢kafõ'
Y%u n,ldh
x 100
Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h =
jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh
 Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldfha uE; ld,Sk j ±lsh yels ,laIK lSmhla my;
±lafõ'
 jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh wvq ùu
 Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h by< hdu
 ldka;djkaf.a Y%u iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h by< hdu
 ldka;djkag idfmalaI j msßñ Y%u iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h by<
w.hla .ekSu
^YS% ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldh iy Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h ms<sn| j uy
nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj weiqfrka isiqka iuÕ idlÉPd lrkak&'
203
ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'9 ( Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;sfha yd fiajd úhqla;sfha
jHQyd;aul ,laIK úuid n,hs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m,
 fiajd kshqla;sh w¾: olajhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;shkaf.a ,laIK olajhs'
 fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;h yd fjkia ùï úu¾Ykh lrhs'
 W!k fiajd kshqla;sh w¾: olajhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ W!k fiajd kshqla;shg fya;= yd tys m%;súmdl fmkajd fohs'
 fiajd úhqla;sh w¾: olajhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh yd fjkia ùï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;shg fya;= fmkajd fohs'
 fiajd úhqla;sfha iudc wd¾Ól m%;súmdl meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;= ks¾jpkhg wkqj fiajd kshqla;sh
hkq iólaIKh mj;ajkq ,nk Èkg fmr i;sh ;=< lsishï mqoa.,hl=
wju jYfhka mehla j;a hï wd¾Ól l%shdj,shlg odhl ùu hs'
ir, j mejiqjfyd;a fiajd kshqla;sh hkq jegqmla fyda fjk;a wd¾Ól
m%;s,dNhla fyda wfmalaIdfjka lsishï mqoa.,hl= M,odhs wd¾:sl lghq;;
a l
ksr; ùu hs'
 rgl fiajd kshqla; mqoa.,hka m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 4lg fnÈh yels
h'
1' rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajlhka
2' fiajHhka
3' iajhx /lshdj, ksr; jkakka
4' f.ùula ^jegqmla& fkd,nk mjqf,a Y%ñlhka
 fiajd kshqla; ck ixLHdj Y%u n,ldfha m%;sY;hla jYfhka ±laùu
fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;slh f,i ye¢kafõ'
204
fiajd kshqla; ck ixLHdj
fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;h = x 100
Y%u n,ldh
 ^Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;slh yd fjkia ùï uy nexl= jd¾;djg

wkqj ld,Sk o;a; weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'
 W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq Y%u iïm; mQ¾K f,i fiajd kshqla; fkdùuhs'
 W!K fiajd kshqla;sh we;s úh yels wdldr folls'

1' odYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh
2' wodYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh
 oDYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq m%udKj;a meh .Kkla jev fkdue;s ùu
hs'
 woDYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq ksmqK;d uÜgug jvd wvq ksmqK;d
uÜgfï /lshdjl ksr; ùu hs'
ksoiqka ( WmdêOdßhl= ld¾hd,h l ,smslrejl= jYfhka fiajh lsÍu
 Y%S ,xldfõ W!k fiajd kshqla;sh flfrys my; i|yka fya;= n,md we;'
 /lshd b,a¨ïlrejkaf.a iqÿiqlï yd yelshdjka Y%u fjf<|fmdf<ys
wjYH;djka iu. fkd.e<emSu
 Y%u fjf<+|fmd<g wjYH ksmqK;d ìys lsÍug rch wfmdfydi;a ùu
 Y%u n,ldfha j¾Okhg idfmalaI j wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a fkdùu
 wdh;k ;=< wjYH m%udKhg jvd Y%ñlhka r|jd .ekSu
 Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk W!k fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajh ksid my; i|yka
m%;súmdlj,g uqyqK md we;'
 wd¾Ólfha ksIamdokh wvq ùu
 Y%uh wmf;a hdu
 wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;d we;s ùu
 Y%ufha M,odhs;dj wvq ùu
 oßø;djg uqyqK mEu
 iudc úfrdaë l%shdjka we;s ùu
 fiajd úhqla;sh hkq wd¾Ól m%;s,dNhla wfmalaIdfjka lsishï wd¾Ól
205
lghq;a;lg Y%uh iemhSug leue;af;ka isáh;a ta i|yd wjia:djla
fkdue;s ;;a;ajhls'
fiajd úhqla;sfha m%fNao 4ls'
1' jdßl fiajd úhqla;sh
2' id¾Isl fiajd úhqla;sh
3' jHQyuh fiajd úhqla;sh
4' pl%Sh fiajd úhqla;sh
 fiajd úhqla; ck ixLHdj Y%u n,ldfha m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu fiajd
úhqla; wkqmd;slhhs'
fiajd úhqla; ck ixLHdj

fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh = X 100
Y%u n,ldh
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla; wkqmd;slh yd tys fjkia ùï my; i|yka mßÈ
±laúh yels h'
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh idfmalaI jYfhka my< uÜgul
mej;Su
 W.;a ;reK fldgia w;r fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh by< uÜgul
mej;Su
 .%dóh wxYfha fiajd úhqla;sh idfmalaI jYfhka by< w.hla .ekSu
 ia;%S fiajd úhqla;sh idfmalaI jYfhka by< w.hka .ekSu
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;sh flfrys n,mdk fya;= lSmhls'

 /lshd b,a¨ï lrkakkaf.a iqÿiqlï yd yelshdjka Y%u fjf<|fmd<
wjYH;djka iu. fkd.e,mSu
 /lshdfõ .re;ajh yd ms<s.ekSu jeks lreKq ksid fm!oa.,sl wxYfha
/lshdj,g fhduq fkdù rdcH wxYfha /lshd ,efnk ;=re n,d isàu
 Y%u n,lfha j¾Okhg iu.dó j wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a fkdùu
ksid /lshd ckkh fkdùu
 kSs;s Í;s ksid fm!oa.,sl ksIamdok wdh;kj,g fiajlhka n|jd .ekSu
iSud lsÍu
 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;sh by< hdu ksid my; i|yka m%;súmdlj,g
206
uqyqK md we;'
 iudchg ,nd .; yels Wmßu ksuejqï uÜgu wysñ ùu
 oßø;dj by< hdu
 ndysr ixl%uK by< hdu
 rcfha Y=NidOk úhoï by< hdu
 foaYmd,k yd iudc fkdikaiqka;d we;s ùu
 iudc úfrdaë l%shd by< hdu
 mdi,aj,ska yd úYaj úoHd,j,ska msgjkakkaf.a kùk Ñka;kh
wdl¾IKh lr .ekSfï m%udoh ksid kj ksmehqï ìys ùu ys`. ùu
207
ksmqK;dj 12'0 ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl jHQyh yd m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| j ;=,kd;aul
j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 12'1 ( ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha yg.;a fjkialï úu¾Ykh
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 ksoyiska miq wd¾Ólfha we;s jQ fjkialï úia;r lrhs'
 wdkhk wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;sj, uQ,sl ,laIK kï lrhs'
 ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sj, uQ,sl ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
 wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ñlrK m%;sm;a;sh iy ks¾ndOlrK m%;sm;a;sh
w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 wmkhk wNsuL q ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh iy ks¾ndOlrK m%;sm;a;sj, uq,sl
,laIK úia;r lrhs'
 wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh iy ks¾ndOlrK m%;sm;a;s u.ska
wd¾Ólhg jk n,mEu úu¾Ykh lrhs'
 ksoyiska miq wd¾Ól ,laIK wkqj wjê lSmhla y÷kd.; yels h'
 1948 - 1960 olajd wjêh

 1961 - 1977 olajd wjêh
 1977 - 1994 olajd wjêh
 1994 - 2015 olajd wjêh
 1948 - 1960 olajd wjêfha m%Odk ,laIK

 hg;a úð; hq.fha mej;s ,laIK iq¿ fjkialï iys; j l%shd;aul ùu
 f,dal nexl= n,mEï m%:u j;djg wd¾Ólh u; m;s; ùu
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i lDIsl¾uhg yd l¾udka;j,g
m%n, ;ekla ,nd §u
 hemqï lDIsl¾udka;h yd f.dú ckmo jHdmdrfha m%.;shla we;s ùu
 f.jqï fYaI w¾nQo wdrïN ùu
 wd¾Ól l%u iïmdokh iy ie,iqï iïmdokh wdrïN ùu
 w¾O újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh
 mq¿,a Y=NidOk jevigyka l%shd;aul ùu
208
cki;= jHdmdr wdrïN ùu
 1961 - 1977 wjêfha Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha ,laIK
 wNHka;rdNsuqL wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul ùu
 úksuh md,kh" oaú;aj úksuh wkqmd; l%uh ls%hd;aul ùu
 wdkhk md,kh
 úfoaY úksuh w¾nQo we;s ùu
 wdkhk wdfoaYk ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s wdrïN ùu
 wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKh
 rdcH wxYfha uyd mßudK l¾udka; wdrïN ùu
 foafmd< yd j;alï m%;sjHdma;slrKh
 úksuh wkqmd; m%;sixialrKh

 wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s ls%hdldß;ajh
 talSh úksuh wkqmd; l%uhla we;s ùu
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd; l%uhla bj;a we;s fldg mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;
m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu
 úksuh md,kh" yd wdkhk md,kh bj;a lsÍu
 md,k m%;sm;a;s bj;a fldg b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. Tiafia l%shd;aul
jk ñ, l%uhlg bv ie,iSu
 Y=NidOk m%;sm;a;s iSud lsßu
 wd¾Ólh újD; lsÍu
 wdfhdack m%j¾Ok l,dm msysgq ùu
 fm!oa.,SlrKh" m%;sjHQy.;lrKh jeks iemhqï md¾Yaùh m%;sm;a;s
l%shd;aul lsÍu
 oßø;dj wju lsÍfï m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu

 foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍfï m%;sixialrK Tiafia újD; wd¾Ól
m%;sm;a;s ;j ÿrg;a l%shd;aul ùu
 úfoaY wdfhdack iSud ùu
 W;=re kefÕkysr hqoaOh wjika lsÍug úYd, úhoula oeÍu
 há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh
 úfoaY Kh flfrys úYd, jYfhka fhduq ùu
209
 foaYSh lDIsl¾udka; yd bÈlsÍï l¾udka; flfrys mq¿,a rdcH wkq.%yh
±laùu
wdhkh wdfoaYk ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh

 wdkhk wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;s hkq úfoaY rgj,ska wdkhkh lrk NdKav iSud
lr" tu NdKav foaYSh j ksIamdokh lsÍug miqìu ilia lsÍu h'
 m<uq j iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav yd w;HjYH fkdjk NdKav wdkhkh iSud
l< w;r tu NdKav foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh wdrïN lrk ,È'
 fojkq j w;HjYH NdKav wdkhk iSud l< w;r" tajd foaYSh ksIamdokhg
yd wNHka;r yqjdudre lsÍï u.ska fjf<|fmd< w;rueÈhka ,nk jdis
iSud lrk ,os ^yd,a" ñßia" ¨Kq m%jdykh iSud lsÍu&'
 wdkhk wdfoaYk lDIs ksIamdÈ;hka f,i iy,a" ,qkq" ñßia" ljqms" fidahd"
uqx weg" l=ryka wd§ ksIamdÈ;hka Èß.kajk ,§'
 wdkhk wdfoaYk l¾udka; f,i inka" iqj| ú,jqka" frÈms<s" weÕ¨ï"
fnfy;a øjH wdosmdßfNda.sl NdKav ksIamdokh foaYSh jYfhka Èß .kajk
,os'
 ful, mej;s úfoaY úksuh w¾nQoh yd f.jqï fYaI .eg¨j,g úi÷ï
fiùu i|yd fuu wdkhk md,kh yd úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< iSud
lsÍï isÿ lrk ,§'
wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh

 wdkhkh lrk NdKavj,g wdfoaYk f,i foaYSh fjf<|fmd< i|yd NdKav
ksIamdokh lrkjd fjkqjg úfoaY fjf<|fmd< b,lal fldg f.k
;r.ldÍ j NdKav ksIamdokh lrk ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;s wmkhk wNsuqL
ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s f,i woyia lrhs'
 wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;s Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul lsßu wdrïN
jQfha újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd ÿka 1977ka miq ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< h'
 wmkhk wNsuL q ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;h
s l m%Odk u b,lalh jkafka wdkhk
iSud lsÍu fkdj wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh yd wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKh u.ska
f,dal fjf<|fmd< ;=< ish fdlgi mq¿,a lr .ekSu h'
210
 1977 ka miq Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%h
s d;aul l< wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;f
s ha
fiiq b,lal jQfha"
 f.jqï fYaI .eg¨ ksrdlrKh
 úfoaY úksuh .eg¨ ksrdlrKh
 wd¾Ól j¾Ok Wmdh ud¾. f,i wmkhk l¾udka; m%j¾Okh
 wmkhk b,lal lr .;a l¾udka; fj; úfoaY wdfhdack wdl¾IKh
lr .ekSu
 fiajd kshqla;s wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd wmkhk fj; fhduq jQ
l¾udka; m%j¾Okh
 úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< m%idrKh lrkq msKsi wmkhk
m%idrKh
 wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sfha m%Odk ,laIK my; mßÈ
fõ'
 fuh újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh wkqn,hla f,i l%shd;aul jQ wd¾Ól
m%;sm;a;shls'
 ksoyia fjf<|dug bv ,efnk mßÈ wdkhk yd wmkhk iSud
bj;a lsÍu
 úfoaY úksuh iSud bj;a lsÍu
 ia:djr úksuh wkqmd; l%uhla we;s lsÍu
 ks, úksuh l%uh iy ú'ú'ys'i úksuh wkqmd;h wfydais fldg
úfoaY úksuh b,aü yd iemhqu u; ;SrKh jk kuH úksuh
wkqmd; l%uh we;s lsÍu
 úfoaY úksuh rg ;=<g .,d tk mßÈ mej;s úksuh wkqmd;h
100] la wjm%udKh lsÍu
 úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldrlï ,sys,a lsÍu" úfoaY nexl=
yd uQ,H wdh;kj,g rg ;=<g meñKSug bv yir ,nd §u
 wdkhk ;Sre nÿ bj;a lsÍu yd wdkhk ;Sre nÿ ,sys,a lsÍu
 wmkhkh i|yd mej;s rdcH taldêldßh wfydais fldg ;r.ldÍj
wmkhkhg wjia:dj ,nd §u
211
ksmqK;dj 12'0 ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl jHQyh yd m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| j
;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 12'2 ( Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha kj m%jK;d .fõIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08
bf.kqï m, (
 ld,Sk o;a; weiqfrka Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha jHQyuh fjkialï úia;r lrhs'
 wd¾Ólfha fiajd kshqla;sh" úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh" fma%IK" há;, myiqlï
ixj¾Okh" ixpdrl l¾udka;h y m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j ld,Sk
o;a; weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
 fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdug fyda my< hdug fyda fya;= jQ idOl úia;r
lrhs'
 ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%jK;d úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
 m%foaYSh ixj¾Okfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wd¾Ólfha m%foaYSh ixj¾Ok úIu;d we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl
úia;r lrhs'
 Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha we;s jQ jHQyuh fjkia ùï my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels
h'
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jHQyuh fjkialï
 fiajd kshqla;sfha jHQyh fjkia ùu
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jHQyh ld,Sk j my; mßÈ fjkia ù we;'
ksoiqka (
 lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;l jeo.;alu wvq ùu
 ld¾ñl ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;l jeo.;alu jeä ùu
 fiajd ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;l jeo.;alu jeä ùu
^ uy nexl= jd¾;d weiqfrka&
 fiajd kshqla;sfha jHQyh ld,Sk jYfhka fjkia ù we;'

ksoiqka (
 lDIs wxYfha fiajd kshqla;s m%;sY;h wvq ù we;'
 ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajd kshqla;s m%;sY;h jeä ù we;'
 fiajd wxYfha fiajd kshqla;s m%;sY;h jeä ù we;'
212
fiajd kshqla;sh ( 1963 - 2016
wxYh 1963 1973 1981$82 1996$97 2003$04 2013 2015 2016

lDIsld¾ñl 46'3 37'8 28'6 27'6 26'3 19'9 8'5 8'1
ld¾ñl wxYh 36'9 45'4 47'9 42'8 47'7 52'8 54'6 56'3
fiajd wxYh 37 34 29 37 40 40 44 44
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYssl ixhq;sh ;=< yd fiajd kshqla;sfha wdxYsl
ixhq;sh ;=< lDIsld¾ñl wxYfha m%;sY;d;aul jeo.;alu wvq ù ld¾ñl
wxYfha m%;sYld;aul jeo.;alu iy fiajd wxYfha m%;sY;d;aul jeo.;alu
jeä ù we;'
 1977 ka miq Y%S ,xldj jvd;a újD; wd¾Ól rgdjla lr udreùu;a iu.
Y%S ,dxlSh fiajlhka úfoaY fiajd kshqla;h
s lrd fhduq ùfï m%jK;dj
jeä ù we;s nj fmkS hhs' tys w;=re M,hla f,i úfoaYj,ska .,d tk
fm%aIK m%udKh jeä ù we;'
úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh 2017 2015 2016
ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h
uq¿ úfoaY /lshd 30073 100 263443 100 242930 100
ia;%S mqreI nj
mqreI 190217 63'3 172788 65'6 16032 66'0
ia;%S 110486 36'7 90655 34'4 82628 34'0
Y%u LdKavh wkqj
jD;a;Sh 5372 1'8 6251 2'4 6574 2'7
uOHu 20778 6'9 6951 2'6 8235 3'4
,smslre yd ta wdY%s; mqyqKq Y%ñl 29267 9'7 12501 4'7 19864 4'5
mqyK
q q Y%ñl 73162 24'3 81682 31'0 76559 31'5
w¾O mqyqKq Y%ñl 3977 1'3 4847 1'8 3939 1'6
kqmqyqKq Y%ñl 79519 26'4 77985 29'6 71641 29'6
.Dy fiaúld 88628 29'5 73226 27'8 65127 26'8
 úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d
 2016 jif¾ úfoaY /lshd i|yd msg;a j hkakkaf.a 7'8]l my< hdula
jd¾;d úh'
 úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd msg;a j hkakka wLKav j wvqùug fya;=

jQfha" .Dyfiaúld msg;a j hdï wvq lsÍug rch .;a m%;sm;a;suh
l%shdud¾." msg;a ùug fmr imqrd,sh hq;= mqyqKq wjYH;d iy ueo
fmrÈ. rgj, wd¾Ól miqneiSu fya;=fjka Y%u b,aü my< hdu hs'
213
 ol=Kq fldßhdfõ /lshd i|yd msg;a ùï ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhla
fmkakqï l< o bka jeä m%;sY;hla ^97]& kqmqyqKq Y%ñl ldKavhg
wh;a fõ'
 mqyqKq ldKavh hgf;a úfoaY /lshd i|yd msg;a ùï jeä jk úg

úfoaY fm%aIK .,d taï jeä jkq we;'
 Y%S ,xld úfoaY fiajd kshqla;s ld¾hdxYh úiska 2017 wh jeh u.ska
fhdackd l< mßÈ kqqmqyqKq Y%ñlhl=f.a wju jegqm $ 350 f,i o mqyqKq
Y%ñlhl=f.a wju jegqm $ 450 f,i o kshu lrk ,§'
 úfoaY fiajd kshqla; ,dxlSh Y%ñlhska furgg tjk úfoaY uqo,a yd

fjk;a ± úfoaY fm%aIK f,i y÷kajhs' Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ úfoaY ,eîï
;=< by< u jeo.;alu ysñ lr .kafka úfoaY fm%aIKhka h'
úfoaY fiajd kshqla;Skaf.a fm%aIK
tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk

m%Njh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1' ueo fmrÈ. 3358 3562 3902 3796 3889
2' hqfrdamd ix.uh 1071 1160 1270 1222 1282
3' wE; fmrÈk wdishdj 509 557 611 698 739
4' wfkl=;a hqfrdamd rgj,a 275 308 337 307 333
5' W;=re weußldj 174 186 204 209 210
6' .skafldk È. wdishdj 63 288 316 391 398
7' íafÜ%,shdj iy kjiS,ka;h 132 147 161 161 174
8' ol=Kq wdishdj 90 83 91 98 109
9' ol=Kq yd uOHu weußldj 48 58 63 63 51
10' wfkl=;a 66 58 63 63 51
tl;=j 5985 6407 7018 6980 7242
 úfoaY fm%aIK ,eîïj, wvq ùula 2015 jif¾ § jd¾;d l< o 2016 j¾Ifha
È th uOHia: j¾Okhla jd¾;d lr we;' miq.sh jirj, úfoaY fma%IK
wvq ù we;af;a ueo fmrÈ. rgj, /lshd i|yd msg;a j .sh Y%ñlhka
l%ufhka wvq ùu yd ueo fmrÈ. rgj, wd¾Ól miqnEu ksid Y%u b,aü
wvq ùu h'
214
 úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh yd úfoaY fiajd fm%aIK ,eîï wd¾Ólh u; we;s
lrk n,mEu
 fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;h my< hdug bjy,a ùu
 mqoa.,hskaf.a wdodhï by< hdu
 oßø;dj my< hdu
 l=gqïn b;=reï jeä ù l=vd jHjidhka j¾Okh ùu
 úfoaY bmhSï j¾Okh ùu
 f.jqï fYaI .eg¨j,g m%n, úi÷ula ùu
 úfoaY j;alï Yla;su;a ùu
 uqof,a úfoaY w.h by< hdu
 foaYSh Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a mqyqKq Y%u ys`.hla we;s ùu yd jegqma jÜgï
by< hdu
 mqyqKq Y%uh úfoaY.; jk úg iïm;a iïNdrh ixfldapkh ùu
 .Dy fiajh i|yd ldka;djka ixl%uKh ùu iudc .eg¨j,g yd
orejka yqfol,d ùu yd wkdrlaIs; ùug fya;= ùu
 rgl ksIamdok yd yqjudre l%shdj,sh ld¾hlaIu lsÍug yd ck;djf.a

Ôjk ;;a;j
a h jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug Wmia;ïnk jk m%d.aOkh" há;, myiqlï
f,i y÷kajhs' há;, myiqlï my; mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'
há;, myiqlï

wd¾Ól há;, myiqlï iudc há;, myiqlï

   
oDv myiqlï uDÿ myiqlï oDv myiqlï uDÿ myiqlï
 uyd ud¾.  jD;a;Sh mqyqKq jev  frday,a  iudc wdrlaIKh
 wêfõ.S ud¾. igyka  m%cd fiajh
 mdGYd,d
 md,ï  uQ,H wdh;k  mßirh iq/lSfï
 c, iïmdokh
 Wux myiqlï  jHdmD;s
 ksjdi
 ÿïßh ud¾.  m¾fhaIK yd
ixj¾Ok myiqlï <ud /ljrKh
 jdß ud¾.
;dlaIK yqjudrej  jeäysá /ljrKh
.=jka f;dgqm<
 wmkhk Èß.ekaùï  nkaOkd.dr
 jrdh
 li< neyer lsÍu
 úÿ,s ixfoaY
 m%jdyk moaO;s
215
 há;, myiqlï i|yd jk wdfhdackh hkq wd¾Ólh ld¾hlaIu j l%h s d;aul
ùu i|yd wjYH flfrk fiajd iy myiqlï iemhSug fN!;sl yd
ixúOdk jHQyhka f.dv kexùu h' há;, myiqlï rgl fyda m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okh ms<sìUq flfrk jeo.;a o¾Ylhls'
 há;, myiqlï lafIa;%h wd¾Ól yd iudðh jYfhka Wm fldgia follg
j¾. l< yels h' wd¾Ól há;, myiqlï hkq uyd ud¾." c, iïmdok yd
c,d mjyk myiqlï" ikaksfõok myiqlï cd, hkdÈh h' iudc há;,
myiqlï jkqfha mdi,a" úYajúoHd," frday,a" ksjdi ixj¾Okh hkdÈh
fõ'
 há;, myiq l ï i|yd lrkq ,nk wdfhda c kh wd¾Ól jDoa ê hg
úúOdldrhg odhl fõ' há;, myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu rgl ixj¾Ok
l%shdj,sfha § uqyqK fok m%Odk ndOlhls' wi;=gq odhl uxudj;a" jdyk
;onoh" flá ÿrla hdug jeä ld,hla .; ùu hkdÈh ixj¾Ok l%h s dj,shg
n,mdk ir, ndOdjka fõ' uyd ud¾." md,ï" jrdh" ÿïßh ud¾."
ikaksfõok cd," jdßud¾. myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu wd¾Ól jDoaêhg
úYd, wkqn,hla fõ'
 há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh ù we;s úg NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh iy

tajd fjf<|fmd<g fnodyeßu b;d myiqfjka yd ld¾hlaIu j l< yels
fõ'
 uE; § isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIK yd wOHhk u.ska fy<s fldg we;af;a há;,
myiqlï by< hk iEu 10] la mdid u È.=ld,Sk ksuejqu 1]lska j¾Okh
jk nj h'
 há;, myiqlïj, wd¾Ól yd iudÔh jYfhka jeo.;a ùug n,mdk fya;=

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 M,odhs;ajh by< hdu

 wd¾Ól jDoaêh fõ.j;a ùu
 wdfhdaclhska wdl¾IKh lsÍug msájy,a ùu
 wdfhdaclhskaf.a fm!oa.,sl msßjeh wvq ùug bjy,a ùu
 wmf;a hdï iy kdia;s úï wju ùug bjy,a ùu
 l<ukdlrKh yd iïnkaëlrKh ld¾hlaIu ùu
 ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq ùug bjy,a ùu
216
 iudc ixj¾Okhg fya;= ùu
 udkj m%d.aOkh ìys ùug fya;= ùu
 wd¾Ólfha ;r.ldß;ajh by< hdu
há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh i|yd m%fõY jk uQ,dY% lsysmhls'

 há;, myiqlï i|yd rdcH wdfhdack
 há;, myiqlï i|yd iafõÉPd wdfhdack
 há;, myiqlï i|yd rdcH-fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh (PPP)
 há;, myiqlï i|yd rdcH wdfhdack my; mßÈ bosrsm;a l< yels h'
wd¾Ól fiajd iudc fiajd tl;=j
o< foaYSh o< foaYSh o< foaYSh
ksIma dokh remsh,a ksIm
a dokh remsh,a ksIma dokh
remsh,a
j¾Ih m%;sY;hla ì,shk m%;sY;hla ì,shk m%;sY;hla
ì,shk f,i f,i f,i
2012 343'8 3'9 71'2 0'8 415'0 4'8

2013 369'4 3'9 77'6 0'8 447'0 4'7
2014 330'1 3'2 112'3 1'1 442'5 4'4
2015 429'0 3'6 117'3 1'0 541'3 4'6
 YS% ,xldfõ há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh i|yd rdcH wdfhdack" o< foaYSh
ksIamdok m%;sY;hla f,i 5] lg wdikak uÜgfï mj;S' kuq;a wd¾Ólfha
;r.ldß;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd;a" wd¾Ól jDoaêfha Wmßu uÜgug
<`.d ùu i|yd;a úfoaY iDcq wdfhdack wdl¾IKh lsÍu i|yd;a" há;,
myiqlï ixj¾Okfha wdfhdackh ;j ÿrg;a by< kexùfï wjYH;dj
mj;S' ta i|yd we;s m%n, ndOdjka jkafka rdcH wdodhï isñ; ùu" rdcH
Kh by< hdu j<lajd .ekSu" rdcH Kh wdmiq f.ùï yelshdj iSñ; ùu
wdÈhhs' fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh ;=<ska há;,
myiqlï iemhSu i|yd fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack wdl¾IKh lr .ekSu jeo.;a
fõ'
 rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj l%uh Tiafia há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh

i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èß.ekaùug f,dal nexl=fõ yd USAID wdh;kfha
iydh we;s j uqo,a wud;HdxYh ;=< rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj tallhla
ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd 2017 ckjdÍ udifha § wud;HdxY wkqu;sh ysñ úh'
217
 rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh Èß .ekaùfï rdcH m%;sm;a;s rduqj u.ska
foaYmd,k{hka yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka we;=¿ ish¨ u md¾Yajlrejkaf.a
±kqïj;a nj by< kexúh hq;= w;r fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack Èß .ekaùu iy
fiajdj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh iy idOdrK ñ, .Kka iy;sl lsÍug iqÿiq
kshduk yd mßmd,k hdka;%Kh ks¾udKh l< hq;= h' wd¾Ól yd iudc
há;, myiqlïj, fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ia:djr
m%;sm;a;s" hymd,kh' úksúo Ndjh" wdh;ksl yelshd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu"
M,odhs kshdukhka yd ld¾hlaIu uQ,H fjf<|fmd<j,a wdos mQ¾j wjYH;d
iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' fï w;r ld¾hlaIu f,i iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu
;yjqre lsÍu i|yd wd¾Ólhg jeä m%;s,dN ysñ jk whqfrka jHdmD;sj,
m%uqL;d wkqms<sfj, y÷kd .ekSug há;, myiqlï jHdmD;s mq¿,a YLH;d
wOHhkhlg ,la l< hq;= hs'
há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okfhys ,d rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh

 rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh hgf;a há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okfhys ,d
jvd;a id¾:l l%ufõohls' ;kslru fm!oa.,sl wxYh fyda rdcH wxYh
fyda u ld¾hhka bgq lrkjd fjkqjg" ta fomd¾Yajh u iyNd.s fjñka
;u ;ukag jvd;a fyd¢ka l< yels ld¾hhka ta ta md¾Yajh úiska f;dard
f.k jHdmD;s l%shdjg ke.sh yels fõ'
 jHdmD;s ksu lsÍug .; jk ld,h läkï lrñka m%udo ùu j,lajd .;
yels fõ' ld¾h idOkh uksk o¾Ylhla f,i jHdmD;s ksu lsÍug .;
jk ld,h fhdod .; yels h'
 ;kslr u rch fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYh fyda bgq lrk jHdmD;shlg jvd
by< wdfhdack ,dN wkqmd;slh rdcH - fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj jHdmD;s
u.ska w;alr .; yels h' fomd¾Yajh u tla j l%shd;aul lrk úg ie,iqï
lsßu yd uQ,Hkh hk lreKq i,ld kjH l%ufõo fhdod .ekSug wjia:dj
ie,fia'
 jHdmD;shl wjodkï ish,a, we.hSulg ,la fldg tys YlH;dj ;SrKh
lrkq ,efí' yqfola rcfha fyda foaYmd,k wjYH;d iy fjk;a wNs,dYhka
u; YlH;djlska f;dr jHdmD;shla l%shdjg ke.Sug ie,iqï lrkq
,enqjfyd;a fm!oa.,sl wxYh tjekakla lsÍug tl`. fkdjkq we;'
 mssßjeh md,kh lsÍfï,d jvd m<mqreoao iy w;a±lSï we;s fm!oa.,sl
wxYh fj; jHdmD;s fufyhùï iy l%shdjg ke.Sfï wjodkï mejÍug
rchg wjia:dj ie,fia'
218
 fndfyda rdcH - fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj jHdmD;s ;=< l,a ;nd jHdmD;s
ksu lsÍu fjkqfjka ,nd fok m%ido §ukd (bonus) we;=<;a jk neúka"
ish¨ jHdmD;s jvd;a ld¾hlaIu j ksu lsÍug yelshdj ,efí'
 rcfha wruqo,a jvd;a ld¾hlaIu f,i jeh lsßu fï hgf;a bv ie,fik
neúka iudc wd¾:l jeo.;alula we;s fjk;a lafIa;% flfrys iSñ; rdcH
wruqo,a fhduq lsÍug wjia:dj Wod fõ'
 rdcH - fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj iys; jHdmD;sj, ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä
neúka th rdch uQ,hg jdisodhl fõ' whjeh mr;rh wvq lr .ekSug
odhl jkq we;'
 jHdmD;s Ôjk pl%fha iEu wÈhrl §u by< m%ñ;s uÜgula mj;ajd f.k
hdug yelshdj ,efí'
 rdcH úhoï wvq lr .ekSug bv ie,fik neúka ck;dj u; nÿ nr o
wvq úh yels h'
 fm!oa.,SlrKh l%ufõohkag iudcfha ±ä úfrdaO;djla mj;sk úg thg
id¾:l j uqyqK Èh yels úl,am m%fõYhla f,i rdcH - fm!oa.,sl
yjq,aldß;aj jHdmD;s ±lsh yels h'
ixpdrl l¾udka;h
 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfhys úfoaY úksuh Wmhk m%Odk wxYhla jk ixpdrl
l¾udka;h wLKav j j¾Okh ùfï m%jK;djla fmkajhs' b;sydiha m<uq
jr ñ,shk foflys ikaêia:dkh miq lrñka 2016 jif¾ § ixpdrl
meñKSfï ixLHdj 2"050"832 la olajd 14] l lemS fmfkk jd¾Isl j¾Okhla
jd¾;d lf<a h'
 ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okh i|yd msgqjy,a jQ idOl jkqfha
 ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdY%s; há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh i|yd l<
wdfhdackh by< hdu
 kj .=jka fiajd" u`.S fk!ld fiajd l%shd;aul ùu
 cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSfï jev igyka l%shd;aul
ùu
 f,da l fha m% O dk ixpdrl .ukdka ; j, N+ = f.da , S h " oa Y md,ks l
wúksYaÑ;;d j¾Okh ùu
 wm%sldj yer wfkl=;a m%Odk l,dm ish,af,ka u ixpdrl meñKSï j¾Okh
úh' Y%S ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñfKk úYd,;u ixpdrl l,dmh ngysr
hqfrdamfhks ^31]ls&' 2016 jif¾ § fuu l,dmfhka meñKs ixpdrlhska
ixLHdj 64333ls'
219
 kef.kysr wdishdfjka meñKs ixpdrlhska ixLHdj 20'7] ls' 2016 jif¾
§ jeä u ixpdrlhka ixLHdjla meñKs rg bkaÈhdjhs' fojkq j Ökh h'
f;jk rg tlai;a rdcOdkshhs' ixpdrlhska meñKSfï wruqK wkqj n,k
úg jeä m%;sY;hla úfõlh .; lsÍu i|yd h'
 uE; j¾Ij, ixpdrl bmhSï wLKav j j¾Okh jQ w;r tu.ska fiajd
.sKqu Yla;su;a úh' 2016 jif¾ uq¿ ixpdrl bmehSï tlai;a ckmo
fvd,¾ ñ,shk 3518 ls' th fmr jirg jvd 18] l j¾Okhls'
 uE; j¾Ij, § ixpdrl wxYfha wdfhdack È.g u j¾Okh úh' 2015
jif¾ § wkqu; jQ fydag,a jHdmD;s 37 iu. iei£fï § 2016 jif¾ §
tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk 526 lska iukaú; fydag,a jHdmD;s 41la
i|yd wkque;sh ,eî ;sìKs'
 rfgys kef.kysr iy W;=re m<d;aj, ixpdrl l¾udka;fha by< úNj;la
Wlyd .ekSu i|yd foaYh
S yd úfoaYh
S wdfhdaclhskf
a .a wjOdkh fhduqùu;a
iu`. tu m<d;aj, ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wLKav j j¾Okh úh'
 miq.sh jir lSmh ;=< m%n, m%j¾Ok jev igyka yd ixpdrl l¾udka;h
wdY%s; há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍug .kakd ,o mshjr furgg úfoaY
ixpdrlhska wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug WmldÍ jQj o" Y%S ,xldj ;ju;a
f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;u mQ¾K úNj;dj <`.d lr f.k fkdue;'
ixpdrl wxYfha l%shdldß;ajh my; mßÈ boßm;a l< yels h'

jd¾Is l
fjkiaùu
YS¾Ih 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ^w& ^]& 2016
ixpdrl meñKSï ixLHdj 1"000"605 1"274"593 1"527"153 1"798"380 2"050"382 14'0
meñKSfï wruqK wkqj
úfkdaodiajdoh 748"436 915"208 1"037"644 1"198"240 1"710"027 42'7
jHdmdr 90"040 67"946 20"270 23"323 37"121 59'2
fjk;a 167"129 291"439 469"239 576"817 303"684 -47'4
ixpdrlhska .; l< rd;%S 10"056 10"909 15"119 18"163 20"918 15'2
ldur Wmfhdackh 71'2 71'7 74'3 74'5 74'8 0'4
o< ixpdrl ,eîï 132"427 21"72 317"79 405"492 512"373 26'4
tal mqoa., ixpdrl ,eîï 131"688 173"594 207"889 225"476 249"837 10'8
uq¿ fiajd úhqla;sh 162"869 270"150 299"890 319"436 335"659 5'1
iDcq fiajd kshqla;sh 67"862 112"550 129"790 135"930 146"115 7'5
jl% fiajd kshqla;sh 95"007 157"600 170"100 183"506 189"544 3'3
uQ,hka ( Y%s ,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j
220
 uE; ld,fha úfoaY úksuh bmhSu yd fiajd kshqla;sh iïnkaOfhka ixpdrl
l¾udka;fha odhl;ajh my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'
úfoaY úksuh bmhSu

uqo,a tallh 2015 2016
Y%S ,xld remsh,a ñ,shk 405"492 512"294
weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 2"981 3"518
 Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ úfoaYSh úksuh bmhSï i|yd ixpdrl l¾udka;fha odhl;ajh
2015 § 12] la jQ w;r 2016 j¾Ifha § th 14'2] la úh' úfoaY fm%aIK iy
frÈms<sj,g yd we.¨ïj,g miqj ;=ka jeks ;ekg m;a j we;af;a ixpdrl
l¾udka;hhs'
fiajd kshqla;sh odhl;ajh

2014 2015 2016
iDcq fiajd kshqla;sh 129"790 135"930 146"115
ixpdrl l¾udka;h ìys l< iDcq iy jl% fiajd kshqla;sh 2015 § 319"436 la
jQ w;r" 2016 § 335"659 la úh'
 ixpdrl l¾udka;h uqyqK fok wNsfhda. lsysmhls' ixpdrlhskaf.a wfmalaIs;
j¾Okhg iu.dó j fydag,a ldur m%udKj;a fkdùu' wfmalaIs; úYd,
ixpdrl m%udKhlg myiqlï ie,iSu i|yd fydag,a ldur 40"000 ;a 50"000
;a w;r m%udKhla wjYH fj;ehs weia;fïka;= fldg we;;a" 2016 wjidkfha
§ ixpdrl fydag,a iy w;sf¾l wdh;k hk fowxYh u i;= j we;af;a
fydag,a ldur 34"000 la muKs'
 ixpdrl lafIa;%fha kshe¿Kq Y%S ,dxlsl mqyqKq Y%ñlhska úYd, msßila by<
jegqma fjkqfjka úfoaYSh rgj, fiajfha fh§ isà' ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
by< hk mqyqKq Y%ñl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd wjYH fiajl mqyqKq lsÍu
rchg lsÍu isÿ l< fkdyels neúka ta i|yd rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxY yjq,a
lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'
 f,dal m%isoaO fydag,a odu Y%S ,xldj fj; olajd we;s wjOdkh m%udKj;a
fkdúu' fndfyda m%uqL fmf<a fydag,a odu Tjqkaf.a fydag,a jHdmdr Y%S
,xldfjka ;ju;a m%udKj;a mßÈ jHdma; fldg fkdue;' f*daíia i`.rdj
kï lr we;s f,dj fyd|u wka;¾ cd;sl iqfLdamfNda.S fydag,a odu ikakdu
10 w;=frka Y%S ,xldfõ olakg we;af;a fydag,a odu ;=kla muKs'
221
 ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úêu;a wxYh fyd¢ka kshdukh ù ;snqK o' l¾udka;h
;=< ie,lsh hq;= wúêu;a wxYhla l%shd;aul fjñka mj;S' tneúka úêu;a
wxYh fj; tu fldgi o wka;¾ .%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' fkdúêu;a wxYh ;=< ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wdrlaIdj
iy wdpdr O¾u jeäÈhqKq lsÍu w;HjYH jk w;r" tfia lsÍug wfmdfydi;a
ùu rfÜ hym;a m%;srEmh ì| jeàug fya;= jkq we;'
 úYd, úNj;djla mj;sk Ökfhka meñfKk ixpdrlhskaf.a j¾Okhg

iß,k fia myiqlï iemhSu we;s yelshdj ( ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ±kg
mj;sk j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk Ök ixpdrlhka i|y wjYH myiqlï
imqrd,Sfï § kj wNsfhda. ks¾udKh ù we;' tys § Ök NdIdfjka úldYkh
jk rEmjdysksh yd .=jkaúÿ,s kd,sld" Ök NdIdj l;d lrk ixpdrl u.
fmkajkakka wdÈh wjYH fõ'
 kej;S isák rd;%s ixLHdj f,i .Kkh flfrk ixpdrlhl= kej;S isák
idudkH ld, iSudj jir .Kkdjla mqrd tlf,i u mej;Su ( ffoksl
ixpdrl úhou miq.sh jir lSmh mqrd j¾Okh ú ;snqK o" m%Odk jYfhka
u ixpdrlhka i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk l%shdldrlï wvq ùu ksid ixpdrlhl=
kej;S isák idudkH ld, iSudj rd;%s 10 la muK fkdfjkia j mj;S' tu
ksid Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk ixpdrl wdl¾IKhka úúOdx.lrKh lsÍu i|yd
m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .; hq;= jk w;r tys § ixpdrl rd;%s ld, iSudj wju
jYfhka i;s folla f,i b,lal lsÍu i|yd uÕS fk!ld iy iduq\%sl
ixpdr" úfõlh wuqKq lr.;a ixpdr" úfkdaodiajdoh wruqKq lr .;a ixpdr
jeks ixpdrl l¾udka;fha miq.dó wxY flfrys jvd;a wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= fõ'
 f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd muKla fkdj" niar:" l=,S r: iy fydag,a fjka
lsÍï" cx.u ÿrl:k iïnkaO;d" jhs-*hs iïnkaO;d" ixpdrl ie,iqï wd§
jQ mq¿,a mrdihl me;sfrk mßÈ ixpdrlhkag fiajd imhkakd jQ nyqld¾h
ixpdrl f;dr;=re uOHia:dk ixLHdj m%Odk ixpdrl wdl¾IKhka ys iy
m%Odk m%jdyK flakaøia:dkhkays ;j ÿrg;a jeä lsÍu wjYH;djla mj;S'
 ixpdrl lafIa;%h iïnkaO rdcH wdh;k o fm!oa.,sl wxYh o we;=¿ j

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha kshq;= ish¨ u md¾Yajlrejka wëlaIKh lsÍu i|yd
by< uÜgfï rdcH jHQyhla wjYH jk w;r tu.ska jvd iyiïnkaO;djlska
hq;=j by< uÜgï l%fudamdh l%shdjg keÕSug bv ie,fikq we;'
 ±kqï wd¾Ólh hkq nqoaêuh m%d.aOkh u; mokï jQ mßfNdackh iy ksIamdok

l%shdj,shls' ±kqï wd¾Ólh idudkHfhka ixj¾ê; rgj, ish¨ wd¾Ól
222
ls%hdldrlïj, úYd, fldgils' ±kqï wd¾Ólh ;=< iajdNdúl jákdlïj,ska
ie,lsh hq;= fldgila wYamDYH j;alïj,ska iukaú; jk w;r" tys fiajl
±kqï ^nqoaêuh m%d.aOkfha& jákdlula we;;a idudkHfhka ms<s.;a .sKqï
uQ,O¾uj,g wkqj fuu j;alï fYaI m;%j, we;=<;a lsÍug bv fkdfokq
we;'
 ixj¾ê; rgj,a lDIsl¾udka;h iy ksIamdok wd¾Ólh mokï lr f.k

issák w;r" ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, ksIamdok yd fiajd mdol wd¾Ólhka
o j¾Okh ù we;s w;r ixj¾ê; rgj, fiajd wd¾Ólh mokï lr f.k we;s
nj fmfka' ±kqï wd¾Ól l%shldrlïj,g ksoiqka kï" m¾fhaIK" ;dlaIKsl
iydh iy WmfoaYkhka h'
 f;dr;=re hq.fha § f.da,Sh wd¾:slh'" ±kqï wd¾Ólh fj; fhduq úh' f;dr;=re
hq.hg fuu ixl%uKh we;=<;a jkafka" fiajd ld¾hlaIu" ksIm
a dok ld¾hlaIu
yd Y%u iQlaIau wd¾Ól j¾Okhkaf.ka ,nd .kakd ,o fyd|u Ndú;hka h'
oekqu yd ±kqu mokï lr .;a idOl tl;= lr we;s wka;¾ iïnkaO;d iy
f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh i|yd m%fõY jk ±kqu iy fjf<| ryia wd¾Ól j¾Okfha
;SrKd;au; idOlhka jk w;r" wd¾Ól iïm;la f,i o jeo.;a fõ'
 ±kqu yd wOHdmkh hkqqfjka y÷kajk udkj m%d.aOkh M,odhs j;alula f,i

fyda jHdmdr ksIamdokhla f,i fyda fhdod .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j wjOdkh
fhduq lrhs' ksIamdÈ; mßfNdackhg fyda wmkhk i|yd fyda fhdod .; yels
w;r udkj m%d.aOkh jHdmdr i|yd iy wd¾Ólh i|yd m%;, s dN ,nd .ekSug
fhdod .; yels h'
±kqu mokï lr .;a wd¾Ólfha wdYs%; jeo.;a ixl,am
 ±kqïlrejka
 ±kqï bxðfkarejka
 ±kqï m%d.aOkh
 nqoaêuh m%d.aOkh
 nqoaêuh foafmd<
223
±kqï wd¾Ólh lrd hdfï wNsfhda. (
 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh my< uÜgul mej;Su
 fï ksid iudcfha wOHdmk uÜgu my< uÜgul mj;S' fï ksid udkj

m%d.aOk iuqÉÑ;h my< f.dia we;'
 m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh i|yd jeh lrk wruqo,a my< uÜgul mej;Su
 Y%S ,xldj ;=< mj;sk wvq ksmqK;d iy wvq jegqma mokï lr .;a ld¾ólrK
l%h
s dj,sh ksid ±kqï flakøa Sh wd¾Ól jDoaê l%h
s dj,sh lrd keUqreùfï yelshdj
wvq ù we;'
 1998 jk úg Y%S ,xldj my< wdodhï ,nk rgl isg my< ueo wdodhï ,nk
rgla njg m;a ùu;a iuÕ Y%S ,xldjg úfoaYj,ska ,efnk m%odkhka yd
wdOdr iSud ùu'
 fï ksid wOHdmkh" mqyqKqj" m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok lghq;j

= ,g wdfhdackh
l< yels uqo,a m%udKh wvq ù we;'
 Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ;dlaIKh iys; Y%u iQlaIau l¾udka; fj; nyq,
jYfhka .,d tau ksid udkj m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr .ekSfï bv m%ia;d
wvq ùu
±kqï wd¾Ólh ms<sn| o¾Ylh
 ±kqï wd¾Ólh ms<sn| o¾Ylh ilia lsÍug my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl fhdod
.kS'
 wd¾Ól idkqn,h iy wdh;ksl jHQyh
 kjH;djka yd ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfï keUqrej
 wOHdmkh yd mqqyqKqj
 ICT há;, myiqlï
 fuu o¾Ylh wkqj 2012 j¾Ifha m%uqLia:dkh .;a rgj,a my; ±lafõ'
 iaùvkh
 *ska,ka;h
 fvkaud¾lh
 fko¾,ka;h
 fkda¾fõ
224
 ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul lrk ,o ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sj, jeä
m%;s,dN ysñ jQfha kd.ßl wxYhg hs' tu ksid Y%S ,xldfõ by< wd¾Ól
jDoaêhla yd iudc ixj¾Okhla ysñ lr .kq ,enqfõ niakdysr m<d;ska
fld<U Èia;%slalh hs' Èjhsfka fiiq m<d;a yd Èia;%slal Bg iu.dó j wvq
ixj¾Ok uÜgula ysñ s lr .;a ksid ;=,s; m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s f;dard
.;a Èia;%slalj, l%shd;aul lsÍug isÿ úh'
 Y%S ,xldfõ kefÕkysr m<d;" W;=re m<d;" W!j m<d; hk m<d;aj, ú/

lshdj" wdodhï jHdma; ùfï úIu;dj yd oßø;dj by< uÜgul ;snQ w;r
há;, myiqlï yd udkj ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh wvq uÜgul mej;sKs' fï
ksid tu Èia;%slal w<,d m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍfï
wjYH;dj mek ke.=Ks' ta i|yd úúO jHdmD;s y÷kajd fok ,§'
ksoiqka ( .%du Yla;s jHdmdrh" .ïfmr,sh jev igyk" Wod.ï jev

igyk" .u ke.=u" .eñ mqqnqÿj" .eñÈßh" .%dóh úÿ,s fhdackd l%u
( ld,Sk ksoiqka weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak'&
225
ksmqK;dj 12'0 ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl jHQyh yd m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| j ;=,kd;aul
j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 12'3 ( iuld,sk wd¾Ól isÿ ùï iy m%;sm;a;s úu¾Yk lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 04
bf.kqï m, (
 wd¾Ólhg foaYSh yd f.da,sh isÿ ùï n,mdk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
 foaYSh yd f.da,Sh wd¾Ól isoaêj,g ksoiqka olajhs'
 foaYSh yd f.da,Sh wd¾Ól isoaê we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl úia;r
lrhs'
 iuld,Sk wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'

 j¾;udk f,dalfha iEu rgla u ndysr f,dalhg úúO m%udKj,ska újD;
j mj;S' tkï wdjD; wd¾Ólhka olakg ke;' tu ksid wd¾Ólhl
l%shdldrS;j
a hg foaYSh ixisoaê fuka u f.da,Sh isÿ ùï m%n, n,mEula we;s
lrkq ,nhs'
 fuys § foaYSh yd f.da,Sh isÿ ùï wd¾Ólfha úúO wxY fj; Rcqj u fyda
jl% f,i n,mEï we;s lrhs' tkï id¾j wd¾Ólfha"
 ksIamdokh
 fiajd kshqla;sh
 ñ, uÜgu
 fmd<S wkqmd;slh
 wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du
 f.jqï fYaIh
 úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh
 m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< hk wxY flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'
 wd¾Ólhg n,mdk foaYSh isÿ ùïj,g ksoiqka lsmhla my; ±lafõ'
 wdKavq n,h fjkia ùu
ksoiqka (
 1977 n,hg m;a jQ kj rch l%shd;aul l< újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s
ksid úfoaY fjf<| rgdj" foaYSh fjf<| rgdj" l¾udka; jHQyh"
uQ,H yd nexl= moaO;sh uq¿ukska u fjkia úh'
226
 1994 wdKavq n,h fjkia ùï iu`. we;s jQ wd¾Ól m%;m
s ;a;suh fjkia
ùï ksid wd¾Ólh .uka l< ÈYdj lsishï m%udKhlska fjkia úh'
tkï wd¾Ólfha újD; Ndjh b;d iq¿ m%udKhlsk a wvq ls Íu"
fm!oa.,SlrK m%;sm;a;s fjkia lsÍu" ñ, ia:dhs;dj" fiajd úhqla;s
.eg¨ wju lsÍu" kS;sh yd iduh ;j ÿrg;a Yla;su;a lsÍu wdos
jYfhka ld,Sk fjkialï .Kkdjla isÿ úh'
 2006 j¾Ifha § wdKavq n,h fjkia ùu u; foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a
lsÍfï kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yd .e<mqï l%shd;aul lsÍu isÿ úh'
 foaYSh lDIsld¾ñl wxYh Yla;su;a lsÍu
 fm!oa.,SlrK jev ms<sfj< iSud lsÍu
 2015 wdKavq n,h fjkia ùu;a iu. kS;sfha wdêm;H ;yjqre lsÍu"
iudÔh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla lrd keUqre ùu" hymd,kh ms<sn|
l;sldj" cd;sl taldnoaO;djla we;s lsÍu" mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s
m%Njhka fj; m%fõY ùu wdos fjkialï isÿ úh'
 1983 isg 2009 olajd ^wjqreÿ 30& mej;s hqo ;;a;ajh
fï ksid rfÜ há;, myiqlï' l¾udka; Yd,d" lDIsld¾ñl f.dúìï
úkdY jq w;r" ksIamdokh my< jeáKs' ú/lshdj jeä úh' foaYSh
iïm;a W!k Wmfhdackhg ,la úh' rchg wdrlaIl lghq;= fjkqfjka
úYd, úhoula oeÍug isÿ úh'
 1989 isg 1991 olajd Èjhsfka fiiq m%foaYj, mej;s isú,a wr., isÿ
ùu o rfÜ ksIamdokh my< hdug ñ, uÜgu by< hdug" foafmd<
iïm;a yd há;, myiqlï úkdY ùug fya;= úh'
 jßka jr we;s jQ iajdNdúl Wmøj
 2004 j¾Ifha we;s jQ iqkdñ ;;a;ajh
 jßka jr we;s jQ .xj;=r yd kdhhdï
 jßka jr we;s jQ ksh`. ;;a;ajhka
 jk i;=kaf.ka we;s jk ydks
wd¾Ólhg n,mE f.da,Sh isÿ ùï i|yd my; i|yka ksoiqka ±laúh
yels h'
 wdishd;sl uQ,H w¾nqoh
fï ksid w.aksÈ. wdishd l,dmfha uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ±ä mSvkhlg
,la ùu ksid yd tu l,dmfha úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tall ±ä f,i
227
wjm%udKh úh' fï ksid Y%S ,xld remsh, wjm%udKh ùu" tu l,dmfhka
wdkhkh lrk NdKav ñ, .Kka by< hdu isÿ úh'
 hqfrdamd wd¾Ól w¾nqoh
2006 jif¾ isg weußldkq yd hqfrdamd l,dmj, we;s jq wd¾Ól
wjmd;h ksid tu l,dmfha ksIamdokh my< .sh w;r" ú/lshdj jeä
úh' ñ, uÜgï YS>%fhka by< .sfha h' ±ä rdcH Kh w¾nQohla yg
.eKsk's fuh Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk fjf<|fmd<" úfoaY fiajd kshl
q ;
a h
s "
úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ùu flfrys úYd, n,mEula we;s flßK'
 f.da,Sh wd¾Ólfha rgj,a w;r È.ska È.g u we;s jQ w¾nqohka
úfYaIfhka brdlh" we*a.ksia:dkh" isßhdj" wd§ rgj, we;s jQ hqo
.egqï ksid Lksc f;,a ñ, by< hdu Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk fjf<|fmd<
my< hdu" úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ùu isÿ úh'
 f,dalfha Lksc f;,a yd rka ñ, .Kka by< hdu' fï ksid ,xldfõ
wdkhk úhou by< hdu" f.jqï fYaI ys`.h" remshf,a úfoaY w.h
my< hdu" n,Yla;s yd ne÷Kq WoaOukh by< hdu" Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh
flfrys n,md we;'
 f,dal wdydr ys`.h
2000 jif¾ uq,a jljdkqfõ È f,dalfha wdydr ksIamdokh lrk
rgj,aj, we;s jQ n,mEu ksid iy bkaOk ksIamdokhg wdydr úYd,
jYfhka Ndú; lsÍu ksid ±jeka; wdydr ys`.hla we;s úh' tys
m%;sM,hla f,i Y%S ,xldjg wdkhkh lrk ;sß`.= msá" lsß msá" iSks
wd§ wdydr ñ, .Kka YS>%fhka jeä úh'
 f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< hdu yd úúO l,dmj, we;s jQ iajdNdúl
Wmøj
YS>% ld¾ólrKh;a iuÕ f.da,Sh wjldYhg uqod yefrk wys;lr
jdhqka ksid f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh YS>%fhka by< hdfuka .a,eish¾
Èhùfuka id.r c, uÜgu by< hdu isÿ fõ' tfuka u id.r iïm;a
úkdY ùu" fnda. M,odj wvq ùu o fï ksid isÿ fõ' lDIs ld¾ñl rgla
jYfhka Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys fuu ;;a;j a h úYd, f,i n,mEï
we;s lrhs'
228
uQ,dY% (
w;m;a;=" ã' (2009)' wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 1(m<uq uqøKh)' uyr.u ;rxcs
ms%kaÜia
w;m;a;=" ã' (2011)' wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 2'(m<uq uqøKh)' uyr.u ;rxcs
ms%kaÜia
YS% ,xld uy nexl=j" (2016)' jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2015' YS% ,xld uy nexl=j
YS% ,xld uy nexl=j" (2017)' jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2016' YS% ,xld uy nexl=j
Anderton, A. (2005). Economics.- 3rd edition. Delhi: Pearson Education Pte.

Ltd.
Mankiw, G.N. (2007) Pricipal of Economic 4th Edition. Thomas South Western
Peter S. (2007). Edexcel Advanced Economics. Philip Allan Updates
229

Econ SL Syllabus G13

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Econ SL Syllabus G13

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wd¾Ól úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh - .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

  cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIhud,d lñgqj v-viii

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia ix

bf.kqï m, yd wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï 01-228

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

úIh iïnkaëlrKh ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd"

uydpd¾h B' ohdr;ak uhd jdKsc úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

uydpd¾h m%ikak fmf¾rd uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

wdpd¾h tï' .fKaYuQ¾;s uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

wdpd¾h î' ví' wd¾' ouhka;S ñh wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh wOHlaI jev wdj¾K"

tï' luks fmf¾rd ñh wOHdmk wOHlaI" jdKsc YdLdj"

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

whs'mS' iS;d moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh wOHlaI jev wdj¾K"

tï' ta' whs' mS' fmf¾rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

fla' m%Ndyrka uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"

tia' wd¾' r;akcSj uhd iyldr lÓldpd¾h"

ã' ã' oSmjxY ñh ixLHd f,aLk{"

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Ok ñh .=re fiajh I"

tï't*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"

mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

î' tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

t'tï' t*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"

mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"

mS' ã' Oïñld ñh .=re fiajh II"

tï' cS' fþ' mú;%dkS .=re fiajh II"

1' cdklS oikdhl" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

wd¾Ól úoHdj m%dfhda.sl úIhhla jk neúka tÈfkod wd¾Ólfha fjkia ùï ms<sn|

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lsÍfï § f.ùï udOHhla jYfhka fmdÿfõ

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj mqoa.,hkaf.a wdodhu jeä jk úg wdrlaIK

 by; rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg iufmalaIK

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( uqo,a iemhqu úYaf,aIKd;aul j bÈßm;a lrhs'

 uqo,a iemhqu w¾: olajhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 uqo,a iemhqu hkq lsishï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § uyck;dj w;r ixirKh

 mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu M 4 

M 1 } mgq uqo,a iemhqu

 mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu M 2  hkq" mgq uqo,a iemhqu M 1  yd uyckhd

M2 - mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu

M2b = M2 + TSDNRFC + RDFCBU

TSDNRFC } wfkajdisl úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKqïj, we;s ld,Sk yd

^2& nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO úfoaYSh j;alï

^3& wfkl=;a Y=oaO j;alï

uq¿ j.lSï TLCB uq¿ j;alï TACB