1.7.3.

5 Transverse Vibration of Deck

As per BS EN 1990 Section A2.4.4.2.4(3) the first natural frequency of lateral vibration of a span shall
not be less than 1.2 Hz.

1.8 Design Methodology

In accordance with BS EN 1990, Section 6.1, all relevant design situations shall be verified to ensure
that no relevant limit state is exceeded when design values for actions or effects of actions and
resistances are used in the design models.

Two types of limit states will be assessed:

1. Ultimate limit states (ULS), which concern the safety of people and the structure.
2. Serviceability limit states (SLS), which concern the functioning of the structure or structural
members under normal use, the comfort of people and the appearance of the construction
works.

1.8.1 Superstructure

The typical viaduct & bridges spans are simply supported. The precast PSC I-Girders are proposed
where transportation & erection by crane is feasible at site. The precast PSC I-Girders are proposed to
be casted & pre-stressed at casting yard. The cast-in-situ PSC I-Girders are proposed at GRNW Bridge-
A due to site constraints in transporting & erection by crane. At sharp curve location, continuous span
is proposed and at the location where larger crossing span is required with the requirement of same
deck depth, 3 span continuous as per ground feasibility is being proposed. For underpass and overpass
location, RCC Box type structure is proposed.

Typical structure deck as I-Girder span shall be modelled as Grillage. Longitudinal effects shall be
determined from Grillage model and transverse effect of deck shall be determined by line beam model.
For structural analysis, Grillage shall be modelled using MIDAS, ROBOT, STAAD.Pro (or similar) based
on gross un-cracked section properties. Design Stress checks shall be performed using MIDAS, ST1 (or
similar) taking into account the different stages of construction. MIDAS/ ST1 has the capability for
handling construction stages and traffic loading as well as performing section stress checks in
accordance with various international design codes.

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 RCC Box shall be modelled as line beam using ROBOT, STAAD.Pro (or similar) and the strength/stress
check shall be performed using OASYS.

1.8.2 Substructure & Foundation

Pier, Abutment, Pier/ abutment cap, Pile Cap & Pile shall be designed by using in-house developed
excel sheet. Piers shall be supported on pile group with pile cap on top. The boundary condition for
substructure shall be fixed at bottom (at top of pile cap for group pile) and free on top of pier or using
soil stiffness along the pile length as per optimized design.

The piles shall be founded on the suitable strata as recommended by geotechnical design. The pile length
will be decided by geotechnical engineer based on geotechnical capacity and suitable founding strata.
The settlement check for pile foundation shall not be required here as all the piles shall be terminated in
rockey stata. Also, for open foundation, the permissible total settlement shall be adopted as 50mm as
per Annex-H, BS EN 1997-1:2004+A1:2013.

The piles shall be analyzed with soil-structure interaction philosophy by modelling soil stiffness in
STADD.Pro. OASYS shall be used for checking stresses & section capacity of substructure. Long column
effect shall be calculated in accordance with clause 5.8 of BS EN 1992. Additional eccentricity due to
construction tolerance shall also be considered in ultimate limit state to arrive at the design bending
moment in the section.

Analysis of the pile caps will be undertaken either by the strut/tie model, or by standard bending theory.
Design with Strut and Tie method shall be in accordance with clause 5.6.4 and 6.5 of BS EN 1992-1-1.

1.8.3 Drainage

Run off from the viaduct flows along the length of the viaduct and passes from the cross section of
deck through the gaps between track plinths provided at regular spacing. Mild slopes are provided to
surface of the viaduct in the transverse direction towards centre.

Runoff flows along the centre of section and at the expansion joints to the downstream pier and pier
cap onto the top of the pier head.

On the top of the pier head, the water is concentrated by sloped surfaces and to the downpipe located
in the centre of pier. The downpipe empties at the bottom of pier with a spout directed at a stilling pit
from where the drainage system picks up the flow.

ANNEXURE-1
LOAD COMBINATIONS

Summary of Load Combinations as per EURO Code

Summary of Live Load Combinations

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