Instituto Politécnico Sumayya

General Medicine Technique

English Work

Name:
 Matilde Francisco Manhulane

Teacher: ____________________

Matola; March 2024

2
Table of Contents
1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................1

2 Cardinal numbers.....................................................................................................................2

3 The days of the week................................................................................................................2

4 Moths of the year......................................................................................................................3

5 Auxiliary Verbs........................................................................................................................5

6 Definite and indefinite articles.................................................................................................7

6.1 The Definite Article..........................................................................................................7

6.2 Indefinite Articles.............................................................................................................8

7 Personal pronouns....................................................................................................................8

8 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................10

9 Bibliography references.........................................................................................................11
1 Introduction
This research work arises within the scope of English grammatical exploration in order to obtain
vast grammatical knowledge without the help of the teacher.

The work explored personal pronouns, definite and indefinite articles, cardinal numbers, days of
the week, months of the year and auxiliary verbs. I will detail each of them and provide
examples for greater understanding.

1
2 Cardinal numbers
Cardinal numbers are numbers that are used for counting real objects or counting things. They
are also known as “counting numbers” or “cardinals.” We commonly use cardinal numbers or
cardinals to answer the question starting with “How many?”

Cardinal numbers do not include fractions or decimals. Cardinal numbers are natural numbers or
positive integers. The smallest cardinal number is 1.

Examples of cardinal numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, and so on.

We can also write cardinal numbers in words. For the first 10 numbers, we can write the cardinal
numbers as:

1 – One 6 – Six

2 – Two 7 – Seven

3 – Three 8 – Eight

4 – Four 9 – Nine

5 – Five 10 – Ten

3 The days of the week

The days of the week are an important measure of time for children to understand. Once they
start going to school, learning their names becomes an important task. Knowing this helps them
keep their schedules organized and to be aware of when certain events are going to happen, like a
field trip in school or an important exam.

It’s essential to teach the little ones how the days of the week are divided. There are some days
where most people go to work or to school or workdays, and then other free days where people
are more likely to rest, do outside activities like going to the park or to the cinema which is
common during weekends. This information helps the little ones start understanding the time and
the importance of keeping an organized schedule, one that will allow them not only to study but
also to play and share a good time with friends!

2
In order to teach your little ones the days of the week, it’s really helpful to keep up with a daily
routine. By establishing daily habits and routines, like brushing the teeth every night, tidying up
their rooms every day, or going to the park during the weekend, children feel more in control of
their lives. This sense of control makes the little ones more relaxed and cooperative in the house
and also in school since they know what to expect from the daily activities and start planning
ahead how to manage them.

Here, you’ll find some useful tips to help the little ones learn the days of the week in a fun and
easy way.

Days of the week

 Mon. (Monday)
 Tue. (Tuesday)
 Wed. (Wednesday)
 Thu. (Thursday)
 Fri. (Friday)
 Sat. (Saturday)
 Sun. (Sunday)

4 Moths of the year

There are 12 months in a year.

1. January

It is the first month of the year. January has 31 days.

Named for the Roman god Janus, protector of gates and doorways. Janus is depicted with two
faces, one looking into the past, the other into the future. In ancient Roman times, the gates of the
temple of Janus were open in times of war and closed in times of peace.

2. February

It is the second month of the year and has 28/29 days (depending on the leap year).

3
From the Latin word februa, “to cleanse.” The Roman calendar month of Februarius was named
for Februalia, a festival of purification and atonement that took place during this period

3. March

It is the third month and has 31 days.

Named for the Roman god of war, Mars. This was the time of year to resume military campaigns
that had been interrupted by winter. March was also a time of many festivals, presumably in
preparation for the campaigning season.

4. April

It is the fourth month and has 30 days.

From the Latin word aperio, “to open (bud),” because plants begin to grow in this month. In
essence, this month was viewed as spring’s renewal.

5. May

It is the fifth month of the year. May has 31 days.

Named for the Roman goddess Maia, who oversaw the growth of plants. Also from the Latin
word maiores, “elders,” who were celebrated during this month. Maia was considered a nurturer
and an earth goddess, which may explain the connection with this springtime month.

6. June

It is the sixth month of the year. June has 30 days.

Named for the Roman goddess Juno, patroness of marriage and the well-being of women. Also
from the Latin word juvenis, “young people.”

7. July

It is the seventh month of the year. July has 31 days.

Named to honor Roman dictator Julius Caesar (100 B.C.– 44 B.C.) after his death. In 46 B.C.,
Julius Caesar made one of his greatest contributions to history: With the help of Sosigenes, he
developed the Julian calendar, the precursor to the Gregorian calendar we use today.

4
8. August

It is the eighth month of the year. August has 31 days.

Named to honor the first Roman emperor (and grandnephew of Julius Caesar), Augustus Caesar
(63 B.C.– A.D. 14). Augustus (the first Roman emperor) comes from the Latin word “augustus,”
meaning venerable, noble, and majestic.

9. September

It is the ninth month of the year. September has 30 days.

September comes from the Latin word septem, meaning “seven,” because it was the seventh
month of the early Roman calendar.

10. October

It is the tenth month of the year. October has 31 days.

In the ancient Roman calendar, October was the name of the eighth month of the year. Its name
comes from octo, the Latin word for “eight.” When the Romans converted to a 12-month
calendar, they tried to rename this month after various Roman emperors, but the name October
stuck!

11. November

It is the eleventh month and has 30 days.

From the Latin word novem, “nine,” because this had been the ninth month of the early Roman
calendar

12. December

It is the twelfth month of the year. December has 31 days.

From the Latin word decem, “ten,” because this had been the tenth month of the early Roman
calendar.

5 Auxiliary Verbs

5
An auxiliary verb is “a verb such as be, do, and have used with main verbs to show tense, etc.
and to form questions, and negatives”, according to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary.

The Macmillan Dictionary defines auxiliary verbs as “the verbs ‘be’, ‘do’, and ‘have’ in English,
when they are used with another verb to form tenses, questions, question tags, and the passive.
For example, in the sentences ‘I am listening’, ‘Are you working?’, ‘You don’t like her, do you?’
and ‘The bill has been paid’, ‘am’, ‘are’, ‘do’, and ‘has been’ are all auxiliaries.”

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, an auxiliary verb is “a verb that is used with another
verb to form tenses, negatives, and questions. In English, the auxiliary verbs are ‘be’, ‘have’, and
‘do’.”

Auxiliary verbs can be used to perform different functions in a sentence or a context. Auxiliary
verbs act as helping verbs to alter the tense, voice and mood of a sentence. Let us look at how
these verbs act to fulfil each of these characteristics.

There are particularly a few auxiliary verbs that can be used to change the tense of the action
being performed by the subject (noun or pronoun) in a context. All ‘to be’ forms of verbs, all
forms of ‘have’, and forms of ‘will’ are used to denote different tenses.

Here is a list of auxiliary verbs that you can use along with the other main verbs to perform the
different functions of an auxiliary.

 Am  Might
 Is  Can
 Are  Could
 Was  Shall
 Were  Should
 Have  Must
 Has  Ought to
 Had  Need
 WIll  Do
 Would  Did
 May

6
Points to Remember

When using the forms of ‘to be’, make sure you use the gerund (verb+ing) form of the main verb
as they are used to indicate continuous action.

When using forms of ‘have’, see to it that you use the past participle forms of the main verbs
along with the different forms of ‘have’. There is one other thing that you should keep in mind.
When the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘been’ are used together to represent the perfect continuous
tense, see to it that you use the gerund (verb+ing) form of the main verb in that particular
sentence.

When using the auxiliary verb ‘will’ to denote the simple future tense, see to it that you use the
root verb as such along with ‘will’ and a gerund (verb+ing) along with ‘will be’ to indicate the
future continuous tense. Make sure you employ the past participle form of the main verb when it
is used to indicate the future perfect tense along with the auxiliary verbs, ‘will’ and ‘have’.

Examples:

 The children were playing pictionary.

 Chocolates are liked by most children.
 The solution to the problem will have been delivered by the authorities, this time
tomorrow.

6 Definite and indefinite articles

An article is a word that goes before a noun, giving some basic information about the noun, such
as if it is singular or plural, or if the object is specific or general. The English articles are a, an,
some, and the.

6.1 The Definite Article

The definite article in English is ‘the’, and we can use it with singular and plural nouns. We use
‘the’ when:

We have already identified the noun we are referring to in a previous phrase.

There is only one of this thing (for example, ‘the station’ – there is only one in the city)

7
We use certain expressions, especially related to physical things such as ‘the weather’, ‘the sea’,
‘the environment’.

Examples:

 You can’t go to the post office now. It’s closed.

 Can you turn on the television?
 The shopping bags are still in the car. I’ll get them.

6.2 Indefinite Articles

There are three indefinite articles in English – two for the singular form (a, an) and one for the
plural form (some).

We use an indefinite article in English when:

 We refer to something for the first time;

 We refer to a general thing, and not something specific;
 We describe a person’s profession.

We use both ‘a’ and ‘an’ in the same way but we use ‘a’ in front of a consonant, and ‘an’ in front
of a vowel (a,e,i,o,u).

Examples:

 I need a stamp for this letter.

 Sally is an accountant. She works for a multinational company.

We use ‘some’ for the plural form of all nouns and for uncountables. (An uncountable noun is a
word that only has the singular form, e.g. ‘sugar’.)

For example:

 Here are some photos of our last holiday.

 We need some milk. Can you get a carton when you go out?

7 Personal pronouns
A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper name of a person.
Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the grammatical person, gender, number, and

8
case of the noun it replaces. I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, and them are all
personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns are the stunt doubles of grammar; they stand in for the people (and perhaps
animals) who star in our sentences. They allow us to speak and write with economy because they
enable us to avoid repeating cumbersome proper nouns all the livelong day.

A personal pronoun can be in one of three “persons.” A first-person pronoun refers to the
speaker, a second-person pronoun refers to the person being spoken to, and a third-person
pronoun refers to the person being spoken of. For each of these three grammatical persons, there
is a plural as well.

Personal pronouns can be either subjects or objects in a sentence. Subject pronouns are said to be
in the nominative case, whereas object pronouns are said to be in the objective case.

9
8 Conclusion
After completing the academic work, I was able to realize that cardinal numbers, the days of the
week as well as the months of the year, are crucial for controlling and counting days, as they help
us to better plan our day-to-day lives.

As for personal pronouns, I realized that they represent the names of beings, being able to
determine them when they indicate the people in the speech. They are divided into two cases:
straight and oblique.

I couldn't help but notice that articles have the function of acting as an adjunct to the nouns they
accompany. Its use creates a variable in the word, which brings a unique characteristic to it,
determining it.

The importance of auxiliary verbs in English lies in the fact that they are one of the fundamental
structures for constructing affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences. Finally, personal
pronouns refer to the people in the speech, that is, to the agents involved in the utterance.

10
9 Bibliography references
https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/number-sense/cardinal-numbers
The Complete Guide to Definite and Indefinite Articles - Wall Street English
What are Personal Pronouns? Rules and Examples | Grammarly
Auxiliary Verbs: Definition and Examples | Grammarly

11