“Man is by

nature a social
animal.”
-Aristotle-
 Studies have shown that
children in isolation, or
those with no or less contact
with others, are emotionally
and socially handicapped
and lack the capacity to see
themselves as essential
members of the society.
• Individuals are not self-
sufficient.

• They form communities

to address other needs,
as each human has
natural abilities that
can satisfy other
citizens”

-Socrates-
 Society
• Caters to the human’s
need of belongingness
in a group
• Family is the basic
unit of the society
 Sociologist Perspective on Society
August Society as a social organism possessing a
Comte harmony of structure and function.
Comparison (Father of
Sociology)
of Theories of
Society Emile
Durkheim
Society as a reality in its own right.
Collective consciousness is of key
importance to society, which society
cannot survive without

Talcott Society is a total complex of human

Parsons relationships

George Society is an exchange of gestures that

Herbert involves the use of symbols
Mead
 Society
Basic Features
1. Relatively large grouping
2. Share common and distinct
culture
3. has a definite, limited space or
territory
4. Feeling of identity and
belongingness
Social Interaction
• not merely defined by an actual
physical contact as it covers
every human interchange as
long as the parties involved are
aware of each other
ELEMENTS
• Space is not an issue
• There could be multiple and
simultaneous interactions
• A dialogue could have an
active and inactive end
Social
Location
is your spot in the map
of the society
(social characteristics)
Why do STATES rise?
 State of Nature
is the existence of people without an overseeing authority.
When we say 'state of nature', we are talking about a
society without rules, politics, or government.
Why do STATES rise?
THEORIES OF STATE ORIGIN

Natural Theory of
State
- state is a natural result of
the instinct of sociability
(man as a social animal,
political animal, an animal
for a state)
THEORIES OF STATE ORIGIN

Force Theory of
State
It is the process of establishing a new
government or country through
the use of force.
One group of people entering into an
area and making everyone else
within that territory submit to the
government and social system.
THEORIES OF STATE ORIGIN

Divine Right
Theory of State
It holds that the state
comes from a god and that
rulers are descended from
or chosen by a god.
THEORIES OF STATE ORIGIN

Paternalistic
Theory of State
state comes from the
expansion of family,
under the authority of
the father.
THEORIES OF STATE ORIGIN

Social Contract
Theory of State
The creation of a state is a
mutual agreement between
the ruler and the ruled to
ensure order and security
from outside threats.
Why men engage in SOCIAL CONTRACT?

“The state of nature is a

state of war.

Men are so equal in

faculties.

Thomas Hobbes
Every man is an enemy
to every man.”
Why men engage in SOCIAL CONTRACT?

SOVEREIGN
- only one powerful person
with absolute power
leads the

COMMONWEALTH
- a social structure of
Thomas Hobbes equally free men
Why men engage in SOCIAL CONTRACT?

“ Men are free.

They are in a
state of perfect
freedom.”
John Locke
 Why men engage in SOCIAL CONTRACT?

The Political Power or

the right to make laws to
protect and regulate properties
lies on an assembly.

The only important role of the

state is to ensure that justice is
John Locke
seen to be done.
Why men engage in SOCIAL CONTRACT?

“ Man is simple and

solitary”.

Man needs to preserve

Jean Jaque himself.
Rousseau
Why men engage in SOCIAL CONTRACT?

Men form all their forces

into one great force so
that they can “preserve
themselves”
Jean Jaque
Rousseau
Why men engage in SOCIAL CONTRACT?

General Will
(Will of All)

is the source of law and is

willed by each and every
citizen.

State must in all circumstance

Jean Jaque ensure freedom and liberty of
Rousseau individuals
an organized political
community
Definitions of Politics
Alfred Boyer
Politics is the interaction between the civil
society and the government in the activity of
governance

David Easton
Politics is the authoritative allocation of
scarce values

Max Weber
Politics is the exercise of power within a state
Four elements
• People - (nation) the most crucial
element as through it other elements
take shape
• Territory – the geographical space in
which the sovereignty of a state is
exercised (terrestrial, fluvial or aerial
domain)
• Sovereignty – the capacity to make
independent decisions (internal and
external sovereignty)
• Government – set of personnel who
manages the state
 Aristotle’s Classification of
Government
Number of Pure Form Perverted Form
Ruler(s)
One Monarchy Tyranny
(not pressure to maintain (serves personal interest)
position; inherited)

Few Aristocracy Oligarchy

(less prone to corruption due (Rich individuals; predisposed to
to their high moral values best further economic interest)
form of gov’t for Aristotle)

Many Polity Democracy

(ruled by the middle class) (ruled by the masses; prone to
corruption; citizens’ power)
Why do STATES rise?