Electromagnetic Properties of

Materials

Lecture 4

1
Contents
1- Number of free electrons
A- Conductors
B- Semiconductors
2- Factors which effect on the current
3- The impact of Temp. on the resistance:
A- Conductors
B- Semiconductors
4- Thermal expansion and its type
5- Bimetallic strip 2
Number of free electrons
e N e e2
 = Ne e  = =   N e
m m
 − Eg 
For semicoductors, Ne  T 3/2
exp  
 2 KT 
It should be noted that:
N e  T 3/2
K is Boltzman constant = 1.38 × 10-23

Avagadro number * Density

For conductors, N e =
Atomic weight
3
Number of free electrons:
semiconductor
 − Eg 
For semicoductors, Ne  T 3/2
exp  
 2 KT 
T=20 Si 1.38  10−23
Eg = 1.12
Eg Ne Temp. Ne

Ge 0.67 88 T=30 162

Si 1.12 87 T=40 250

4
Number of free electrons:
conductors
Since the outer shell in silver is 5, outer shell in copper is 4, and the outer shell in Al
is 3.
Does this means that N esilver  N ecopper  N eAl ?

  N e

Avagadro number * Density

For conductors, N e =
Atomic weight
5
Number of free electrons:
conductors

 *m Avagadro number * Density

= 2
, Ne =
Ne * e Atomic weight
m = 9.1*10−31
−19
  N e 6
e = 1.6*10
Factors which effect on current
 = Ne e  IL N e evd L I I = N e eAvd
= = N e evd
vd =  E VA V A
1 N e evd I N e vd
=
 E
L N e evd
=
RA E
IL N e evd
=
VA E
e
E =V / L vd = E
m 7
Effect of Temp. on Resistance
Avagadro number * Density
Conductors Ne =
Atomic weight
Ne e  2
1 l Ne e 
2
= , = = 
l
= Density =
mass
m  RA RA m volume

4 Collision more Collision

lm        
R=    
N e e2 A        

T = 25o C T = 50o C
T   atoms vibrations  electron velocity      R  I
 collisions 
almost const .
e 
I  Ne vd  vd = E 8
m
Effect of Temp. on Resistance
Conductors Metal: When the temperature of
the metal conductor is increased,
the thermal energy is increased.
Then, the electron and ions
present in the conductor absorb
the thermal energy and the speed
of electrons will increase.
Consequently, the number of the
collision with atoms will
I  vd increase which in turn decreases
the relation time. Thus, the
e resistance increases. That is to
vd = E say, because of raising the
m temperature the amplitude of the
atomic vibrations increases.

9
Impact of Temp. on Resistance
Conductors
In most conductors, number of free electrons does not change with
temperature but an increase in temperature increases the amplitude of
vibration of lattice ions of the metal. Therefore, the collision of free
electrons with ions or atoms while drifting towards the positive end of
the conductor becomes more frequent, resulting in a decrease in
relaxation time.

Avagadro number * Density

Ne =
Atomic weight

mass
Density = volume  Temp.
volume 10
Effect of Temp. on Resistance
Temp. & Resistance

11
Effect of Temp. on Resistance
Temp. & Current

12
Effect of Temp. on Resistance
Semiconductors
Semiconductor: As the temperature increases, some
of the electrons acquire energy and become free for
conduction, and thus the number of free electrons
will increase. Also, the atoms will vibrate more and
the collision will increase, and thus the relaxation
time decreases. But, the decreasing of relaxation
time is much less than increasing of Ne. Thus,
conductivity increases, and thus the resistance
decrease with increasing the temperature. Thus, the
relation between the resistance and Temp. is NOT
LINEAR.

 N e 
T       Ne     R 
collisions     13
 Thermal Expansion
When the material is heated, the atoms have more energy and thus they vibrate much. Thus,
they need more length, more area, more volume for vibration.
T = 250 C

T = 400 C

T   atoms vibrate more  v   K.E   more space 14

Thermal Expansion
The interatomic spacing between the carbon
atoms of graphite (as with any other
material) is a function of temperature. At 0
K (-273°C), these atoms have their lowest
energy position or ground state. The
increased energy resulting from increasing
temperature causes the atoms to vibrate and
move further apart. As can be seen from at
temperature T1, the amplitude is a1b1; and
at T2 (T2 > T1) the amplitude is a2b2. It
Effect of temperature on the mean spacing
should be noted that the mean bond length
between atoms
increases with increasing the temperature. 15
Thermal Expansion

If the potential energy curve were symmetric , there would be no net change
in interatomic separation and, consequently, no thermal expansion.
16
Types of Thermal Expansion
Linear expansion
The change in length of a solid
l =  l0 T
 is linear expansion coefficient.

Superficial Expansion
The change in area of a solid
A =  A0 T
Thermal Expansion
Types
 is superficial expansion coefficient.
 Only in solids, =2
Cubical Expansion:
The change in volume of a solid

V =  V0 T
 is cubical expansion coefficient.
 Only in solids, =3 17
Thermal Expansion

18
Thermal Expansion
1- When rails are laid down on the
ground, space is left between the
ends of two rails.

19
Thermal Expansion
2- The transmission cable is not tightly fixed to the poles. Reason: During winters the
length of cables decreases due to decrease in temperature, which can damage poles

20
Bimetallic Strip

21
Bimetallic strip
https://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/media/894-bimetallic-strip

 Al = 25*10−6
 Brass = 18*10 −6

l Al  lBrass
22
Bimetallic strip
https://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/media/894-bimetallic-strip

 Al = 25*10−6
 Brass = 18*10−6
l Al  lBrass

23
PhET Simulation
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/battery-resistor-circuit/latest/battery-
resistor-circuit.html?simulation=battery-resistor-circuit

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References
No. Reference List
1 Thomas L. Floyd “Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version “ 9th edition, 2011
Adams, Arlon T., Lee, Jay K “Principles of electromagnetics. 2, Dielectric and conductive
2 materials” Momentum Press,2015.

3 K.M. Gupta” Engineering Materials: Research, Applications and Advances” CRC Press, 2014.
William D. Callister, Jr., David G. Rethwish “Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction”
4
10 edition, Wiley Press, 2018
David Wolpert l Paul Ampadu “Managing Temperature Effects in Nanoscale Adaptive Systems”
5 Springer, 2012.

Noura A. Nour Al-Din; Hamed A. Ibrahim; Salah A. Abdel Maksoud; Sobhy S. Dessouky ”
6 Increased Temperature Effect on Induction Motor Parameters” port said engineering
research journal, volume 21, no 1, pp. 109:115, 2017.
7 V Raghavan “ Material science and engineering A first course” Fifth edition, 2011.

Donald R. Askeland, Wendelin J. Wright “ The Science and Engineering of Materials” Cengage
8
Learning, 2014.
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