Aca Reading & Writing (Book 2)

ACADEMIC
CARRY HOME
MATERIAL
BOOK-2
READING
&
WRITING
Toll Free : 1800 419 3242 | 079 6190 6132/33
coaching@winnyedu.com
www.winnyimmigra on.com
Toronto | Ahmedabad | Pune | Mumbai | Surat | Vadodara | V.V.Nagar | Rajkot
Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 1
Academic Reading
Exercise

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4

Test 5

Test 6

Test 7

Test 8

- 40

Test 9

Test 10

Test 11

Test 12

Academic Reading Answer Keys

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4

Test 5

Test 6

Test 7

Test 8

Test 9

Test 10

Test 11

Test 12

Academic Writing Task 1
=>Task 1 of the Academic Module asks you to describe some information
presented in a visual format (graph, chart, table, or diagram) in about 20 minutes.
=>Candidates must write at least 150 words.
Types of Graphs
=>Line (generally used to show trend)
=>Bar Chart (generally used to show comparison)
=>Pie Chart (generally used to show contribution or sharing)
=>Table (can be used to show any of the above mentioned function)
=>Process Diagram
=>Flow chart
=>Picture
=>Map
How to “Read” the graph
1. Read the summary and titles first

IELTS Writing Task 1 instructions include a short summary sentence in the
instructions. Also, the visuals usually have a title. Read these things first because
they give you a good overview of what is contained in the visual(s).
This summary information will be very useful to you in the first paragraph of your
response where you need to “introduce the visuals”
2. Take a note of categories / units.

Next, take note of the types of information contained in the visual(s). To get a high
band score, you must provide accurate descriptions of this information. You can’t
do this if you don’t understand it. Ask yourself questions like these as you
take in the data:

=>Do your visuals involve time? Is time presented in hours, weeks, months, etc?
=>Do your visuals show trends? In general, what are the trends? Increases,
decreases, fluctuating, etc?
=>Do the visuals show a sequence of events?
Steps in a process?
=>Do the visuals categorize different types of things?
=>Are numbers presented in hundreds, thousands, millions, percentages, decimals,
etc?
3. Find an interesting “angle” on the data.

You have to select which information to include and, importantly, which to leave
out. This can be tough, but it becomes much easier if you can quickly find an
“angle” on the data to help you filter out what you need and what you don’t.
For example, let’s imagine you’re looking at a chart that shows a list of 5 different
TV shows. These shows are ranked by their popularity among 5 different age
groups.
Here are some possible “angles”:
=> Which shows are the most popular/least popular among all age groups?
=> Which shows got more popular as viewer age increased/decreased?
=> Which shows were only popular in the middle-age group?
The “angles” you take should be the things that seem most interesting or striking
to you as you look at the visual(s). Another way to think about this – if you had to
give a report at a meeting or in a college class, which information would interest
the audience most? The answer to this question will provide the content for much
of your IELTS Writing Task 1 response.
Format Overview
=> Paragraph 1 : Introduce the visuals (1-2 sentences)
=> Paragraph 2 : Summarize the visuals
=> Paragraph 3 and (sometimes) 4 : Use data/details to highlight a key feature of
the visuals

Paragraph 1 : Introduce the Visuals
=>This paragraph should have 1 or 2 sentences.
=>Introducing the visuals is very straightforward, but it can present challenges
because it tests your grammar and vocabulary.
=>Basically, all you need to do in these introductory lines is explain, in general
terms, what the visuals contain. You should try to do this in one sentence if
possible.
=>Fortunately, you can find this information easily because it’s provided for you
very clearly in the question prompt.
=>The titles of you visuals also provide useful information for Paragraph 1.
Paragraph 2 : Summarize the visuals

=>This paragraph should have 2 to 4 sentences.
=>In this paragraph, you will provide a summary of the visuals without going into
too much detail.
=>IELTS Writing Task 1 instructions tell you to “summarize the information by
selecting and reporting the main features” of the visuals. Paragraph 2 is your
opportunity to do just that.
Paragraph 3 and (sometimes)4.

=>This is where you report data related to the summary information you just
provided in Paragraph 2.
=>You should not attempt to describe ALL of the data you see in the visuals. This
would probably be impossible within the time limit even if you tried. You have to
make choices.
=>Instead, you should report about the data that relate directly to the main
feature(s) – the key information – that you just presented in Paragraph 2.

Introduction
Understanding the Rubric
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The charts below give information about world spending and population.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The Task
Task 1 involves reporting the data in a visual item or collection of data such as a table. You
have to:
• Summarise the information in the visual or set of data:
▪ Select the main features
▪ Report the main features
• Make comparisons were relevant
• write at least 150 words → at least 165-170 words (sometimes even more words are
necessary to cover the main features of more detailed diagrams, e.g. pages 40 and 55)
Note: Finish task 2 first before addressing task 1. Task 2 has twice as many marks as task 1 and
is less flexible, so if you do not get around to finishing it, you may lose more marks than when
you leave task 1 unfinished.
The Answer Sheet

The last two pages of the IELTS writing answer sheet are dedicated to task two and together
have over 40 lines. Although you may ask for extra sheets to write your answer in, this is not likely
to become necessary since the space you are already provided with is way more than
sufficient. You must not write in the blank space at the bottom of the first page or in the scoring
section at the bottom of page two. A copy of the answer sheet is available at the end of this
coursepack.

Task Types
1. Data driven diagrams
a. Trend tasks
b. Comparison tasks
Non-data driven diagrams

a. Process diagrams

b. Map
i. Comparison Maps ii. Development Maps
Mixed Tasks

Assessment Criteria
Every report is read four times by an examiner and each time, it will be marked on one of the following
criteria:
• Task Achievement (TA)
• Coherence and Cohesion (CC)
• Lexical Resource (LR)
• Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)
Task Achievement (TA)

This criterion assesses how appropriately, accurately and relevantly the response fulfils the
requirements set out in the task, using the minimum of 150 words.
Academic Writing Task 1 is a writing task which has a defined input and a largely predictable
output. It is basically an information-transfer task which relates narrowly to the factual content
of the input data or diagram and NOT to speculated explanations that lie outside the provided
diagram or data.
The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your report:
1. Have you summarised the information appropriately by selecting and properly reporting
the main features?
2. Have you made comparisons properly and sufficiently?
3. Have you provided overviews of the main trends/comparisons/stages?
4. Have you written a clear overview or summary for the report?
Coherence and Cohesion (CC)

This criterion is concerned with the overall clarity and fluency of the message: how the response
organises and links information, ideas and language. Coherence refers to the linking of ideas
through logical sequencing. Cohesion refers to the varied and appropriate use of cohesive
devices (for example, logical connectors, pronouns and conjunctions) to assist in making the
conceptual and referential relationships between and within sentences clear.
5. Have you organised your information logically?

6. Is there an overall flow or progression in your report?
7. Have you used linkers correctly, properly and sufficiently?
8. Have pronouns been used correctly and do they have clear references?
9. Have you organised the text in paragraphs logically and sufficiently?

Lexical Resource (LR)
This criterion refers to the range of vocabulary the candidate has used and the accuracy and
appropriacy of that use in terms of the specific task.
The examiner takes the following points into account when assessing this aspect of your report:
1. Words
a. Range and flexibility
b. Level
c. Precision
d. Style
e. Collocation
2. Vocabulary mistakes
a. Spelling
b. Word choice
c. Word formation
Note: when evaluating mistakes, the effect each has on the reader and the intelligibility of your
report is taken into account.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

This criterion refers to the range and accurate use of the candidate’s grammatical resource as
manifested in the candidate’s writing at the sentence level.
1. Have you used a variety of sentence structures?

2. How often have you used compound structures?
3. Mistakes
a. Grammar
b. Punctuation
Note: when evaluating mistakes, the effect each has on the reader and the intelligibility of your
report is taken into account.

IELTS Task 1 Writing Band Descriptors (Public Version)
Band Task Achievement Coherence and Lexical Resource Grammatical Range and
Cohesion Accuracy
9 • fully satisfies all the • uses cohesion in • uses a wide range of • uses a wide range of
requirements of the such a way that it vocabulary with very structures with full
task attracts no attention natural and flexibility and
• clearly presents a • skilfully manages sophisticated control accuracy; rare minor
fully developed paragraphing of lexical features; errors occur only as
response rare minor errors ‘slips’
occur only as ‘slips
8 • covers all • sequences • uses a wide range of • uses a wide range of
requirements of the information and vocabulary fluently structures
task sufficiently ideas logically and flexibly to • the majority of
• presents, highlights • manages all convey precise sentences are error-
and illustrates key aspects of cohesion meanings free
features/ bullet well • skilfully uses • makes only very
points clearly and • uses paragraphing uncommon lexical occasional errors or
appropriately sufficiently and items but there may inappropriacies
appropriately be occasional
inaccuracies in word
choice and
collocation
• produces rare errors
in spelling and/or
word formation
7 • covers the • logically organises • uses a sufficient • uses a variety of
requirements of the information and range of vocabulary complex structures
task ideas; there is clear to allow some • produces frequent
• (Academic) presents progression flexibility and error-free sentences
a clear overview of throughout precision • has good control of
main trends, • uses a range of • uses less common grammar and
differences or stages cohesive devices lexical items with punctuation but may
• (General Training) appropriately some awareness of make a few errors
presents a clear although there may style and collocation
purpose, with the be some under- • may produce
tone consistent and /over-use occasional errors in
appropriate word choice, spelling
• clearly presents and and/or word
highlights key formation
features/bullet points
but could be more
fully extended
6 • addresses the • arranges • uses an adequate • uses a mix of simple
requirements of the information and range of vocabulary and complex
task ideas coherently for the task sentence forms
• (Academic) presents and there is a clear • attempts to use less • makes some errors in
an overview with overall progression common vocabulary grammar and
information • uses cohesive but with some punctuation but they
appropriately devices effectively, inaccuracy rarely reduce
selected but cohesion within • makes some errors in communication
• (General Training) and/or between spelling and/or word
presents a purpose sentences may be formation, but they
that is generally faulty or do not impede
clear; there may be mechanical communication
inconsistencies in • may not always use
tone referencing clearly
• presents and or appropriately
adequately
highlights key
features/ bullet
points but details
may be irrelevant,
inappropriate or
inaccurate

• generally addresses • presents information • uses a limited range • uses only a limited
5 the task; the format with some of vocabulary, but range of structures
may be inappropriate organisation but there this is minimally • attempts complex
in places may be a lack of adequate for the task sentences but these
• (Academic) recounts overall progression • may make tend to be less
detail mechanically • makes inadequate, noticeable errors in accurate than simple
with no clear inaccurate or over- spelling and/or word sentences
overview; there may use of cohesive formation that may • may make frequent
be no data to support devices cause some difficulty grammatical errors
the description • may be repetitive for the reader and punctuation
• (General Training) because of lack of may be faulty; errors
may present a referencing and can cause some
purpose for the letter substitution difficulty for the
that is unclear at reader
times; the tone may
be variable and
sometimes
inappropriate
• presents, but
inadequately covers,
key features/ bullet
points; there may be
a tendency to focus
on details
4 • attempts to address • presents information • uses only basic • uses only a very
the task but does not and ideas but these vocabulary which limited range of
cover all key are not arranged may be used structures with only
features/bullet points; coherently and there repetitively or which rare use of
the format may be is no clear progression may be subordinate clauses
inappropriate in the response inappropriate for the • some structures are
• (General Training) fails • uses some basic task accurate but errors
to clearly explain the cohesive devices but • has limited control of predominate, and
purpose of the letter; these may be word formation punctuation is often
the tone may be inaccurate or and/or spelling; errors faulty
inappropriate repetitive may cause strain for
• may confuse key the reader
features/bullet points
with detail; parts may
be unclear, irrelevant,
repetitive or
inaccurate
3 • fails to address the • does not organise • uses only a very • attempts sentence
task, which may have ideas logically limited range of forms but errors in
been completely • may use a very words and grammar and
misunderstood limited range of expressions with very punctuation
• presents limited ideas cohesive devices, limited control of predominate and
which may be largely and those used may word formation distort the meaning
irrelevant/repetitive not indicate a logical and/or spelling
relationship between • errors may severely
ideas distort the message
2 • answer is barely • has very little control • uses an extremely • cannot use sentence
related to the task of organisational limited range of forms except in
features vocabulary; memorised phrases
essentially no control
of word formation
and/or spelling
1 • answer is completely • fails to communicate • can only use a few • cannot use sentence
unrelated to the task any message isolated words forms at all
0 • does not attend
• does not attempt the task in any way
• writes a totally memorised response
• does not attempt the task in any way
• writes a totally memorised response

Comparison Language
A. Introducing Differences
a significant difference between a and b.
Generally, there is
a wide disparity in + n.
B. Comparative Structures
by x.
In contrast (to A), by a narrow margin.
1 B is larger/smaller
In comparison (with A) by a margin of x.
by a staggering x.
[just]+[under/over]
2 A is x larger/smaller than B.
[approximately]
twice
3 A is [under/over] as large/great/high as B.
two/three times
considerably/substantially
4 A is greater/higher/smaller than B.
marginally/slightly
5 A is [almost/roughly /…] as large/high as B.
more/less + uncountable n.
than B.
6 A produces/consumes/… more/fewer + countable n.
the same amount/number/quantity of + n. as B.
C. Superlative Structures
1 A ranks/stands first/second/third/last.
2 A is the [second/third] largest/smallest/most significant/most productive/ … + n.
3 A has the [second/third] greatest/widest/ most significant/most productive/ … + n.
proportion of + n.
Uses
quantity of + n.
4 A produces the largest/highest/smallest/lowest
amount of + uncountable n.
consumes
number of + countable n.

D. Comparison and Contrast Linkers
Transitions
Over 90% of exports were fruits; however, industrial exports contributed none.
Almost all female students were interested in art activities. In contrast, the figure for male
students was a mere 15%.
Most of the farmland in Europe was damaged by overgrazing. On the other hand, the most
significant cause of damage in Asia was wind erosion.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Over 90% of exports were fruits, whereas / while industrial exports contributed none.
Whereas / While over 90% of exports were fruits, industrial exports contributed none.
Although almost all girls were interested in art activities, only 15% of boys took part in them.
E. Approximation
just over 12 percent
12.1% approximately/around/about 12%
a little more than 12%
almost/nearly 12%
approximately/around/about 12%
11.9%
a little less than 12%
just below 12%
almost/nearly 150kg
146kg approximately/around/about 150kg
less than 150kg

Reporting Proportions
Representations of Common Proportions
75% → three-quarters → three out of every 4 people/penguins/patients/…
Out of every $100 spent by the Turkish, just over $30 was spent on food, beverages and smoking
products, which ranked first among the nations compared in the survey.
Other Structures
share
contribution
1 the of…
proportion
percentage
The contribution of consumer expenditure in this category was almost similar in 3 countries,
namely Turkey, Spain and Ireland.
formed
accounted for
x y% of…
2 was responsible for
comprised
X contributed y% to…
Money spent on leisure and education in Turkey accounted for just below 4.5% of spending
there, which was the largest proportion among the five countries .
3 The remaining x%
The remaining 40% was allocated to a variety of other items.

(Source: Cambridge IELTS Book 8, test 1)
Introduction and Overview:
The pie chart compares the most important reasons for land degradation.
Overall, there are three main reasons, among which over-grazing ranks first.
A wordy body paragraph:
Over-grazing is responsible for the most significant share of land degradation

(35%). There is little difference between the figures for deforestation and over-
cultivation, as the former contributes the second highest percentage with 30%,
while the share of the latter is marginally lower (28%). The remaining 7% is
accounted for by a range of other factors. (55 words)
A leaner body paragraph:
Over-grazing is responsible for the most significant share of land degradation

with 35%, followed by deforestation (30%). The contribution of over-cultivation is
lower than deforestation by a margin of 2%, and the remaining 7% is accounted
for by a range of other factors. (43 words)
An even leaner body paragraph:
Over-grazing causes the largest share of land degradation with 35%, followed by
deforestation (30%). Over-cultivation ranks third with 28%, and the remaining 7%
results from other factors. (27 words)

Writing Task 1
The charts below give information about world spending and population.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Sample answer by E. Tahassoni:

The pie charts compare the shares of four major items in global expenditure, as well as how
global population is distributed.
Overall, the largest proportion of money in the world is allocated to food, while transport,
housing and clothing are other significant items. Moreover, the population of Asia is responsible
for the largest group of humans.
According to the first chart, the most significant amounts are paid for food (almost a quarter of
global expenditure) and transport (almost 20%), while housing also accounts for a considerable
proportion. The least among the four is spent on clothing (merely 6 percent) and the remaining
40% is spent on a variety of other items.
The second chart shows that there is a significant difference between the population of Asia
and that of other continents since approximately 3 out of every 5 human beings live in Asia.
Europe and the Americas share similar proportions and together are host to roughly one-third of
the world’s population, while the inhabitants of Africa form a mere one-tenth.
(170 words)

Writing Task 1
The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three countries.

The charts compare three countries in terms of the methods they use to treat hazardous waste
products.
Overall, recycling is the most widely-used approach to treating hazardous waste in Korea, in
contrast to Sweden and the UK which rely mainly on landfills. Furthermore, the United Kingdom
employs a more varied set of waste handling schemes.
In Korea, the most significant share of dangerous waste (70%) is recycled. The second highest
proportion, 22%, is buried underground while less than half this figure is incinerated.
Sweden, on the other hand, favours landfills over the other two approaches since more than
half of all dangerous waste is buried underground. There is little difference between the shares
of recycling and burning, as the former accounts for 25% whereas the share of the latter is lower
by a margin of 5%.
The most popular method in the United Kingdom, like in Sweden, is burying which contributes
82%. The UK also dumps 8% of its waste at sea while treating a similar proportion with chemicals
to render it harmless. Incineration is responsible for a mere 2%.
(180 words)

Writing Task 1
The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries.

The diagram compares how much money was spent on six different products in Germany, Italy,
France and Britain.
Overall, more money was spent on toys and photographic film than on any other product. Also,
the British were the biggest spenders in all six categories among the nations compared in the
bar chart, while the lowest spending levels were attributed to German consumers.
In Britain, the highest amount of money was spent on photographic film (more than 170 million
pounds), while similar amounts were spent on personal stereos and tennis racquets which
together ranked last.
The French spent the second highest amount of money among the four nations on compact
disks, toys and photographic film, while they ranked last in personal stereos, tennis racquets and
colognes.
Italian consumers spent more money on toys than on any other product (a bit less than £160
million), but they also paid a lot for photographic film.
Finally, Germans spent the least overall, having similar spending figures for all 6 products
compared in the chart.
(170 words)

Writing Task 1
The first chart below shows how energy is used in an average Australian household. The second
chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions which result from this energy use.

The pie charts show the proportion of energy consumed for different tasks by average
households in Australia, as well as the subsequent greenhouse gas emissions.
Overall, heating, water heating and other appliances rank first, both in terms of energy
consumption and emissions, while cooling and lighting do not contribute much to either.
The largest proportion of energy, 42%, is used for heating purposes, followed by water heating
which accounts for 12% less. The share of other appliances is more than twice as high as that of
refrigeration (15% and 7%, respectively). The proportion of energy used for lighting is 4%, which is
twice as high as that of cooling at 2%.
On the other hand, water heating is responsible for the largest share of greenhouse gas
emissions at 32%, while that of other appliances is smaller by a narrow margin (28%). There is no
significant difference between the figures for heating and refrigeration (15% and 14%,
respectively), with lighting and cooling ranking last with just 8% and 3%, respectively.
(169 words)

Practice:
Fill the gaps below using words from the following list.
appliances remaining account proportion for largest household
In an average English home, the ______ ______ of electricity, 52%, is used for
heating rooms and water.
Three kitchen ______, namely ovens, kettles and washing machines, ______
______ 18% of ______ electricity use.
The ______ 30% of electricity is used for lighting, televisions and radios (15%), and
vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools (15%).

The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the
proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.
The bar chart shows the difference between the ……………. of females and males in different
post-school qualifications in …………… in …………….. .
Overall, women had the ……………….. share in two qualifications, while men ……………. first in
three. The highest …………… for women and men were reported in ……………………………..
and …………………………….., respectively.
There was a …………………………….. between the …………………… of males and females in
skilled vocational diploma, with the former standing first with ……………. .
The disparity between the two figures was almost ……………………… in undergraduate diploma
and postgraduate diploma. ……………………, while in the former women had the ……………….
with 70%, men …………………. for the largest percentage in the latter with …………… .
Women also …………………. first in bachelor’s degree, …………………. the share of men was
lower by …………………. (55% and 45%, respectively). In contrast, in master’s degree, the
…………………. of females was 2/3 as high as that of males, as the …………………. was
responsible for the …………………. with 60%.

Writing Task 1
The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the
proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.
Sample answer:
The bar shows the difference between the percentage of females and males in different post-
school qualifications in Australia in 1999.
Overall, women had the highest share in two qualifications, while men ranked first in three. The
highest figures for women and men were reported in undergraduate diploma and skilled
vocational diploma, respectively.
There was a significant difference between the proportions of males and females in skilled
vocational diploma, with the former standing first with 90%.
The disparity between the two figures was almost the same in undergraduate diploma and
postgraduate diploma. However, while in the former women had the highest share with 70%,
men accounted for the largest percentage in the latter with 70%.
Women also ranked first in bachelor’s degree, whereas the share of men was lower by a narrow
margin (55% and 45%, respectively). In contrast, in master’s degree, the contribution of females
was 2/3 as high as that of males, as the latter was responsible for the largest share with 60%.
(164 words)

Practice: Look at the data in the table and make comparisons:
(source: Cambridge IELTS Book 7, test 2)
Practice: The table below shows social and economic indicators for four
countries in 1994, according to United Nations statistics.
Indicators Canada Japan Peru Angola
Annual income per person (in $US) 11100 15760 160 130
Life expectancy at birth 76 78 51 47
Daily calorie supply per person 3326 2846 1927 1749
Adult literacy rate (%) 99 99 68 34

Vocabulary for Describing Trends
Trend Verbs Nouns
• rise (rose-risen) • a rise
• increase • an increase
• grow • a growth
• double • a doubling in + n.
• triple • a trebling in + n.
• soar
• Jump
• fall (fell-fallen) • a fall
• decline • a decline
• decrease • a decrease
• drop (dropped) • a drop
• halve
• dive
• maintain the same level • no change
• remain stable/unchanged
Constant
• fluctuate [around x]/[between x and y] • a fluctuation
Change
• stand at (stood at) • a levelling off
• a plateau
• level off (levelled off)
• plateau (plateaued) • hit/reach a high [of x]
Position • hit/reach a peak [of x]
• peak [at x]
• hit/reach a low [of x]
• reach
• hit
Adjectives and adverbs for degree of change:

Adjective Adverb
Very extensive change Dramatic dramatically
substantial/significant/ substantially/considerably/
Extensive change
considerable/remarkable significantly/remarkably
noticeable/moderate/ noticeably/markedly/
Average change
marked moderately
Small change slight/minimal slightly/minimally
Adjectives and adverbs for speed of change:

Adjective Adverb
Quick change sharp/rapid/steep sharply/rapidly/steeply
Slow change steady/gradual steadily/gradually
Unexpected change sudden/abrupt suddenly/abruptly

Grammar for Describing Trends
Past tenses
Past simple: Used for reporting consecutive trends and events in the past:
There was a significant rise in 1964.Then, the figure dipped sharply in 1980.
Past perfect: Used for reporting what happened by a given time in the past:
There was a significant rise in 1964. Then, the figure dipped sharply and had reached 5 by 1980.
Present tenses
Present simple: Used for reporting trends that have no specific time and occur regularly (e.g
every day), or for reporting the present value or figure of a variable:
There is a significant rise at 6am every morning. Then the figure increases sharply at 8am.
The number of people suffering from diarrhoea now stands at 158.
Present perfect: Used for reporting trends that started in the past and have continued until
the present time or continue into the future:
There has been a significant rise since 2013, and the figure now stands at 15000.
There has been a significant rise since 2013, and the figure is expected to reach 15000 in 2020.
Future
Future forms are used to describe trends that are predicted and projected for future times and
dates. You should note that none of these predictions are certain, and therefore a level of
uncertainty is desirable in your report.
The figure will/should reach 15000 in 2020.
predicted
expected
that the figure will increase and reach 800 in
It is anticipated
2050.
forecast
estimated
predicted
expected
The figure is anticipated to increase and reach 800 in 2050.
forecast
estimated

Example
Notice how the verbs in the following paragraphs have been changed from past forms into
future forms*:
The proportion of people using the Internet in the USA is about 20%, while the figures for
Canada and Mexico are lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively.

In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The
figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005,
Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population,
while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%.

In 2025, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA is expected to be about
20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico will be lower, at about 10% and 5%
respectively. In 2035, it is predicted that Internet usage in both the USA and Canada
will rise to around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico is expected to
reach just over 25%.

Linking
First event:
At first,/Initially/In the first year,/In 1999
Middle events:
…and/but…
However/Nevertheless,
Then/Next,/After this,/Following this,/Afterwards,
This is followed by + <n/n.p>
…following/after which… or …which is followed by… + <n/n.p>

…until…after/following which…
…until…when…
…before… + <sentence or n.p.> or After + <sentence or n.p.> , …
during/over the next…years or …years later,
Approaches to reporting figures

Common: x  y
Less Common: x ± Δ, x ± proportion
Rounding
– For Trends:
relatively/rather/almost
– For Values:
roughly/[just] about/approximately/around
almost/nearly
[just] below/under or [just] above/over
a little/slightly more/less than
Referencing
Referencing is reporting a figure by comparing it to a relevant previously-reported figure on the
same line or one of the lines already report. The new figure can be reported as a multiple or
proportion of the referenced figure:

Writing Task 1
The graph below gives information about Dubai gold sales in 2002.
The diagram illustrates how gold sales in Dubai changed from January to December 2002.
Overall, the figure fluctuated widely before returning to its original level at the end of the year.
Besides, gold sales were at their highest in March, while the weakest figures could be observed
in July and September.
In the first month of 2002, the figure stood at 200 million dirhams and rose slightly to reach about
225 million in February. This was followed by another increase, although much steeper, in March
when sales hit 350 million. However, this upward trend was suddenly broken and sales declined
dramatically over the next 4 months to reach a little over 100 million in July. August sales saw a
significant rise back to January levels as the figure nearly doubled, but it dropped again in
September to the same level as it was in July. There was a small increase of about 100 million
dirhams in October, after which the figure levelled off and remained relatively unchanged over
the last two months of 2002.
(174 words)

Writing Task 1
The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European
country between 1979 and 2004.
The diagram compares changes in consumption figures for different kinds of meat and fish in a
country in Europe from 1979 to 2004. Overall, although beef was initially the most popular type
of meat, it was overtaken by chicken towards the end of the survey. In contrast, the figure for
fish remained the least significant throughout the period.
In the first year, beef had a consumption of about 225 grams per person per week, after which
it experienced a sudden drop of 50 before increasing to about 230 in 1984. There were small
fluctuations until 1989, which was followed by a dramatic decrease to around half as high as its
original level in 2004.
The figure for lamb was initially almost as high as that for chicken (around 150 grams). However,
while the former declined gradually as it reached approximately 60 in the last year, the latter
saw a considerable growth and outstripped beef consumption in 1989, peaking at 250 in 2004.
Fish consumption was originally approximately 60 grams and experienced a small fall of about
10 over the period.
(180 words)

Writing Task 1
The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002
by four different modes of transport.
The diagram compares the different quantities of goods that were transported in the United
Kingdom using four means of transportation from 1974 to 2002.
Overall, the figure for road ranked first throughout the period, while that for pipeline stood last.
All modes experienced rises, except for railways which mainly showed fluctuations.
Road transport initially stood at 70 million tonnes, rising rather steadily until 1992 when it reached
about 80 million. After a sudden surge in 1999, it continued to rise steadily for another 3 years to
reach a high of just below 100 million in 2002.
The figures for water and rail transport remained stable at 40 million from 1974 to 1978, after
which the former rose significantly to about 60 million before dropping slightly in 1999, followed
by another increase to 65 million in 2002. In contrast, the latter fluctuated widely over the rest of
the period, returning to its initial figure in 2002.
Goods transported via pipeline rose gradually in quantity from 5 million in 1974 to just over 20
million in 1995, following which the figure levelled off.
(181 words)

Writing Task 1
The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in
1981, 1991 and 2001.

The charts compare changes in the shares of five different items which comprised the yearly
expenses of a British school between 1981 and 2001.
Overall, while the shares of three items experienced rises, there were declines in the remaining
two. Moreover, academic staff salaries contributed the largest proportion of expenditure
throughout the survey, whereas insurance had the smallest share.
Wages paid to the teaching staff accounted for the most significant proportion of expenditure
in 1981 (40%) and went up by a quarter before declining slightly. In comparison, the salaries of
non-academic employees were responsible for less than a third of all expenses in 1981, but their
share dipped substantially by 13% over the course of these 20 years.
The share of furniture and equipment was initially as high as that of educational resources
(15%), but while the former dropped by 2/3 before rising fivefold, the latter experienced a
marked rise after which it halved, reaching just below 10%.
The contribution of insurance had risen minimally from 2% to 3% by 1991, before climbing almost
threefold in 2001.
(177 words)

Writing Task 1
The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade*-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999
and 2004 in five European countries.

The tables show how fairtrade coffee and banana sales changed in five countries in 2004
compared to 1999. Overall, Coffee sales rose in all countries with the highest sales observed in
Switzerland. Banana sales also rose in all but two countries, and were highest in the UK.
In 1999, the most significant coffee sales, 3 million (3m) euros were reported in Switzerland, and
they doubled in 2004. The figure for the UK was originally 50% lower than that for Switzerland
(1.5m) while sales in Denmark were slightly higher (1.8m). However, while the former rose
dramatically to 20m, the latter remained relatively stable. There was little difference between
the figures for Belgium (1m) and Sweden (0.8m), and both experienced noticeable increases to
1.7m and 1m, respectively.
UK had the highest banana sales in both years, as they rose over threefold from 15 million euros
to 47m. Swiss sales were originally almost twice as high as those of Denmark (1 and 0.6m,
respectively), and both surged, reaching 5.5 and 4m. There was little difference between the
figures for Sweden and Belgium (2 and 1.8m, respectively), and both nearly halved to reach
about 1m in 2004.
(193 words)

Practice: Look at the data in the table and correct the following paragraph
where necessary:
Practice: The graph below gives information about the number of cases of
diarrhea in Mashhad between 1983 and 1992.
At the beginning, it …………….. at 100 cases and …………….. the same level …………….. 1985.
The figure …………….. grew to 200 cases during the …………………………. , which was ……………..
by a decline of about 50% in 88. …………….. , it suddenly rose fourfold and …………….. a peak of
400 cases by 1989. One year later, it …………….. by 50, following which it remained stable for a
year …………….. diving dramatically and hitting a …………….. of zero cases in 1992.

Writing Task 1
The diagram below gives information about the number of parcels delivered by two major mail
services companies from 1920 to 2000.

Writing Task 1
The chart below gives information about the number of books rented in a British local library in
2009.

Writing Task 1
The chart below gives information about birth and death rates in Switzerland from 1970 to 2020
according to United Nations statistics.

Process:
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Cycle:
Stage Stage
1 3
Stage
2
…and the process/procedure/cycle starts over again.
Grammar:
A. Tenses:
Generally, the present simple tense is used to report actions which regularly happen in a process.
The larvae feed on mulberry leaves for up to 6 weeks.
Sometimes, the present perfect may also be used to signify the completion of a stage.
Once the electricity has been generated, it is transmitted to the station.
B. Passive vs. Active form

I. Natural events
For events which happen autonomously in nature, such as rain, formation of clouds or erosion of
mountains, generally use the active form unless you need to shift focus from the subject to the
object of the stage.
The larvae begin forming cocoons around themselves using silk threads.
Numerous eggs are laid by a moth and hatch after 10 days.
II. Artificial events

In artificial stages, the human subjects are usually ignored so use the passive to focus on what is
being done. If the subject has also been mentioned in the diagram, add it as an "agent".
Energy is sent to the substations by means of transmission lines.

Describing Purpose:
When you need to report the means or tool used to perform a stage, avoid using "by":
• For tools: It is done using/through the use of/by means of ...
The mixture is cut into individual bricks using a wire cutter.
• For ways and methods: It is done through/via/by means of ...
The oil is transferred to the refinery through a pipeline.
Linking
The First Stage
First,
Firstly,
First off,
First of all,
In the first stage,
At/In the beginning,
The first stage is when…
The process begins/starts/commences when…
The process begins with + <n./n.p.>
Middle Stages:
Next,
Then
After this/that,
Following this/that,
Afterwards,
In the following stage,
In the stage after/following this,
In the stage that follows,
Over the course of/During the next/following/second/third stage,
This is followed by + <n./n.p.>
When/After/Once <stage A>, <stage B>
<stage A>. When/Once this stage is complete, <stage B>
<stage A> before <stage B as n./n.p. or clause>
Before <stage B>, <stage A>
<stage A> after/following which <stage B>
<stage A> which is followed by <stage B as n./n.p.>
The Last Stage:

Finally,
Ultimately,
Eventually,
The last/final stage is when …
The process ends when …
The process ends with + <n./n.p.>
<stage A> before finally <stage B as n./n.p.>

Writing Task 1
The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and
how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.

The diagrams show how cement and concrete are produced. Overall, there are five stages in
the production of cement, while the procedure for producing concrete from cement and a
few other simple ingredients involves a single stage.
Cement production begins when the initial raw materials, namely limestone and clay, are
crushed using two rotating drums to make a fine powder which is then mixed in a cylindrical
mixer. The next stage involves a tube-like rotating heater with a blowtorch mounted at its
bottom opening. The mixed powder is fed from the top and simultaneously heated and
blended, after which it is transferred to a grinder using a conveyor belt. There, it is milled to yield
the final cement product which is eventually packed in bags.
This cement is used as raw material in the production of concrete in a second process. An initial
mixture comprising 15% cement, 10% water, one-quarter sand and half gravel is fed into a
rotating concrete mixer where they are stirred until the concrete mix is ready for construction
purposes.
(174 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagram below shows the process of using water to produce electricity.

The diagram shows the process through which water is used to produce electrical power.
Overall, hydroelectric power is generated using water from the sea through a relatively
sophisticated procedure which comprises over ten stages.
The process begins when seawater is heated by the sun and evaporates to form small clouds in
the sky. Next, they merge into a storm cloud, which then rains over the mountain. This rainwater
is gathered in the reservoir behind a dam. The following steps involve a pipe which connects
the reservoir to a turbine as well as a pump, and is controlled using a valve. Once this valve is
opened, water flows into the turbine and rotates it to produce electrical current, following
which it is pumped back into the reservoir. After this, the electricity produced by the turbine is
transferred to the transformer station through high voltage cables. The last stage is when the
electrical power is delivered to domestic and industrial consumers, as well as educational and
medical facilities.
(169 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagram below shows the life cycle of the honey bee.

The chart illustrates the stages in the life of honey bees. Overall, this life cycle is comprised of six
stages, from eggs to fully mature bees, which take approximately five weeks to complete.
The first stage is when the female bee lays up to 2 oval eggs once every 72 hours. These eggs
hatch between nine and ten days later, and immature bees, called nymphs, emerge, lacking
the typical bee stripes.
Over the next 3 weeks, the nymphs experience three moulting stages, that is, they shed their
skins to allow further growth to occur: The first moulting happening 5 days after the eggs hatch,
a week after which the second one takes place. Nine days later, the nymphs moult for a third
time, becoming young adult honey bees which are characterised by their striped backs. These
take four more days to mature into larger adult bees whose backs are marked with bolder and
darker stripes, and the cycle starts over again.
(161 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building
industry.
Brick manufacturing
Model answer by A. Tootoonchi (TA: 9 | CC: 8 | LR: 7 | GRA: 8 | Overall: 8)

The picture illustrates how bricks are produced.
The process begins when clay is dug out through the use of a digger, which is followed by clay
passing through a metal grid. Fine clay is then carried by a roller after which sand and water
are added to it. In the next stage, either this mixture is pressed through a frame and cut into
bricks using a wire cutter, or it is put into moulds and formed into bricks. Following that, the
bricks are dried in a drying oven for one to two days. The next three stages involve two kilns
connected to a cooling chamber. The dried bricks are first heated from 200 to 980 degrees
centigrade, before being exposed to high temperature (870 to 1300 degrees). They are then
cooled within 48 to 72 hours. Eventually, they are packed and delivered to customers by trucks.
Overall, the procedure of producing bricks is comprised of ten stages which are rather simple.
(161 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building
industry.
Brick manufacturing
Model answer by E. Tahassoni (Band 9)

The picture illustrates the procedure for producing construction bricks from clay, sand and
water through ten rather simple stages.
It commences when raw clay is dug using a digger machine following which it is sifted through
a metal grid into finer fragments which then fall onto a conveyor belt. In the next stage, water
and sand are added and the resulting mixture is either pushed through a frame and cut into
simple bricks, or is moulded into specially-formed bricks.
These are then placed in a special oven for one or two days in order to minimise their moisture
content. The following three stages involve the use of a couple of kilns and a cooling chamber:
bricks are first heated moderately in the first kiln to reach a temperature of between 200 and
980 degrees centigrade before being subjected to higher temperatures (870 to 1300 degrees)
in the second one. Next, they are allowed to cool down for two to three days in the cooling
chamber. The process ends with the bricks being packed on pallets and delivered to end users
on trucks.
(182 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagram gives information about the process for making pulp and paper.
Model answer by E. Tahassoni (Band 8.5)

The diagram shows the process through which wood is used to manufacture pulp and paper
for printing and box production purposes. Overall, it is rather sophisticated and is comprised of
more than ten stages.
The process begins when trees are cut down to produce logs, after which they are chipped
and combined with purchased wood chips in a digester. The resulting pulp is then washed and
screened to make clean pulp.
This pulp can then be used to produce rough paper for making boxes. After forming the pulp in
a former device, it is dried and formed into a reel. Next, it is cut into paper bales which are
finally packed.
Alternatively, the clean pulp may be used to make refined paper for printing purposes. Once it
is cleaned in pulp cleaners, it is dried and pressed, first in pulp presses and then in paper
presses. Ultimately, it goes through another drying stage in paper dryers before being rolled.
(159 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagram gives information about the process for making pulp and paper.

The diagram shows the process through which wood is used to manufacture pulp and paper
for printing and box production purposes. Overall, it is rather sophisticated and is comprised of
more than ten stages.
The process begins when trees are cut down to produce logs, after which they are chipped
and combined with purchased wood chips in a digester. The resulting pulp is then washed and
screened to make clean pulp.
What happens next depends on the type of paper that needs to be produced: if it is rough
paper for packaging purposes, the pulp is formed in a former device before it is dried and
formed into a reel. Next, it is cut into paper bales, which are finally packed.
Alternatively, if the pulp is used to produce refined paper for printing purposes, it is cleaned
further in pulp cleaners, following which it is dried and pressed, first in pulp presses and then in
paper presses. Ultimately, it goes through another drying stage in paper dryers before being
rolled.
(170 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce electricity.

The diagram shows that there are five main stages in the production of electricity through the
use of geothermal energy.
The process begins with cold water being pumped from the surface of the earth down into a
4.5 kilometer-deep injection well. From there, it is transferred to the geothermal zone, a
subterranean region composed of hot rocks, before reaching the production well, which is a
vertical pipe similar to the injection well but a bit wider.
In the stage that follows, the hot water is pumped up through the production well into a
condenser on the surface where it is converted into steam, following which it is used to power a
turbine and rotate it. This turbine is connected to an electricity generator which, when rotated
by the turbine, produces electricity. The process ends when the electricity generated by the
generator is transferred to the power grid for consumption by end users.
(152 words)

Describing Position and Location:
… lies/is situated/is located/is sited + to the right of/to the north of/around/below/inside/near …
north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest
at the top/bottom
on the right/left side
in the top/bottom right/left hand corner
10 miles from
10 miles to the right of
10 miles north of
in the middle / at the centre
along / off
across [from]
opposite
close to / near / in the vicinity of
adjacent to / next to / beside
… is covered with …
… is connected to … via/through/by means of …
Examples:
The suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre.
The first site is locate in the countryside northwest of Garlsdon.
The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to
the town of Hindon, lying 12 kilometres to the north-west.
The population of Garlsdon is 65000. → Garlsdon has a population of 65000.
There are two main roads running through the town from east to west and northeast to
southwest.

Useful Vocabulary for Describing Maps:
Residential/housing area: an area that has lots of houses and some schools.
Industrial area: an area that has lots of factories
Commercial area: an area that has lots of stores
Hospital: a health facility where patients receive treatment

Zoo: a place where people can go and see many kinds of animals
Post office: a place where you can send mail (letters and packages)
Fire station: a station housing fire apparatus and firemen
Airport: an airfield equipped with control tower and hangers as well as accommodations for
passengers and cargo
Park: a recreational area where people can play football and have picnics
Skyscraper: a very tall building
Warehouse: a building where things are kept until they are sold.
Parking lot: an area where people can park cars
Museum: a place that displays things of scientific or historical or artistic value
Supermarket: a large store that sells mostly food but sometimes other items such as clothes and
furniture.
Factory: an industrial plant, a production facility,
Woodland: an area with lots of trees

River: a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)
Street: the place where cars drive
Intersection: the point where several streets meet.
Recreation: an activity that is exciting, stimulating or relaxing. For example, bike riding and
playing football are recreational activities.
Proximity: closeness
Remove: remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, taking off, etc.

Develop: to make
Change: modify
Construct: to build
Relocate: to move a structure or facility to a different location
Demolish: to destroy a building or other structure completely
Replace: to take the place of or substitute for somebody or something
Expand: to become or make something become larger
Convert: turn into something else

Writing Task 1
The map below is of the town of Garlsdon and shows two possible sites for a new supermarket.
Model answer by an examiner (from Cambridge IELTS book 5)

The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon.
Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and
Garlsdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.
The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the
town of Hindon, lying 12 kilometres to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would
be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from
both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. Since it is also close to the railway line
linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of
shoppers would also be able to travel by train.
In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for
local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding
towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to
park and access would be difficult.
(194 words)

Writing Task 1
Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle
of the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village.
Model Answer by E. Tahassoni

The map shows how a village called Chorleywood developed over a period of 126 years.
Overall, it saw considerable growth, both in the establishment of new residential areas and
transportation routes, which occurred over four phases.
From 1868 to 1883 there were only two main roads in the region with Chorleywood covering a
small area along one of them. Over the next 40 years, the village grew southward alongside the
road and a railway was built in 1909 passing through this part. Chorleywood station is also
located in this area of the village.
Over the period between 1922 and 1970, the railway was the line along which Chorleywood
expanded, both towards the east and west. However, a motorway was constructed in 1970
parallel to one of the main roads and further development of the village occurred around its
intersections with the other main road and the railway between 1970 and 1994. Furthermore,
Chorleywood Park and Golf course is now located in an area enclosed by the two main roads,
the railway and this motorway.
(174 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the school site
in 2024.

The maps illustrate how a school site is planned to be developed over a 20-year period. Overall,
there will be extensive developments with regards to construction of buildings, facilities and
roads in the school site, and the number of students will also increase significantly.
In 2004, there was only one car park to the west of the site where the main entrance to the
school was located. There were also two school buildings, accommodating 600 students
altogether, separated by a path running from the main entrance to the sports field in the east.
The school was surrounded by woodland in the north, south and east.
There are plans to increase the number of students served by the school by 400 in 2024. As a
result, a new school building will replace the old sports field, and the two original buildings are
going to be joined together. The old path will then connect these to the new building number
3, no longer running to the main entrance. Furthermore, a part of the woodland in the east is
planned to be deforested and replaced by a new car park as well as a new, smaller sports
field. Finally, a new road will be paved passing south of the school building, which will connect
the two car parks.
(216 words)

Writing Task 1
The diagrams below show the changes that have taken place at West Park Secondary School
since its construction in 1950.

The diagrams illustrate how West Park Secondary School has developed since 1950 when it was
built. Overall, the school saw significant growth although its recreational facilities did not
develop as much as its buildings and parking space.
In 1950, the school was a single building located along the main road and to the right of a
series of houses. There was a large playground which was located right behind the school
building to the right of some farmland.
Thirty years later in 1980, the houses were demolished and replaced by a car park, as well as a
new science block, for the school while the old school building was changed into its main
building. The farmland was also replaced by a new sports field, but the playground remained
unchanged.
In the last year, 2010, the car park was extended, as a result of which the land previously
allocated to the sports field was added to it. However, about a third of the old playground was
turned into a new, yet much smaller, sports field.
(174 words)

Writing Task 1
The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities.

The maps illustrate how an island has changed following the development of various facilities
for visitors.
Overall, there have been significant constructions in the island in terms of accommodation and
facilities for tourists. It is noteworthy that these developments have occurred without any
noticeable damage to the trees.
The length of the island is over 1200 metres while its width varies from about 200 to 500 metres in
different places. Originally, there was a beach to the left of the island, and the eastern and
western parts were covered with woodland, apart from which the island was completely bare.
In comparison, swimming facilities have now been built in the beach. Furthermore, the western
woodland is surrounded by a series of huts which are connected to each other and to the
beach via footpaths. There is also a restaurant in northern part which is connected to a
reception building in the middle of the island as well as a new pier to the south by means of a
vehicle track. Finally, a larger set of huts have been constructed between the reception and
the eastern woodland.
(185 words)

Writing Task 2 - Essay
=> Candidates are asked to write an essay of minimum 250 words in about 40
minutes.
=> Candidates are given a topic and then some instructions are printed below the
topic.
=> The standard sample task 2 in IELTS can be as under :
Some people think that maintaining public libraries is a waste of public

money since a computer system can replace their function.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your
own knowledge or experience.
Important Instructions
=> Avoid all informal ways of writing. There are some rules you should follow
which are as under:
◦ Don’t use abbreviations such as “ T.V., etc., e.g….”
◦ Don’t use contractions such as “can’t, won’t, don’t….”
◦ Don’t use I, me, my until your opinion is asked.
◦ Never use pronouns such as “you, your”
=> In any type of essay you should always write minimum 4 and maximum 5
paragraphs.
=> These paragraphs are divided as below:
◦ Introduction (35 to 50 words)
◦ Body Paragraph 1
◦ Body Paragraph 2
◦ Body Paragraph 3 (sometimes)
◦ Conclusion
=> In Introduction paragraph you must always include below mentioned

statements:
◦ Background statement (Paraphrasing the question given)
◦ Thesis statement (Answer to the question and introduction to the ideas)

General Format for all types of Essays
=> Introduction paragraph
◦ A background sentence giving some background information on the essay topic.

◦ A more detailed sentence linking the background sentence to the thesis.
◦ A thesis that presents your point of view on your given topic.
◦ An outline sentence declaring the 2 points you are going to use to support your
thesis.
=> Body paragraph 1
◦ A topic sentence illustrating the first point you will be presenting to support your
thesis (this point taken from your outline sentence).
◦ A sentence showing a real-life example of this topic in action.
◦ A discussion sentence that shows how your example links or proves your topic
sentence.
◦ A conclusion sentence that links this entire paragraph back to your thesis.
=> Body paragraph 2
◦ A topic sentence illustrating the second point you will be presenting to support
your thesis (this point taken from your outline sentence).
◦ A sentence showing a real-life example of this topic in action.
◦ A discussion sentence that shows how your example links or proves your topic
sentence.
◦ A conclusion sentence that links this entire paragraph back to your thesis.
=> Conclusion paragraph
◦ A summary sentence that briefly states the 2 points you discussed in your
supporting paragraphs.
◦ A restatement of your thesis using different words.
◦ A prediction or recommendation based on the topic you have been given.

Introduction
Understanding the Rubric
WRITING TASK 2

Write about the following topic:
Some people believe that television programmes are of no real value for children.
How far do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
The Task
Task 2 involves writing an essay on the given topic. You have to
• answer the question(s) clearly and completely;
• give reasons for your answer;
• include relevant example
▪ from your knowledge
▪ from your experience
• spend about 40 minutes on the task
• write at least 250 words  260-265 words
Note: Finish task 2 first before addressing task 1. Task 2 has twice as many marks as task 1 and is
less flexible, so if you do not get around to finishing it, you may lose more marks than when you
leave task 1 unfinished.
The Answer Sheet

The last two pages of the IELTS writing answer sheet are dedicated to task two and together
have over 40 lines. Although you may ask for extra sheets to write your answer in, this is not likely
to become necessary since the space you are already provided with is way more than
sufficient. You must not write in the blank space at the bottom of the first page or in the scoring
section at the bottom of page two.
Focus on Academic Register

• Use longer sentences (about 20-30 words)
• Use subordinate clauses
• Use academic words (see “The Academic Words List” at www.tahasoni.com/resources)
• Avoid contractions like doesn’t, can’t or they’ll
• Avoid “get” phrases where possible
• Avoid a personal tone except when giving personal opinions or talking of personal experiences
• Avoid phrasal verbs where possible
• Avoid over-generalisation by avoiding absolute statements and Introducing probability/possibility

Task Types
Opinion-led
a. New parents should attend parenting classes to learn how to bring up their children well.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
b. Some people think that every individual is responsible for their own healthy lifestyle.
Others believe that governments should take care of it.
What are your views on this?
c. Many parents now let their young children use tablet computers to see pictures and
photographs, watch videos or play games.
Is this a positive or negative development?
Argument Discussion
a. Some people believe that children should listen to and obey their parents. Others
believe that children should think and do things on their own.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
b. Some people believe that modern designs for schools and offices with more open
spaces are necessary.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such spaces?
c. While some people prefer to live in apartments, others do not think an apartment is a
suitable form of accommodation.
Do you think the advantages of living in an apartment outweigh the disadvantages?
Issue Discussion
a. Housing and accommodation has become a major problem in many countries around
the world.
What are some of the main factors that have contributed to this problem?
What can be done to help reduce the number of homeless people?
b. While mobile phones have many advantages, a number of problems have also resulted
from them or the ways in which they are used.
What are some of these problems?
What solutions can you suggest for solving these problems?
c. Nowadays most people choose to throw away broken things instead of repairing them,
and replace them with new ones.
Why is this happening?
What problems may it lead to?
Mixed (Two-Part) Questions

In some countries people prefer to buy used things rather than new ones.
Why is this the case?
Is it a positive or negative trend?

Assessment Criteria
Every essay is assessed by a trained examiner according to four assessment criteria:
 Task Response (TR)
 Coherence and Cohesion (CC)
 Lexical Resource (LR)
 Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)
Task Response (TR)

This criterion focuses on the degree to which the task has been answered properly.
The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your essay:
1. Is there a clear and relevant position throughout the response?

2. Are there relevant and well-developed (presented, extended and supported) main
ideas? Are any of the points underdeveloped or unclear?
3. Is there a tendency to overgeneralise?
4. Do any supporting ideas (e.g. examples) lack focus?
5. How have the different parts of the task been addressed:
a. addresses some parts only
b. unevenly addresses all parts
c. addresses all parts
d. sufficiently addresses all parts
e. fully addresses all parts
Coherence and Cohesion (CC)

This criterion is concerned with the overall clarity and fluency of the message: how the response
organises and links information, ideas and language. Coherence refers to the linking of ideas
through logical sequencing. Cohesion refers to the varied and appropriate use of cohesive
devices (for example, logical connectors, pronouns and conjunctions) to assist in making the
conceptual and referential relationships between and within sentences clear.
6. Have you organised your information logically?

7. Is there an overall flow or progression in your essay?
8. Have you used linkers correctly, properly and sufficiently without over- or under-using
them?
9. Have pronouns been used correctly and do they have clear references?
10. Have you organised the text in paragraphs logically and sufficiently?

Lexical Resource (LR)
This criterion refers to the range of vocabulary the candidate has used and the accuracy and
appropriacy of that use in terms of the specific task.
The examiner takes the following points into account when assessing this aspect of your essay:
1. Words
a. Range and flexibility
b. Level
c. Precision
d. Style
e. Collocation
2. Vocabulary mistakes
a. Spelling
b. Word choice
c. Word formation
Note: when evaluating vocabulary errors, the effect each has on the reader and the
intelligibility of your essay is taken into account.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

This criterion refers to the range and accurate use of the candidate’s grammatical resource as
manifested in the candidate’s writing at the sentence level.
1. Have you used a wide variety of sentence structures naturally and appropriately?
2. How often have you used complex structures?
3. Errors
a. Grammar
b. Punctuation
Note: when evaluating grammatical errors, the effect each has on the reader and the
intelligibility of your essay is taken into account.

IELTS Task 2 Writing Band Descriptors (Public Version)
Band Task Response Coherence and Lexical Resource Grammatical Range
Cohesion and Accuracy
9  fully addresses all parts  uses cohesion in  uses a wide range of  uses a wide range of
of the task such a way that it vocabulary with structures with full
 presents a fully attracts no very natural and flexibility and
developed position in attention sophisticated accuracy; rare
answer to the question  skilfully manages control of lexical minor errors occur
with relevant, fully paragraphing features; rare minor only as ‘slips’
extended and well errors occur only as
supported ideas ‘slips’
8  sufficiently addresses all  sequences  uses a wide range of  uses a wide range of
parts of the task information and vocabulary fluently structures
 presents a well- ideas logically and flexibly to  the majority of
developed response to  manages all convey precise sentences are error-
the question with aspects of meanings free
relevant, extended cohesion well  skilfully uses  makes only very
and supported ideas  uses paragraphing uncommon lexical occasional errors or
sufficiently and items but there may inappropriacies
appropriately be occasional
inaccuracies in word
choice and
collocation
 produces rare errors
in spelling and/or
word formation
7  addresses all parts of  logically organises  uses a sufficient  uses a variety of
the task information and range of vocabulary complex structures
 presents a clear ideas; there is clear to allow some  produces frequent
position throughout the progression flexibility and error-free sentences
response throughout precision  has good control of
 presents, extends and  uses a range of  uses less common grammar and
supports main ideas, cohesive devices lexical items with punctuation but
but there may be a appropriately some awareness of may make a few
tendency to over- although there style and errors
generalise and/or may be some collocation
supporting ideas may under-/over-use  may produce
lack focus  presents a clear occasional errors in
central topic within word choice,
each paragraph spelling and/or word
formation
6  addresses all parts of  arranges  uses an adequate  uses a mix of simple
the task although some information and range of vocabulary and complex
parts may be more fully ideas coherently for the task sentence forms
covered than others and there is a clear  attempts to use less  makes some errors in
 presents a relevant overall progression common grammar and
position although the  uses cohesive vocabulary but with punctuation but
conclusions may devices effectively, some inaccuracy they rarely reduce
become unclear or but cohesion within  makes some errors in communication
repetitive and/or between spelling and/or word
 presents relevant main sentences may be formation, but they
ideas but some may be faulty or do not impede
inadequately mechanical communication
developed/unclear  may not always use
referencing clearly
or appropriately
 uses paragraphing,
but not always
logically

 addresses the task  presents information  uses a limited range  uses only a limited
5 only partially; the with some of vocabulary, but range of structures
format may be organisation but there this is minimally  attempts complex
inappropriate in may be a lack of adequate for the task sentences but these
places overall progression  may make tend to be less
 expresses a position  makes inadequate, noticeable errors in accurate than simple
but the development inaccurate or over- spelling and/or word sentences
is not always clear use of cohesive formation that may  may make frequent
and there may be no devices cause some difficulty grammatical errors
conclusions drawn  may be repetitive for the reader and punctuation may
 presents some main because of lack of be faulty; errors can
ideas but these are referencing and cause some difficulty
limited and not substitution for the reader
sufficiently  may not write in
developed; there paragraphs, or
may be irrelevant paragraphing may be
detail inadequate
4  responds to the task  presents information  uses only basic  uses only a very
only in a minimal way and ideas but these vocabulary which limited range of
or the answer is are not arranged may be used structures with only
tangential; the format coherently and there repetitively or which rare use of
may be is no clear progression may be subordinate clauses
inappropriate in the response inappropriate for the  some structures are
 presents a position  uses some basic task accurate but errors
but this is unclear cohesive devices but  has limited control of predominate, and
 presents some main these may be word formation punctuation is often
ideas but these are inaccurate or and/or spelling; errors faulty
difficult to identify repetitive may cause strain for
and may be  may not write in the reader
repetitive, irrelevant paragraphs or their
or not well supported use may be confusing
3  does not adequately  does not organise  uses only a very  attempts sentence
address any part of ideas logically limited range of forms but errors in
the task  may use a very limited words and grammar and
 does not express a range of cohesive expressions with very punctuation
clear position devices, and those limited control of predominate and
 presents few ideas, used may not word formation distort the meaning
which are largely indicate a logical and/or spelling
undeveloped or relationship between  errors may severely
irrelevant ideas distort the message
2  barely responds to  has very little control  uses an extremely  cannot use sentence
the task of organisational limited range of forms except in
 does not express a features vocabulary; memorised phrases
position essentially no control
 may attempt to of word formation
present one or two and/or spelling
ideas but there is no
development
1  answer is completely  fails to communicate  can only use a few  cannot use sentence
unrelated to the task any message isolated words forms at all
0  does not attend
 does not attempt the task in any way
 writes a totally memorised response

TYPES OF ESSAYS AND THEIR FORMAT
Agree or Disagree
=> The agree/disagree type of essay can be identified by the following
instructions:
◦ Do you agree?
◦ Do you agree or disagree?
◦ To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people argue that capital punishment is good for a country. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
◦ To what extent do you agree?
◦ What is your opinion
=> You can write Agree/Disagree essay in 5 different ways which are mentioned
below:
1. If you fully agree with the statement given in the question.

=> Introduction (clearly state your opinion)
=> Body Paragraph 1 (Agree) – 1 point
=> Conclusion
2. If you fully disagree with the statement given in the question.

=> Body Paragraph 1 (Disagree) – 1 point
=> Conclusion
3. If you partially agree or disagree with the statement given in the question.
=> Body Paragraph 1 (Agree) – 2 points
=> Body Paragraph 2 (Disagree) – 2 points
=> Conclusion

4. If you fully agree with the statement given in the question
=> Body Paragraph 1 (Agree)
=> Body Paragraph 2 (Agree)
=> Body Paragraph 3 (Disagree – from other people’s point of view)
=> Conclusion
5. If you fully disagree with the statement given in the question

=> Body Paragraph 1 (Disagree)
=> Body Paragraph 2 (Disagree)
=> Body Paragraph 3 (Agree – from other people’s point of view)
=> Conclusion
Discussion
=> In Discussion essay you will always be given two contrasting opinions and the
question will be asked as below:
◦ Discuss both the views and give your opinion
Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be
encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to co-operate rather
than compete become more useful adults. Discuss both Discuss both these
views and give your own opinion.
these views and give your own opinion.
=> Discussion essay can be written in 2 different ways.
1. When you decide to disclose your opinion in the Introduction itself.

=> Body Paragraph 1 (Opposite side of discussion) – 2 points
=> Body Paragraph 2 (Your side of discussion) – 2 points
=> Conclusion
2. When you decide to give your opinion in the end.

=> Introduction (don’t state your opinion)
=> Body Paragraph 1 (Discussion Point 1) – 2 points
=> Body Paragraph 2 (Discussion Point 2) – 2 points
=> Body Paragraph 3 (Opinion)
=> Conclusion

Compare and Contrast
=> This type of an essay is also called as advantages and disadvantages kind of
essay.
=> There are different instructions from which one can identify this type of essay
which are as follows:
◦ Compare and contrast. (No opinion)
◦ Discuss the advantages and disadvantages. (No opinion)
◦ Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? (Opinion)
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year
between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year
between finishing high school and starting university studies. Do the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages for young people who decide to do
this?
=> This essay is to be written in the following way: (When there is no opinion to
be given)
◦ Introduction
◦ Advantages – 2 points
◦ Disadvantages – 2 points
◦ Conclusion
=> When Opinion is to be given.

=> Taking the side of Advantages
◦ Introduction (give your opinion)
◦ Body 1 (Disadvantages) – 1 point
◦ Body 2 (Advantages) – 1 point
◦ Conclusion
=> Taking the side of Disadvantages


◦ Conclusion
=> Alternative format for Advantages and Disadvantages with opinion is as under:
◦ Introduction (give opinion)
◦ Body 1 (Advantages) – 2 points
◦ Body 2 (Disadvantages) – 2 points
◦ Conclusion
Remember: Just keep the side you take stronger than the other.
Problems and Solutions

=> In this type of essay you will be given a statement describing a situation and
you will be asked why the situation occurs and to give some solutions. There are
various of instructions for this kind of essay, the sample of which is given below.
In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels
of health and fitness are decreasing. What do you think are the causes of these
problems and what measures could be taken to solve them?
=> This essay is to be written in the following way:

◦ Introduction
◦ Problems – 2 points
◦ Solutions – 2 points
◦ Conclusion
Cause and Effects

=> In this type of essay you will be given a statement describing a situation and
you will be asked to mention the causes of situation and effects of the same.
Today, many parents force their children to study all kinds of courses in their
early age.
What are the reasons behind this?
What effects do you think this practice would bring to the children?

◦ Introduction
◦ Causes – 2 points
◦ Effects – 2 points
◦ Conclusion
Two Part Expository and Opinion

=> In this type of essay one question is asked to you where you have to give
reasons, and then you have to give your opinion.
Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because
of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships
people make? Has this become a positive or negative development?

◦ Body Paragraph 1 (Reasons) – 2 points
◦ Body Paragraph 2 (Positive or Negative Development) – 2 points
◦ Conclusion
Mixed
=> In this type of essay you need to focus on the questions asked and write a
paragraph for each question asked.
Today more people are travelling than ever before. Why is this the case?
What are the benefits of travelling for the traveller?

Structure of Essays
=>The government's investment in arts, music and theatre is a
waste of money. Governments should invest these funds in
public services instead.
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Band 9 answer structure
There are a lot of ways to structure your essay, but we’ll use a structure that has been
approved by many IELTS examiners to be high-scoring and coherent.
Band-9 essay structure:

1.Introduction
2.Body paragraph 1 - the 1st supporting point
3.Body paragraph 2 - the 2nd supporting point
4.Conclusion
As you already know, you can write the supporting points of your body paragraphs in
the following ways: agree + agree, disagree + disagree, agree + disagree. We’ll use
the last option as our opinion is partially agree / disagree.
Let’s take a look at each of these sections in detail.
Introduction
Write your introduction in two sentences:
Sentence 1 - paraphrase the statement (you can use ‘it is
argued/considered/thought that’ to start):
It is often argued that the government should finance public services instead of spending its
budget on arts, music and theatre.
Sentence 2 - give your opinion:
Although I agree that government’s investments in public services play a very important
role, I think that proper funding of arts sector is also crucial for the society.
Body paragraph 1 - the 1st supporting point

Sentence 1 - state the first reason you agree/disagree.
This sentence should contain the main idea of the whole 1st paragraph. In our case
we’ll use the reason A: why it is important to finance public services. As we’ll be
considering opposite opinions, it is a good idea to use a collocation on the one hand to
introduce the first reason:
On the one hand, the government should definitely allocate a large part of its budget on
public services.

Sentences 2-3 - explain the reason.
To explain the reason effectively, you can imagine that your examiner didn’t
understand what you were talking about and you have to explain every detail:
This economic sector determines the overall quality of life, ensuring that some basic
services, like schools, hospitals and roads, are available to all citizens irrespective of their
income or social status. Public services satisfy the primary needs of the society and thus
need a proper funding, while artists and musicians are not curing diseases or building
houses, so their role is secondary.
Sentence 4 - example.
It’s always good to give examples in your body paragraphs, even if you’re not asked to
do it (like in our case):
For example, any country can live without music concerts, but absence of medicine will
create significant problems.
Sentence 5 - a short summary of your ideas in this paragraph:
That’s why the government should adequately finance public services in the first place.
Body paragraph 2 - the 2nd reason you agree/disagree

Sentence 1 - state the second reason you agree/disagree.
This statement should contain the main idea of the whole 2nd paragraph. This time
we’ll use the reason D: why it is important to finance public services. As we are
considering opposite opinions, it is a good idea to use a phrase on the other hand to
introduce the second reason:
On the other hand, arts, music and theatre are not a waste of money, since they are an
integral part of the society’s cultural and intellectual development and amusement.
Sentences 2-3 - explain the reason (assume that your examiner doesn’t
understand the topic at all):
Firstly, art and music draw people’s attention to diverse phenomena and represent the
inward significance of things. Quite often a single drawing, piece or song can exhort
myriads of people to reconsider their attitude towards some situation. This way, art serves
as a major source of nation’s personal and intellectual development. Moreover, visiting
museums, watching movies and listening to music are common ways of relaxation and
entertainment.
Sentence 4 - support your idea with an example:
The question doesn’t ask us to give examples, plus we’ve already written a lot in this
paragraph, so we’ll skip this point.
Sentence 5 - a short summary of your thoughts in the 2nd paragraph.
Thus, art sector is also important for the society and should not be neglected.

Conclusion
You can write the conclusion in one sentence that summarizes your opinion + 2
reasons for it:
To conclude, though I agree that the government should allocate a large part of its budget
on such urgent needs of the society like public services, I think that arts, music and theatre
should also be financed since they play an important role in people’s development and
entertainment.
DO NOT write new ideas in the conclusion!
Model answer
This is a full band-9 answer for to what extent you agree or disagree IELTS Writing
question above:
It is often argued that the government should finance public services instead of
spending its budget on arts, music and theatre. Although I agree that government’s
investments in public services play a very important role, I think that proper funding of
arts sector is also crucial for the society.
On the one hand, the government should definitely allocate a large part of its budget
on public services. This economic sector determines the overall quality of life, ensuring
that some basic services, like schools, hospitals and roads, are available to all citizens
irrespective of their income or social status. Public services satisfy the primary needs of
the society and thus need a proper funding, while artists and musicians are not curing
diseases or building houses, so their role is secondary. For example, any country can
live without music concerts, but absence of medicine will create significant problems.
That’s why the government should adequately finance public services in the first place.
On the other hand, arts, music and theatre are not a waste of money, since they are an
integral part of the society’s cultural and intellectual development and amusement.
Firstly, art and music draw people’s attention to diverse phenomena and represent the
inward significance of things. Quite often a single drawing, piece or song can exhort
myriads of people to reconsider their attitude towards some situation. This way, art
serves as a major source of nation’s personal and intellectual development. Moreover,
visiting museums, watching movies and listening to music are common ways of
relaxation and entertainment. Thus, art sector is also important for the society and
should not be neglected.
To conclude, though I agree that the government should allocate a large part of its
budget on such urgent needs of the society like public services, I think that arts, music
and theatre should also be financed since they play an important role in people’s
development and entertainment.

=>A lot of places in the world rely on tourism as a main source of income.
Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems if it is not managed
correctly.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in the modern world.
Do you think that benefits of tourism outweight its drawbacks?
This essay topic is related to tourism. Of course, topics for questions will vary, but ideal
answer structure is the same for all advantages & disadvantages essays in IELTS.
Producing ideas for your answer
Before you start writing your essay, you should always spend 1-2 minutes on producing
ideas for your answer. This way, you’ll know what to write about and your answer will
be more coherent and well-structured. In case of advantages & disadvantages essay,
you need to think of 2-3 advantages and 2-3 disadvantages of the given issue.
Let’s think about advantages and disadvantages of tourism in the modern world.
Advantages of tourism:
•boost in country’s economy due to increased spending
•new job opening for local people
•opportunities to discover new places for individual travelers
Disadvantages of tourism:
•destruction of popular tourist destinations by large numbers of tourists
•development of illegal economic activities
•local people can experience loss of privacy
Now, after we’ve collected some ideas, it’s time to use them in our essay.
Band 9 answer structure for causes & solutions

essay
Though there are many ways to structure your IELTS essay, we’ll use this time-tested
band 9 essay structure:
1.Introduction
2.Body paragraph 1 – advantages
3.Body paragraph 2 – disadvantages
4.Conclusion
Tip: before starting to write your essay, decide what you think: does tourism have
more advantages or disadvantages? You’ll need to make accent on your opinion in one
of the body paragraphs.
We’ll use the opinion that tourism has more advantages.

Introduction Write the introduction in 2 sentences:
Sentence 1 - paraphrase the question (restate the problem):
Nowadays tourism generates a significant portion of national income for many countries,
but it has certain drawbacks too.
Sentence 2 - tell the examiner what you’re going to describe in your essay:
This essay will examine the advantages and disadvantages of tourism and provide a logical
conclusion.
Body paragraph 1 - advantages

Sentence 1 - state 2 main advantages:
The two main advantages of developed tourism industry are boost in country’s economy
and a large number of new job openings for the local people.
Sentences 2-4 - explain the first advantage + give an example (if possible):
Firstly, tourists spend money on a wide range of services, including hotels, amusements,
transportation, food and medical services. This way, tourism yields an additional income,
greatly supporting the countries’ economies.
Sentences 5-7 - explain the second advantage + give an example (if possible):
Secondly, tourism increases the level of employment by bringing new jobs. For instance, the
influx of tourists results in a larger demand in restaurant workers, tour guides, hotel staff
and employees of retail services, exhorting business owners to hire more people for these
positions.
Body paragraph 2 - disadvantages

Sentence 1 - state 2 main disadvantages:
However, tourism also has some major disadvantages like destruction of popular tourist
destinations and development of illegal economic activities.
Sentences 2-4 - explain the first disadvantage + give an example (if possible):
Ancient buildings, temples and monuments struggle to cope with a vast amount of visitor’s
traffic and get damaged. Also, the large number of tourists can cause environmental
problems. For instance, when places of interest are overcrowded, natural resources often
become overexploited.
Sentences 5-7 - explain the second disadvantage + give an example (if
possible):
What’s more, tourism can create more serious situations where criminal issues are
involved. The presence of a considerable number of tourists with a lot of money to spend,
and often carrying valuables such as cameras and jewelry, increases the attraction for
criminals and brings with it activities like robbery and drug dealing.
Sentences 8 - make an accent on your opinion (we’ll use the opinion that
tourism has more advantages):
However, proper hospitality management and correct usage of tourism revenue by the
local government can eliminate these disadvantages.

Conclusion
Sentences 1-2 - briefly restate the advantages and disadvantages
To conclude, although tourism has certain disadvantages like destructive effects and
growth of crime rate, it has an extremely positive impact on country’s economy and
provides a large number of new jobs for the local people.
Sentence 2 - give your final opinion
I believe that these benefits of tourism outweigh its drawbacks.
Band 9 answer sample

Nowadays tourism generates a significant portion of national income for many
countries, but it has certain drawbacks too. This essay will examine the advantages
and disadvantages of tourism and provide a logical conclusion.
The two main advantages of developed tourism industry are boost in country’s
economy and a large number of new job openings for the local people. Firstly, tourists
spend money on a wide range of services, including hotels, amusements,
transportation, food and medical services. This way, tourism yields an additional
income, greatly supporting the country’s economy. Secondly, tourism increases the
level of employment by bringing new jobs. For instance, the influx of tourists results in
a larger demand in restaurant workers, tour guides, hotel staff and employees of retail
services, exhorting business owners to hire more people for these positions.
But tourism also has some major disadvantages like destruction of popular tourist
destinations and development of illegal economic activities. іAncient buildings, temples
and monuments struggle to cope with a vast amount of visitor’s traffic and get
damaged. Also, the large number of tourists can cause environmental problems. For
instance, when places of interest are overcrowded, natural resources often become
overexploited. What’s more, the presence of a considerable number of tourists with a
lot of money to spend, and often carrying valuables such as cameras and jewelry,
increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like robbery and drug
dealing. However, proper hospitality management and correct usage of tourism
revenue by the local government can eliminate these disadvantages.
To conclude, although tourism can have certain negative effects like destructive impact
and growth of crime rate, it has an extremely positive influence on country’s economy
and provides a large number of new jobs for the local people. I believe that these
benefits of tourism outweigh its drawbacks.

IELTS agree or disagree essay - band 9 guide
This is a band 9 guide to writing agree/disagree essays in IELTS Writing. Agree or

disagree essay questions are very common for IELTS Writing task 2. This type of
questions asks you to say whether you agree or disagree with a given statement
and justify your opinion.
In this lesson you will see IELTS writing task 2 sample question + model answer and
learn
•how to choose an opinion for agree/disagree question
•how to generate ideas
•how to give a band 9 answer for agree/disagree question
IELTS agree/disagree question sample

Let’s look at an example of IELTS writing task 2:
Big salary is much more important than job satisfaction.

Do you agree or disagree?
Provide relevant examples if necessary.
This is a classic example of agree or disagree question that you may get on IELTS
Writing task 2.
You can watch our video tutorial on how to tackle agree/disagree questions in IELTS
Writing:
Choose your opinion & generate ideas
Agree or disagree question asks you to clearly determine whether you agree or
disagree with the statement. Unlike questions that ask you to what extent do you
agree or disagree, this question asks you to have a super-clear opinion. After you’ve
decided your opinion, generate 2-3 supporting points for it.
For the task above you have two possible options:
1.You fully agree that big salary is more important than job satisfaction
2.You completely disagree that big salary is more important than job
satisfaction
Now let’s generate supporting points for each of the opinions:
Big salary is more important

Having a job with a high salary makes people feel satisfied no matter
what kind of job they do
Money is essential for survival and good living

Job satisfaction is more important
Job satisfaction gives you a sense of fulfillment
Doing what you like keeps you motivated and therefore leads to a
career growth
Money can’t buy happiness and it’s more pleasant to pursue what
you’re interested in
For our essay, we’ll choose the second opinion.

After you’ve decided whether you agree or disagree and generated your supporting
points, it’s time to start writing your essay.
There are a lot of ways to structure your essay, but we’ll use a structure that has
been approved by many IELTS examiners to be high-scoring and coherent.
1.Introduction
2.Body paragraph 1 - the 1st reason you agree/disagree
3.Body paragraph 2 - the 2nd reason you agree/disagree
4.Conclusion

Introduction
•Sentence 1 - paraphrase the statement (you can use ‘it is
argued/considered/thought that’ to start):
It is often argued that it is more advantageous to choose a job with high wage, even if it
doesn't appeal to you at all.
•Sentence 2 - say whether you agree or disagree with it and extend your
opinion:
I completely disagree with this opinion and think that job satisfaction is much more
important than salary.
Body paragraph 1 - the 1st reason you agree/disagree

•Sentence 1 - state the first reason you agree/disagree.
This sentence should contain the main idea of the whole 1st paragraph. Use
words firstly or first of all to introduce the first reason. In our case we’ll use
the reason that job satisfaction gives you a sense of fulfillment:
First of all, I believe that job satisfaction gives people a sense of fulfillment that no
money can guarantee.
•Sentences 2-3 - explain the reason.
To explain the reason effectively, you can imagine that your examiner has no
knowledge of this subject at all and you have to explain every detail:

Even if someone is earning a high salary, but feels tensed and compromises with his
conscience, this person won’t enjoy his life. While pursuing one’s interests will always
bring pleasure and feeling of satisfaction.
•Sentence 4 - example.
It’s always good to give examples in your body paragraphs, even if you’re not
asked to do it. In our case, the task asks you to provide relevant examples:
For example, a lot of famous researchers made their career choices not because of
appealing wages, but because they were passionate about science.
•Sentence 5 - a short summary of your ideas in this paragraph:
That’s why it’s more important to choose the kind of work that makes you happy than to
look only at a high salary.
Body paragraph 2 - the 2nd reason you agree/disagree

•Sentence 1 - state the second reason you agree/disagree.
This statement should contain the main idea of the whole 2nd paragraph. Use
words secondly or moreoverto introduce the second reason:
Secondly, doing what you like keeps you motivated and therefore leads to a career
growth.
•Sentences 2-3 - explain the reason (assume that your examiner doesn’t
understand the topic at all):
In other words, there is a strong relation between job satisfaction and productivity.
People who love their jobs can easily excel in their fields of work and achieve better
results than those, who put salary on the first place.
•Sentence 4 - support your idea with an example:
For instance, Henry Miller decided to leave his everyday job despite a good wage and
ventured to become a writer. And after enduring years of ups and downs he became one
of the most famous and well-paid authors of the twentieth century.
•Sentence 5 - a short summary of your thoughts in the 2nd paragraph.
Thus, advantages of jobs that keep you satisfied outweigh the drawback of a low salary
in a long-term perspective.
Conclusion
You can write the conclusion in one sentence that summarizes your opinion + 2
reasons for it:
To conclude, I strongly believe that job satisfaction is more beneficial than high salary
because it makes people happy and motivated.
DO NOT write new ideas in the conclusion!

IELTS agree/disagree model answer
This is a full band-9 answer for IELTS agree or disagree question above:
It is often argued that it is more advantageous to choose a job with high wage, even
if it doesn't appeal to you at all. I completely disagree with this opinion and think
that job satisfaction is much more important than salary.
First of all, I believe that job satisfaction gives people a sense of fulfillment that no
money can guarantee. Even if someone is earning a high salary, but feels tensed
and compromises with his conscience, this person won’t enjoy his life. While
pursuing one’s interests will always bring pleasure and feeling of satisfaction. For
example, a lot of famous researchers made their career choices not because of
appealing wages, but because they were passionate about science. That’s why it’s
more important to choose the kind of work that makes you happy than to look only
at a high salary.
Secondly, doing what you like keeps you motivated and therefore leads to a career
growth. In other words, there is a strong relation between job satisfaction and
productivity. People who love their jobs can easily excel in their fields of work and
achieve better results than those, who put salary on the first place. For instance,
Henry Miller decided to leave his everyday job despite a good wage and ventured to
become a writer. And after enduring years of ups and downs he became one of the
most famous and well-paid authors of the twentieth century. Thus, advantages of
jobs that keep you satisfied outweigh the drawback of a low salary in a long-term
perspective.
To conclude, I strongly believe that job satisfaction is more beneficial than high
salary because it makes people happy and motivated.
(277 words)

How to write cause/effect essays in IELTS?
Cause and effect essay questions in IELTS Writing task 2 give you a problem and
ask you to state the main causes of this problem and discuss its possible effects.
In this lesson you will see:
•how to generate ideas for causes and effects
•band 9 answer structure for causes/effects essay
•cause/effect model essay
This is an example of cause/effect IELTS writing task 2 question:
Today more people are overweight than ever before.

What in your opinion are the primary causes of this?
What are the main effects of this epidemic?
Generating ideas
After you’ve read the question, you can clearly determine the problem: growing
number of overweight people.
But before you start to write your essay, it’s a good idea to think of 2-3 causes and
2-3 possible effects of the problem.
Causes of obesity:
1.inactive lifestyle (relying on cars instead of walking, fewer physical demands
at work, inactive leisure activities)
2.unhealthy eating habits (eating fast-food, drinking high-calorie beverages,
consuming large portions of food, eating irregularly)
Effects of obesity:
1.physical health problems
2.loss of productivity
3.depressions and mental disorders
Now, after we’ve generated the main ideas for causes and effects, it’s time to use
these ideas in our essay.

As you know, there are many ways to structure your essay, but we’ll use a structure
that has been approved by many IELTS examiners to be high-scoring and coherent.
Introduction
Body paragraph 1 - causes
Body paragraph 2 - effects
Conclusion

Introduction
•Sentence 1 - paraphrase the statement (you can use ‘nowadays/today/these
days’ to start):
Nowadays the number of overweight people is constantly growing.
•Sentence 2 - say what you’ll write about in your essay:
This essay will discuss the main reasons of this epidemic and then describe the possible
effects of the problem.
Body paragraph 1 - causes

•Sentence 1 - state all the main causes of obesity:
In my opinion, the foremost causes of obesity are inactive lifestyle and unhealthy eating
habits.
•Sentences 2-3 - describe the first cause. Assume that your examiner has no
knowledge in this area and you have to explain all the details to him.
Today more and more people rely on cars instead of walking, have less physical
demands at work and prefer inactive leisure activities. This results in burning less
calories and gaining weight.
•Sentences 4-5 - describe the second cause. Don’t forget that it’s useful to
give examples while describing causes!
Moreover, the problem is accentuated by the growing number of people, who eat
irregularly and consume large portions of high-calorie food. For example, about 50% of
the adult population in Europe with so-called disordered eating suffer from obesity.
Body paragraph 2 - effects

•Sentence 1 - state all the possible effects:
The possible effects of this problem include physical health problems and loss of
productivity.
•Sentences 2-3 - explain the first effect and give an example:
First of all, obesity results in incorrect functioning of the human body and contributes to
the risk of developing some chronic illnesses. For example, as body fat percentage
increases, the person’s metabolism worsens, which in turn may result in diabetes or
heart diseases.
•Sentences 4-6 - explain the second effect and support it with an example:
Secondly, overweight people are very unhealthy and often suffer from stress and
tiredness. This lessens their work capacity and results in lower productivity. For
example, it has been proven that an obese person needs to put more effort to complete
some task than a person with normal weight.

Conclusion
For the conclusion you need simply to restate the problem and sum up the causes
and effects that you described in your body paragraphs:
To sum up, obesity is a big problem that affects a lot of people nowadays. It’s mainly
caused by inactive lifestyle and eating disorders and results in severe health problems
and loss of productivity.
Model essay
Nowadays the number of overweight people is constantly increasing. This essay will
discuss the main reasons of this epidemic and then describe the possible effects of
the problem.
In my opinion, the foremost causes of obesity are inactive lifestyle and unhealthy
eating habits. Today more and more people rely on cars instead of walking, have
less physical demands at work and prefer inactive leisure activities. This results in
burning less calories and gaining weight. Moreover, the problem is accentuated by
the growing number of people, who eat irregularly and consume large portions of
high-calorie food. For example, about 50% of the adult population in Europe with
so-called disordered eating suffer from obesity.
The possible effects of this problem include physical health problems and loss of
productivity. First of all, obesity results in incorrect functioning of the human body
and contributes to the risk of developing some chronic illnesses. For example, as
body fat percentage increases, the person’s metabolism worsens, which in turn may
result in diabetes or heart diseases. Secondly, overweight people are very unhealthy
and often suffer from stress and tiredness. This lessens their work capacity and
results in lower productivity. For example, it has been proven that an obese person
needs to put more effort to complete some task than a person with normal weight.
To sum up, obesity is a big problem that affects a lot of people nowadays. It’s
mainly caused by inactive lifestyle and eating disorders and results in severe health
problems and loss of productivity.
(251 words)

IELTS Writing Task 2 - giving opinion
In this guide you'll learn how to answer IELTS writing task 2 questions that ask you
to give your opinion. This type of questions is very similar to agree/disagree
questions: it states two opposite views and asks you to give your opinion.
In this lesson you will see IELTS writing task 2 sample question + model answer and
learn
•how to choose your opinion
•how to generate arguments
•how to give a band 9 answer for giving opinion question
IELTS giving opinion question

Let’s look at an example of IELTS writing task 2 question that asks you to give your
opinion:

Some people believe that violence on television and in computer games
has a damaging effect on the society. Others deny that these factors have
any significant influence on people's behaviour. What is your opinion?
Write at least 250 words
Choose your opinion & generate arguments
First of all, you need to choose your opinion out of the two given ones. For the task
above, you need to choose from these opinions:
1.violence in media has a damaging effect on the society
2.violence in media doesn’t have a damaging effect on the society
Then, you have to generate your arguments for the chosen opinion. Let’s figure out
some supporting points for each of the given opinions:
•violence in media has a damaging effect on the society

•people often copy actions they see on TV
•violent video games teach people that aggressiveness is normal in
everyday life
•you have an example of the connection between violence in media and
social violence
•violence in media doesn’t have a damaging effect on the society
•people act from their motives, regardless what they see on the
television

•video games and television can reduce social violence by providing a
safe outlet for aggressiveness
•you have never seen the connection between violence in media and
social violence
For our essay, we’ll choose the second opinion.
How to answer this task?
1.Introduction
Paraphrase the statement (sentence 1) and give your own opinion (sentence
2):
These days, the amount of violence in media is growing. While some people argue that
this trend will undoubtedly lead humans to dangerous future, others claim that it has no
damaging effect on the society. I believe that in most cases media violence doesn't affect
people's behavior.
2.Body paragraphs
Describe each argument to support your opinion in a separate paragraph.
Your essay should have 2-3 body paragraphs. Use linking structures,
vocabulary to write essays and some words from academic wordlist:
Firstly, I think that people act from their motives, regardless what they see on the
television. That is to say, if someone intends to do harm to somebody, that is not because
of watching TV or playing computer games, but due to that person's character and
education. Although it is generally considered that violent media accustoms viewers to
cruelty, I doubt this opinion. In my view, reasonable and intelligent people treat others
humanely irrespective of what they see or hear in fictional stories.
Moreover, video games and television may even reduce social violence by providing a
safe outlet for aggressiveness. In other words, truculent people may fight in virtual
reality instead of evincing their combative spirit in real world. This may not only help
those people, but also reduce the level of social violence in long-term perspective.
Finally, despite many claims and assumptions about negative effects of television and
computer games I have never seen any proven connection between violent media and
illegal activities in social life.
3.Conclusion
In the conclusion paragraph briefly summarize what you have written and
restate your opinion:
Taking everything into consideration, I would say that violence in contemporary media
has no substantial influence on people's behavior. Television and computers are not the
main factors that shape personal character, and they can even be useful in reducing the
level of violence.

Model answer
These days, the amount of violence in media is growing. While some people argue
that this trend will undoubtedly lead humans to dangerous future, others claim that
it has no damaging effect on the society. I believe that in most cases media violence
doesn't affect people's behavior.
Firstly, I think that people act from their motives, regardless what they see on the
television. That is to say, if someone intends to do harm to somebody, that is not
because of watching TV or playing computer games, but due to that person's
character and education. Although it is generally considered that violent media
accustoms viewers to cruelty, I doubt this opinion. In my view, reasonable and
intelligent people treat others humanely irrespective of what they see or hear in
fictional stories.
Moreover, video games and television may even reduce social violence by providing
a safe outlet for aggressiveness. In other words, truculent people may fight in
virtual reality instead of evincing their combative spirit in real world. This may not
only help those people, but also reduce the level of social violence in long-term
perspective.
Finally, despite many claims and assumptions about negative effects of television
and computer games I have never seen any proven connection between violent
media and illegal activities in social life.
Taking everything into consideration, I would say that violence in contemporary
media has no substantial influence on people's behavior. Television and computers
are not the main factors that shape personal character, and they can even be useful
in reducing the level of violence.
(255 words)

IELTS Writing Task 2. Sample 2

Some students work while studying. This often results in lacking time for
education and constantly feeling under pressure.
What do you think are the causes of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
Write at least 250 words
How to answer this task?
1. Introduce the topic.

Just restate your topic and write that the given problem has causes and can
be solved.
2. Write main causes and explain them.
In the second paragraph, describe each cause of the given problem, shortly
explaining it. Uselinking structures, vocabulary to write essays and some
words from academic wordlist.
3. Suggest solutions
Propose some solutions and say why they should work.
4. Write a short conclusion.
Briefly summarize what you have written.
Model answer
Nowadays, there are a lot of students who work while studying. Although this
tendency may lead to negative results, the number of young people who sacrifice
education for work is growing. I believe that this problem has certain causes and
can be solved by taking special measures.
It is apparent that most of the students who work have many financial expenses to
meet. One common cause is high cost of education. As many colleges and
universities set high tuition fees, some families cannot fully afford the higher
education for their children. Consequently, these students have to work to pay
university and college fees. The other cause is living expenses. Many students study
away from hometown, and have to pay for accommodation, food, entertainment etc.
As it is often hard to cover these expenses, students are forced to earn money to
afford their living. I think that the problem of students working during their studies

results in lower quality of education and has no benefits at all. Thus, it should be
solved on the governmental level.
I can suggest two possible solutions to this problem. Firstly, the government could
make higher education free. For instance, this result can be achieved by financing
educational establishments from the country’s budget. Not only will it make
universities and colleges accessible for everyone, but it will also reduce the number
of working students. The second solution is promoting unpaid e-learning. Such form
of distance education doesn’t require a lot of resources to be maintained. What’s
more, students don’t have to leave their homes and can plan their schedules the
way they prefer.
In conclusion, I believe that mainly lack of financial resources causes students to
work, but this problem can be solved by lowering the amount of financial expenses
students have to meet.
(298 words)

IELTS band 9 essay: death penalty
Here you can find advice how to structure IELTS essay and IELTS model answer for
death penalty topic. Question type: advantages and disadvantages.
Here is the question card:
Some people advocate death penalty for those who committed violent crimes.
Others say that capital punishment is unacceptable in contemporary society.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of death penalty and give your opinion.
So this is the advantage/disadvantage essay. In this essay you're asked about:

1.Advantages of capital punishment
2.Disadvantages of capital punishment
3.Your opinion about it
Before writing this IELTS essay, you should decide what’s your opinion and then
choose your arguments to describe pros and cons of death penalty. You don’t have
to make up very complicate ideas. Even simple, but well-written arguments can
often give you a band 9 for writing.
Some of the possible arguments:

1.Disadvantages of capital punishment:
we have no rights to kill other humans
innocent people can be killed because of unfair sentences
even criminals deserve a second chance
2.Advantages of capital punishment:

it prevents major crimes
it restores equilibrium of justice
it lessens expenses on maintenance of prisoners
How to structure my answer?

Surely, there are a lot of ways to organise this essay. But here is one possible way
of structuring the answer to produce a band 9 essay:
Introduction: rephrase the topic and state your opinion.
Body paragraphs:
•paragraph 1: disadvantages of death penalty
•paragraph 2: advantages of death penalty
Conclusion: sum up the ideas from body paragraphs and briefly give your opinion.
Band 9 essay sample (death penalty)

Many people believe that death penalty is necessary to keep security system
efficient in the society. While there are some negative aspects of capital

punishment, I agree with the view that without it we will become more vulnerable to
violence.
Death penalty can be considered unsuitable punishment for several reasons. The
strongest argument is that we have no rights to kill other humans. Right to live is
the basic right of any human being, and no one can infringe this right, irrespective
of the person’s deeds. Moreover, innocent people can face wrongful execution. Such
unfair sentences take away lives of innocent people and make other citizens lose
faith in law and justice. And besides, sometimes criminals repent of their acts. In
this case they should be given a second chance to improve themselves.
However, I believe that capital punishment is necessary in the society. Firstly, it is an
effective deterrent of major crimes. The best method to prevent a person from
committing crime is to show the consequences of his or her actions. For example,
the government of Pakistan has controlled the rate of terrorism by enforcing death
penalties for the members of terrorist organisations. Secondly, the governments
spend large sums of national budget on maintenance of prisoners. Instead, this
money can be used for the development of the society and welfare of the people.
To sum up, although capital punishment has some disadvantages, I think that it
proves to be the best way of controlling criminals, lessening governmental expenses
and preventing other people from doing crimes.
(257 words)
Useful vocabulary
capital punishment = death penalty
to commit a crime - to do a crime
deterrent of major crimes - something that prevents big crimes
to face wrongful execution - to be mistaken for a criminal and killed for that
to infringe someone’s right - restrict someone’s right, hurt someone’s interests
innocent people - people who are not guilty or responsible for crimes
to repent of something - to feel sorry for something
right to live is basic right of any human being
unfair sentence - not fair judgement

Task 2 – Essay Type 1 – Advantages and Disadvantages (Expository Version)
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing
high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young
people who decide to do this.
In various nations around the world, many people advocate taking a gap year in order to work
or travel before beginning one’s tertiary education. While this offers a few advantages, there
are also some disadvantages which are worth considering.
There are two main benefits to students travelling or working before their university
education. Firstly, through travelling, they will be able to expand their horizons. When
students go overseas, they will be exposed to different cultures and customs. As a result, they
will gain a deeper understanding of the world. In addition, students who work will learn to
appreciate the value of money. This is because they will realize the hard work involved in
earning money. Consequently, they would think more before purchasing anything they desire
and may become less impulsive in their spending.
On the other hand, various drawbacks may be noted. In the first place, travelling could cause
people to feel homesick. Many students have not been apart from their family and friends
before so when they travel, they may miss these people. In extreme circumstances, students
may even become depressed. Additionally, students who work may not want to return to their
studies. The reason for this is that they may enjoy earning money and becoming financially
independent. Therefore, their whole future could be negatively affected as these days it is
very important for everyone to graduate with a degree in order to be competitive in the job
market.
In conclusion, if students take a gap year, they could gain invaluable experience and learn to
become more independent in relation to money. However, they may also become homesick
and end up not continuing their studies. Therefore, it is necessary to weigh the benefits
against the drawbacks carefully before coming to a decision as to whether students should go
on such an adventure.

Task 2 – Essay Type 2 – Causes/Problems and Solutions
In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness
are decreasing. What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measures could be
taken to solve them?
In many nations around the world, declining health and a lack of fitness are becoming very
common among people. There are a number of causes of this, but certain measures could be
taken to alleviate this problem.
There are several causes of this situation. The main one is that technological advancements
have resulted in a sedentary lifestyle. Because of the prevalent use of computers and vehicles,
it is no longer necessary to move around much. This leads to people becoming overweight,
which also adversely affects their health and fitness. In addition, people are consuming more
unhealthy processed food nowadays. For example, fast food, junk food and processed canned
food have become extremely popular due to people’s chronic busyness. Such food results in a
lot of health problems if it is consumed in large quantities.
Various possible courses of action could be taken in order to tackle the above. In the first
place, the government could launch a nationwide campaign to raise awareness about the
importance of eating healthily and exercising. For instance, advertisements by the ministry of
health about the dangers of eating junk food and not exercising should be regularly shown on
television and the internet. Another way forward could be for schools to prohibit unhealthy
food from being sold in schools. If schools start to ban too much fried food or food that is
high in sugar and salt, students will be forced to eat a more balanced and healthy diet at
school. The result is that health would improve dramatically.
In conclusion, various factors have led to problems related to health and fitness, but this
situation could be addressed by the launch of a health and fitness campaign and the
implementation of effective regulations to limit the sale of unhealthy food in schools. Given
this situation, it is recommended that steps should be taken immediately in order to ensure
that the health and fitness of the people in the country improves.

Task 2 – Essay Type 3 – Mixed
Today more people are travelling than ever before. Why is this the case? What are the benefits of
travelling for the traveller?
It is undeniable that travelling has become much more popular as compared to the past. There
are several reasons why this is happening and this situation offers various benefits.
More people are taking overseas trips for the following reasons. One of the reasons is to get a
better education. These days, many students in the developing countries study in developed
countries because many of the schools and universities there are of a higher quality. For
example, most of the top ranked universities in the world are located in countries like
America and the United Kingdom. In addition, people may need to go on business trips
overseas. Because we live in a globalized world, a person working for a multinational
company may often need to travel to another office overseas for work. Also, businessman and
entrepreneurs often travel to neighbouring countries in order to expand their business.
People who travel can experience many benefits. In the first place, they can gain invaluable
experience through their time abroad. An example of this is that a person would encounter
different cultures and customs when visiting and living in another country, which could make
him or her more open-minded. Furthermore, people can also make new friends from different
countries. The result of such friendship could be the creation of business opportunities or just
the sharing of one’s different experiences. Consequently, the lives of both parties would be
enriched.
In conclusion, people go overseas nowadays in order to receive a better education or to do

business. Through going overseas, these people can broaden their horizons and widen their
social circle. Given the above, it is recommended that everyone should consider taking a trip
overseas at least once in their life.

Task 2 – Essay Type 4 – Opinion
Some people argue that capital punishment is good for a country. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
It is argued by some that the death penalty benefits a nation. I completely agree with this
opinion and in this essay I will state the reasons for my view.
The most compelling reason for holding to my view is that the death penalty is an effective
deterrent to serious crime. This is because it instils fear of carrying out serious crimes as
people would not want to lose their life as a result of that. For example, people who are
thinking of murder or committing violent acts will think twice before doing so. As a result of
this policy, crime rate would go down.
Another reason for my position is that the government will be able to spend less money on
keeping the criminal in prison. If the criminal is jailed for many years or for life, the
government would need to pay for the enormous expenses involved such as the cost of food
for the prisoners and the salaries for the prison officers. However, with the death sentence, the
prisoner will spend less time in prison and this would reduce the cost of imprisonment
substantially.
Lastly, with capital punishment, the dangerous criminal would never be able to reoffend. The
reason for this is that executed criminals will no longer be alive and therefore they will never
pose a threat to society ever again. This would make society a safer place.
In conclusion, I totally agree with the opinion that sentencing serious criminals to death is
beneficial for countries. This is because of its deterrent effect, its ability to save the
government a lot of money and the fact that we can keep dangerous criminals out of society
forever. Given this situation, it is recommended that governments around the world should
think about implementing this form of punishment.

Task 2 – Essay Type 5 – Discussion
Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others believe
that children who are taught to co-operate rather than compete become more useful adults.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
While some people argue that we should emphasize the importance of competition when
teaching children, others take the view that focusing on cooperation is more important. In my
opinion, it is better for children to be taught to cooperate.
On one side of the argument, there are people who hold the opinion that encouraging
competitiveness in children will yield better results. The most compelling reason for believing
this is that competitiveness prepares them for life in the real world. When students grow up,
they will need to compete with other students for a place in university. Furthermore, there’s
no doubt that in the job market, people will be competing with many others to get a good job.
Another reason is that this encourages them to excel in everything they do. When there’s
competition, everyone is challenged to do their best. For example, if there’s a prize for the
student with the highest marks in a particular subject, every student will be motivated to do
his or her best. This encourages growth and the pursuit of excellence.
Despite the above arguments, I am of the view that instilling a sense of cooperation in
children will prove more beneficial. Indeed, one reason why I take this position is that in
many instances, winning is not everything. A society focused solely on winning and
competing ignores other important traits like compassion and generosity. Such traits are
important for a proper functioning of society. Furthermore, it is my opinion that achieving
one’s goal often requires the ability to cooperate, rather than compete, with others. In society
and work, cooperation and teamwork is often required. For instance, a company will only
achieve its overall goal if all parts work together and complement each other.
In conclusion, while both views are commonly held in society, I believe that cooperation is a
more important value. This is because children need to understand that winning against
another is not the most important thing and that cooperation often enables them to achieve
their goals. Given this situation, it is recommended that schools should put more effort into
promoting teamwork activities.

Task 2 – Essay Type 6 – Advantages and Disadvantages (Opinion Version)
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing
high school and starting university studies. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages for
young people who decide to do this?
In various nations around the world, many people advocate taking a gap year in order to work
or travel before beginning one’s tertiary education. While there is clearly a drawback to this, I
personally believe that the benefits are more significant.
The disadvantage of going on a gap year is that students may end up not returning to their
studies. The reason for this is that they may enjoy earning money and becoming financially
independent. Therefore, their whole future could be negatively affected as these days it is
very important for everyone to graduate with a degree in order to be competitive in the job
market.
On the other hand, one of the major advantages is that students will be able to expand their
horizons if they travel overseas. When students go abroad, they will be exposed to different
cultures and customs. For example, westerners visiting a country like Thailand will be able to
experience traditional Thai dance like Khon and traditional Thai sport like Muay Thai. As a
result, they will gain a deeper understanding of the different places in the world.
In addition to that, students who work will be able to learn to appreciate the value of money.
This is because they will realize the hard work involved in earning an income. Consequently,
they would think more before purchasing anything they desire and may become less
impulsive in their spending.
In conclusion, the advantages are of greater significance than the disadvantage. Despite the
fact that students may not continue on studying at university, they will gain a lot of
experience when they travel or learn to better appreciate money when they work. Given this
situation, it is recommended that schools should encourage more students to consider taking a
gap year.

Task 2 – Essay Type 7 – Two Part Expository and Opinion
Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In
what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make? Has this become a
positive or negative development?
These days, the relationship people have with each other has been affected by advancements
in technology. There are several ways in which our relationships have been affected and I
believe that this has been negative.
Relationships have changed in the following ways. One of the major ways is that nowadays
people have more acquaintances and fewer close friends. For example, many people may
have hundreds and thousands of friends on social media websites like Facebook as it is easy
to connect through these websites. However, most of these people are not really close friends
at all. In addition, technology has led to less face-to-face interaction between people. Because
using social media sites has become an integral part of the lives of many people these days
and connecting with others has become so much easier as a result of such sites, most people
spend more time online chatting with their friends than actually meeting them face-to-face.
I believe that the above changes have been negative for the following reasons. In the first
place, people now feel lonelier as they spend more time with the computer rather than with
other human beings. Studies have shown that people need real face-to-face interaction if they
want to remain emotionally healthy. Therefore, the lack of such communication has made
many people become lonely and even depressed. Furthermore, many people who use
technology to communicate with others are gradually losing important social skills. It is very
common for people nowadays to know how to communicate and express themselves using
emoticons or other forms of expression that are common online. However, an unfortunate
consequence of all this is that people do not know how to express themselves properly using
their body language or tone of expression.
In conclusion, because of technology, people have fewer close friends and have less direct
contact with people. This development is negative as it is easier for people to feel lonely
because of this and they are becoming less adept in social situations. Given this situation, it is
recommended that people should seek to spend less time on electronic devices in order to
improve their relationships with others.

Aca Reading & Writing (Book 2)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aca Reading & Writing (Book 2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ACADEMIC

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 18

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 19

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 32

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 45

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 58

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 71

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 83

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 96

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 108

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 120

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 121

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 132

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 146

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 158

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 170

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 171

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 172

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 173

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 174

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 175

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 176

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 177

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 178

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 179

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 180

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 181

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 182

How to “Read” the graph

1. Read the summary and titles first

2. Take a note of categories / units.

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 183

3. Find an interesting “angle” on the data.

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 184

Paragraph 2 : Summarize the visuals

Paragraph 3 and (sometimes)4.

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 185

Write at least 150 words.

The Answer Sheet

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 186

Non-data driven diagrams

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 187

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 188

Task Achievement (TA)

Coherence and Cohesion (CC)

5. Have you organised your information logically?

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 189

Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

1. Have you used a variety of sentence structures?

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 190

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 191

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 192

5 A is [almost/roughly /…] as large/high as B.

2 A is the [second/third] largest/smallest/most significant/most productive/ … + n.

3 A has the [second/third] greatest/widest/ most significant/most productive/ … + n.

Winny Immigration and Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 193

just over 12 percent

12.1% approximately/around/about 12%

a little more than 12%

just below 12%

146kg approximately/around/about 150kg

less than 150kg