Engineering e-Transaction (ISSN 1823-6379)

Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2010, pp 27-34

Online at http://ejum.fsktm.um.edu.my
Received 20 June 2010; accepted 12 July 2010

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

M. A. Wazed1, N. Nafis2, M. T. Islam2 and A. S. M. Sayem3
1
Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture
University of Malaya (UM), Faculty of Engineering
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology (CUET)
Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh
3
Department of Mechanical and Intelligent System Engineering,
Hokkaido University, Japan.
Email: awazed@gmail.com

ABSTRACT averaged over 5% growth in the GDP (Hossain and

Badr, 2007; EIA, 2007). The national currency of the
Only one in five Bangladeshis has access to power.
country is Taka (Tk.), its change rate is US$1 = Taka
Probably, it is more discouraging in the rural areas of
69.04 (as on 20/08/2009).
the Country. People living in the land are observing
serious load shedding due to the generation deficit. The
Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) was
suffering of its citizen could lessen by a proper load
established in 1972 as a public-sector organization. Its
management system. In this paper, the authors have
responsibility includes power generation, transmission
designed and fabricated a circuit that can control
and distribution of electricity throughout the country.
(on/off) distribution line of a specific region based on
Organizational changes were subsequently introduced
the intensity of the daylight (LUX). If the light intensity
to the transmission and distribution sectors. In 1977, the
varies with seasons or some other factors, it is
Rural Electrification Board (REB) was created and in
adjustable. Again if there occurs any damage (short
1991 the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) established
circuit) or if any bulb/tube does not work, it could point
the Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA) to operate
out the location and could provide alarm. The
and develop the distribution system in and around
functioning of the circuit is empirically experienced in
Dhaka and bring about improvements in customer
the 11-kV electric sub-station at CUET campus. It is
service, collection of revenue and lessen the
observed that the circuit is working reliably, and it is
administrative burden on BPDB. To increase the
possible to ameliorate the power management system
efficiency of the distribution system and for better
enormously. The circuit is simple in design, easy to
customer service, the GOB implemented different
fabricate and require few dollars only.
reform programs. As part of such programs, two
Keywords: Energy; Control system; Bangladesh. companies, the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh
(PGCB) and the Dhaka Electric Supply Company
(DESCO), were established in 1996 and 1997,
1. INTRODUCTION respectively (Hossain and Badr, 2007; PDB, 2008). The
The People’s Republic of Bangladesh—a south-Asian distribution network area of DESA has been re-defined,
Country—is located between 2334N and 2638N with some area being allocated to DESCO for better
management. In December 2002, all distribution
latitudes and 8801E and 9241E longitudes. The
networks were transferred to PGCB, which is now the
Indian states west Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam and
sole authority for operation, maintenance and extension
Tripura are on the west, the north and the east borders
of the distribution network in the country (Hossain and
respectively (Hossain and Badr, 2007; BBS, 2008),
Badr, 2007; GPPB, 2007).
sharing 3715.18 km of common border (Islam et al.,
2008). Bangladesh also shares its border with Myanmar
In order to develop the country’s power sector, power
on the southeast corner. In the south, the country has a
generation and distribution were opened to both
long coast along the Bay of Bengal (Hossain and Badr,
national and foreign private investments in 1996. This
2007; BBS, 2008). During the last 5 years, Bangladesh

27
was followed by the formulation of ‘Private Sector
Power Generation Policy of Bangladesh’ by the GOB.
The involvement of Independent Power Producers
(IPPs) was made effective after October 1996. The
country’s first private power plant (with 110MW
installed capacity) started feeding power to the national
grid in October 1998 (Hossain and Badr, 2007; GPPB,
2007; BP, 2006). In summary, the utilities responsible
for generation of electricity are: (i) Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB), which is the largest
authority to generate electricity from the conventional
sources (like indigenous gas, hydro, diesel, furnace oil)
and (ii) Rural Electrification Board (REB), distributing
electricity in the rural areas and generating electricity
through Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
Distribution of electricity to the consumer end is
performed by BPDB, Dhaka Electric Supply Authority
(DESA), Dhaka Electric Supply Company Ltd.
(DESCO) and REB (Islam et al., 2008). The electricity
generation in Bangladesh between 1990 and 2005 is
shown in Figure 1.
25
Electricity generation (tWh)
20
15
10
5
0 sometimes is not sufficient to satisfy the demand of the
1990 1993 1996
Year
Fig. 1 Electricity generation (Terra watt-hour) in
Bangladesh (BP, 2006)
All natural gas fields are situated in the eastern part of
the country. In this part, electricity is generated in
gas-fired thermal power stations and a small percentage
through hydropower. In the western part, imported oil is
used for the generation of electricity. The fuel cost per
kWh of the electricity generated in the western part is
much higher than that in the eastern part. Low-cost
electricity, generated in the eastern part, is transferred to
the western part through the 230kV East–West Inter
connector transmission line. BPDB owns and operate
the high-voltage transmission network throughout
Bangladesh (Hossain and Badr, 2007; PDB, 2008).
Electricity has been generating from natural gas since
1970 and from the last two decades it’s share being
dominating. Generation of electricity from natural gas
was 81.43% of total generation in 2006 (GPPB, 2007).
Table 1 shows the total electricity generation (In
millions of kilowatt hours) and electricity generated
using natural gas (APD, 2007).
Industrial and domestic sectors are the main consumers
of the electricity (Hossain and Badr, 2007; (PDB, 2008).
Only 20% of the population (25% in urban areas and
10% in rural areas) are connected to grid electricity,
with the vast majority (80%) being deprived of
conventional supplies (Hossain and Badr, 2007; EIA,
2007). REB has been supplying electricity to rural areas
through a number of Rural Electrification Societies,
known as ‘Polly Biddut Samity’ (PBS). As of December
2006, 70 of these were operating commercially in the
country. There are 71,41,324 customers (residential
60,56,150; pump for irrigation 1,99,948; commercial
7,53,727; industrial 1,17,586, others 13,913) in 46,523
villages. This required the installation of distribution
lines with a total length of 210,328-km and 328, 33/11
kV grid sub-stations (GPPB, 2007). The consumption
pattern of BPDB’s electricity for fiscal year 2006 is
shown in Figure 2.
Hence energy saving has become a prime priority for
machines working round the clock to provide us various
comforts and necessities. Generation of electricity from
various sources other than thermal generation is
possible but may not be feasible for some situation and
1999 2002 2005 ever increasing population of Bangladesh. Energy
saving is equivalent to the production of energy.
Technology has been also put to work for saving energy.
Street lights have a great demand of energy of the
country. Any loss of power by street light has significant
effects on load management.
Fig. 2 Consumption pattern of electricity under BPDB
in FY 2006 (PDB, 2008).
28
Bangladesh is a developing country. So the energy loss
in distribution system especially in street lights in
Bangladesh must be concerned. But it is very often seen
that most of the lamppost lights remains switched-ON
at day time also. It is one of the sources of power loss
for the country. Hence the main objective of this work is
to design and fabricate an automated control system for
street lights to avoid such power loss. Additionally,
design an alert and protection circuit and cost analysis
are included in this article. Finally the functionality and
reliability of the system is tested by implementing it in
the street light distribution system of Chittagong
University of Engineering & Technology (CUET),
Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh.
2. DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
The control system consists of light sensor, operational
amplifier, switching element, 220V (AC) street line
distribution system, protection circuit and alert system
for faults. The block diagram of the control system is
shown in Figure 3.
This increases flow of current produced by an applied
voltage. The increase of current with increase in light
intensity and the applied voltage is constant. It means
that the resistance of semiconductors decreases with
increase the light intensity. Therefore, these
semiconductors are called photoconductive cells or
photo resistors or Light Dependent Resistors (LDR),
since incident light effectively varies their resistance
(Figure 4). In bright light the resistance of the cell can
be as low as 80 ohm. When the cell is kept in darkness
its resistance is called dark resistance. At 50 LUX
(darkness) the resistance increases to over 1M ohm. The
dark resistance may be as high as 10×1012 Ω. The
sensitivity of photo resistive cell is defined as (Eq.1). A
photoconductor has a relatively large sensitive area. A
small change in light intensity causes a large change in
resistance. It is common for a photoconductive element
to exhibit a resistance change of 1000:1 for a dark to
light irradiance change of 5×10-3 W/m2 to 50 W/m2. The
relationship between irradiance and resistance is,
however, not linear. It is closely an exponential
relationship (Equation 2). The photoconductive cell
suffers from a major disadvantage that temperature
change causes substantial resistance changes for a
particular light intensity. Therefore, this type of
photoconductor is unsuitable for analog application.

Fig. 3 Block diagram of automation of street light

Table 1 The total electricity generation and electricity

generated using natural gas (In millions of kilowatt
hours) (APD, 2007).
1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

Year

Electricity 14,4 15, 17, 12, 13, 14, 15, Fig. 4 Light Dependent Resistors (LDR)
Generation 50 563 021 881 342 067 542
Based on 12,6 13, 13, 11, 11, 12, 13,
R
natural gas 03 266 302 331 548 171 384 S  ........................................... 1
H
A transducer is a device that converts energy from one  t 
 

form to another. In the control system a 
Rt  Ri  R f  Ri 1  e  ................................ 2
 
photoconductive cell is used as a transducer. Electrical  
conduction in semiconductor materials occurs when
Where, ∆R=change in resistance; Ω, and ∆H=change
free charge carrier, e.g. electrons, is available in the
in irradiation; W/m2, Rf = dark resistance, Ω; Ri= final
material and an electric field is applied. In certain
resistance after application of beam, Ω; Rt= resistance at
semiconductors when light energy strike on them in
any time.
correct order of magnitude, they release charge carriers.

29
Operational amplifier has very high voltage gain, very
high input impedance (typically a few mega ohms) very
low output impedance (less than 100 Ω), high
bandwidth and good rejection of common-mode signal.
Typical uses of operational amplifier are to provide
voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity),
oscillators, filter circuits, and many types of
instrumentation circuits. The number 741 has become
very popular among electronic engineers, technicians Fig. 7 Pin diagram of op-741 amplifier
and hobbyists. Often called the `industry workhorse`
because of its unlimited applications, this operational
amplifier IC is currently being manufactured by nearly
all the IC manufacturers of the world. In India it can be
bought for just a much as five rupees. Op-amps have
both voltage and current limitations. Peak-to-peak
output voltage, for example, is usually limited to
slightly less than the two supply voltages. Output
current is also limited by internal restrictions such as
power dissipation and component rating. An op-amp
contains number of differential amplifier stage to vary Fig. 8 Schematic diagram of op-741 amplifier
voltage gain. The authors have used OP-741 Dual Input In this research the authors used two types of switching
Operational Amplifier for this research. The basic elements, namely, electrical and mechanical switch. In
internal arrangement of the OP-741 is shown in Figure electrical switch, bipolar junction transistor 2N2219A is
5. used. The 2N2219A is silicon planar epitaxial NPN
transistors in metal case. It is designed for high speed
A differential amplifier is the input stage for the
switching application at collector current up to 500mA,
operational amplifier. It has two inputs and provides
low leakage currents and low saturation voltage. It is
amplification of the difference voltage between the two
constructed with three doped semiconductor regions
inputs. The voltage amplifier is usually a class A
separated by two p-n junctions. The p-n junction joining
amplifier that provides additional op-gain. Some
the base region and emitter region is called the
op-amps may have more than one voltage amplifier
base-emitter junction and the junction unification of
stage. A push-pull class B amplifier is used for the
base region and the collector region is called the
output stage. A typical connection, pin diagram and
base-collector junction (Figure 9). In order for the
schematic diagram of OP-741 are shown in Figures 6, 7
transistor to operate properly as a switch, the two p-n
and 8 respectively.
junctions must be correctly biased with external dc
voltage.

In mechanical switch, a relay is used for switching.

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current
Fig. 5 Basic internal arrangement of OP-741
flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic
field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. There is no electrical connection inside the
relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and
mechanical. A typical relay and its symbol are shown in
Figure 10.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current,

Fig. 6 Typical connection of operational amplifier typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as
100mA for relays designed to operate from lower

30
voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current
and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC
current to the larger value required for the relay coil.
The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer
IC is 200mA. So these devices can supply to relay coils
directly without amplification. Relays are usually SPDT
or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover
contacts are readily available. Most relays are designed
for PCB mounting. A protection diode across the relay
coil must be connected to prevent. The relay's switch
connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO
(COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the
moving part of the switch; NC = Normally Closed,
COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off; NO
= Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the
relay coil is on).
On the basis of the magnetic system and operation, the
different types of relays are: Mechanical Relay, Solid
State Relay, Neutral Relays, Biased Relays, Polarized
Relays, Magnetic Stick Relays or Perm polarized
Relays, Slow Release Relays and Relays for AC.
Choosing of suitable relay for specific purposes
depends on the physical size and pin arrangement, coil
voltage and resistance, switch rating (voltage and
current) and switch contact arrangement (SPDT, DPDT
etc.). The authors used solid state relay for this research
for the reasons: i) take very little power to operate, ii)
switch on and off almost instantly, iii) do not have
mechanical contacts that get dirty or wear out, iv) silent,
v) capable of switching heavy loads etc.
this protection. Current flowing through a relay coil
creates a magnetic field which collapses suddenly when
the current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the
magnetic field induces a high voltage across the relay
coil which is very likely to damage transistors and ICs.
The protection diode allows the induced voltage to
drive a current through the coil (and diode) so the
magnetic field dies away quickly rather than instantly.
This prevents the induced voltage becoming high
enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs. Street
lights are very important for human. So it should not
turn off at night. An alert system is designed using
BUZZER circuit to alarm when any fault occurs in the
system.
C (Collector)
Base –Collector junction
n
B (Base) p
n
Base –Emitter junction
E (Emitter)
Fig. 9 2N2219A BJT construction

In street light distribution system, short circuit may Fig. 10 (a) Typical 6V (dc) relay, (b) Circuit symbol for
occur in many ways such as storm, fall of lamppost etc. relay
In short circuit condition, a very high current flow
through the relay and the relay become heated. The
control circuit may affected by this high current. So for
safety of the control circuit, the short circuit protection
is needed. A fuse is used for protection against short
circuit. Circuit breaker, magnetic contactor, etc. can be
used for protection against such fault. When high
current flow through the fuse, the fuse wire get heated,
and this heat exceeded its melting point. The fuse wire
burn out and keep the control circuit in safe. Transistors Fig. 11 Protection diodes for relays
and ICs must be protected from the high voltage
produced when a relay coil is switched off. The diagram The equipment needed and the detail circuits diagram
(Figure 11) shows how a signal diode (eg.1N4148) is for the control system is shown in Table 2 and Figure 12
connected 'backwards' across the relay coil to provide respectively. The final circuit board is shown in Figure
13.

31
 Fig. 12 Circuit diagram for automation of street light
Fig. 13 Circuit board
The circuit depends on a light sensitive device called
LDR (light dependent resistor). The resistance of the
LDR depends on the amount of light falling on it. The
snake-like track on the face of the LDR is a cadmium
sulphide (CdS) film. Each side is a metal film which is
connected to terminal leads. The light sensor used is
photocell. In bright light the resistance of the photocell
can be as low as 200 ohm and at 50-lux (darkness) the
resistance increases to over 1M ohm. The 1M control
should provide a wide range for light intensities. The
op-amp senses the voltage difference between pins 2
and 3. Triggers pin 2 high which biases the base of Q1
via pin 6 and R5 and in turn activates the relay. The
control R3 is adjusted so that the relay is off, the output
of the op-amp will be around 2 Volts at light condition.
When it is dark, the resistance of the photocell increases
32
and the difference in input voltage is amplified by the
op-amp, the output will swing towards full supply
voltage (12.08V) and drive the transistor and relay. The
LDR is a regular, general purpose type. D1 serves as a
spark-arrestor when the relay contacts open. The circuit
operates from a 9-12 VDC power supply and the relay
contacts are rated at 220 Vac/2 A. A fuse is connected to
the phase of 220Vac line. When any short circuit occur
the fuse wire will cutoff and transformer primary
winding gets supply. Transformer secondary voltage is
6V. The 6V relay trip by this voltage and normally open
pin of relay and transformer positives are creates short
circuited. This voltage is enough for activated the alarm
circuit.
3. EXPERIMENTS
The designed control system is tested in the Chittagong
University of Engineering & Technology (CUET)
campus for couple of weeks. The experiment section of
the CUET street light distribution system consists of
130 lampposts, 20 light of 80W, 10 light of 250W and
200 lights of 40W each. The total connected load in the
observed section is 12.1 kW. The light distribution
diagram of CUET is shown in Figure 14. Some
observations of the manual and automated on/off timing
in the CUET distribution system are shown in Table 3
and Table 4 respectively.
For manual control of street light, at least one employee
is needed. The salary depends of the geographic
location and skill of the employee. For automated
system no employee is need for ON/OFF the system.
Ignoring the employee cost, in terms of energy saving
the automated system is more beneficial. This design is the light, should keep in a place so that the daylight
so simple, easy to maintain, low cost, high Sensitive, strikes on it etc.
Fast acting, and Reliable. The energy consuming time
for manual and automated system are shown in Table 3 Table 2 List of equipments needed for fabrication, their
and Table 4 respectively. The item wise cost of the model/value, quantity and cost in Tk.
control system is shown in the Table 2. From the tables
it is obvious that huge energy consuming times may be Name Model / Value Quantity Purchase
Price Tk
reduced using the automated system. Additionally the
LDR Light sensor 1 20
unit costs vary as much as few dollars only. Transformer 220Vac/12Vac 1 60
Transformer 220Vac/6Vac 1 60
Operational LM-741 1 15
amplifier
LED 6V 2 2
Variable 50kΩ 1 10
Resistance
Variable 10kΩ 1 10
Resistance
Resistance 1.4kΩ 1 1
Resistance 100kΩ 1 1
Resistance 1kΩ 4 4
Fig. 14 Circuit diagram of lighting system of CUET Capacitor 1000μF 2 8
model Transistor 2N2219A 1 60
Diode IN 4001 5 5
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Relay 12V 1 25
Relay 6V 1 25
However the control system is light sensitive, in Buzzer 12 V 1 30
authors’ observation the circuit is able to work reliably Light (lamp) 100W 1 24
and thereby could reduce the loss of energy by CUET 200
model &
maintaining the appropriate timing for ON/OFF the Other
system. Though the system is a good design output of Total cost (in Bangladeshi currency)= 560
this research, it has few limitations like circuit is light
sensitive, should be adjusted at least twice in a year for

Table 3 Manual ON/OFF timing the test section of the CUET street light distribution system

Light-O Sunset Access time before Light-O Sunrise Access time after
Date N darkness (minutes) FF daylight (minutes)
07/07/2008 6:22 PM 6:47 PM 25 5:59 AM 5:14 AM 45
08/07/2008 6:20 PM 6:47 PM 27 5:44 AM 5:14 AM 30
12/07/2008 6:16 PM 6:46 PM 30 5:46 AM 5:16 AM 30
13/07/2008 6:30 PM 6:46 PM 16 6:11 AM 5:16 AM 55
14/07/2008 6:26 PM 6:46 PM 20 6:02 AM 5:17 AM 45
15/07/2008 6:15 PM 6:45 PM 30 5:32 AM 5:17 AM 15
16/07/2008 6:35 PM 6:45 PM 10 5:53 AM 5:18 AM 35
17/07/2008 6:40 PM 6:45 PM 05 6:13 AM 5:18 AM 55
18/07/2008 6:40 PM 6:45 PM 05 5:34 AM 5:19 AM 15
19/07/2008 6:19 PM 6:44 PM 25 5:54 AM 5:19 AM 35
21/07/2008 6:23 PM 6:43 PM 20 5:55 AM 5:20 AM 35
22/07/2008 6:33 PM 6:43 PM 10 5:55 AM 5:20 AM 35
23/07/2008 6:31 PM 6:43 PM 12 6:06 AM 5:21 AM 45
24/07/2008 6:17 PM 6:42 PM 25 5:47 AM 5:21 AM 26
Total access time 260 Minutes 501 Minutes

33
Table 4 Automatic ON/OFF timing using the control system of the test section

Light-ON Sunset Access time before Light-O Sunrise Access time after
Date time darkness (minutes) FF daylight (minutes)
25/07/2008 6:38 PM 6:42 PM 04 5:25 AM 5:22 AM 03
26/07/2008 6:39 PM 6:41 PM 03 5:26 AM 5:22 AM 04
27/07/2008 6:36 PM 6:41 PM 05 5:28 AM 5:23 AM 05
28/07/2008 6:38 PM 6:40 PM 02 5:27 AM 5:23 AM 04
29/07/2008 6:35 PM 6:40 PM 05 5:30 AM 5:24 AM 06
30/07/2008 6:36 PM 6:39 PM 03 5:28 AM 5:24 AM 04
31/07/2008 6:35 PM 6:39 PM 04 5:30 AM 5:24 AM 06
01/08/2008 6:36 PM 6:38 PM 02 5:28 AM 5:25 AM 03
02/08/2008 6:35 PM 6:38 PM 03 5:29 AM 5:25 AM 04
03/08/2008 6:30 PM 6:37 PM 07 5:30 AM 5:26 AM 04
04/08/2008 6:32 PM 6:36 PM 04 5:29 AM 5:26 AM 03
05/08/2008 6:31 PM 6:36 PM 05 5:30 AM 5:27 AM 03
06/08/2008 6:30 PM 6:35 PM 05 5:31 AM 5:27 AM 04
07/08/2008 6:31 PM 6:35 PM 04 5:30 AM 5:27 AM 03
Total access time 56 minutes 56 minutes

5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper elaborates the design and construction of a
control circuit for automatically ON/OFF the street light
distribution system. The functionality of the system is
tested in the distribution system of Chittagong
University of Engineering & Technology (CUET) for its
campus for couple of weeks. On the basis of experiments
and observations authors would like to conclude that
i. The automated control system is working reliably
so far, though it has few limitations. The
limitations can be controlled by placing the
system in an appropriate location.
ii. The unit is fabricated using very cheap, simple
and available items. The construction is so simple
thus can be reproduced and maintained locally. It
requires only few dollars to fabricate.
iii. The unit can pin-point the place if there occurs
any damage (short circuit) or if any bulb/tube does
not work and thereby provide better service for
the mankind. It is possible to ameliorate the power
management system enormously.
iv. This circuit can be converted with power
electronic devices which makes easier for
implementation and the load carrying capacity
can be increased for implementation for higher
capacity distribution system.
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34