01225020/K/MS/MAY/JUNE 2018

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L

CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE®

EXAMINATION

GEOGRAPHY — PAPER 02

GENERAL PROFICIENCY

KEY AND MARK SCHEME

MAY/JUNE 2018
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Question 3.

Specific Objectives: I—5(a); III–1, 7(a), 7(b), 16

((2016)
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Question 3

P1 P2 P3
(a) Title
Caribbean Immigrants/Migrants in Selected Caribbean
Countries in 2016 (1)

Caribbean Immigrants/Migrants in Caribbean Countries

(2016) (1)

Title must contain reference to Caribbean Migrants or

Caribbean Immigrants + in Caribbean Countries + the
Year.
5
Labelling
Countries identified for each bar (1 mark)

Bar graph
4 bars with correct height — 3 marks
3 bars with correct height – 2 marks
2 bars with correct height – 1 mark

Deduct 1 mark if candidate draws a histogram

P1 = (5 marks)

(b) Physical features:

 Relief (1) — People tend to avoid areas of high

elevation where the slopes are steep and soils are
thin (1). It is difficult to farm and build houses.
These areas are generally inaccessible which make
them unattractive for settlement (1). Areas of low
elevation along the coast or along a river valley
are usually densely populated (1) because they are
more accessible and attractive to settlements.

 Sheltered Areas (1) – Many Caribbean Islands are

impacted by the North East Trade Winds resulting in
the islands having a windward and leeward side (1). 4
The windward side receives strong winds and rain
(1) while the leeward side is drier and the winds
are calmer (1). Population is more concentrated on
the leeward side of the island which is more
sheltered from the winds and rain than the windward
side (1).

 Proximity to the Coast/Sea (1) – Within the

Caribbean population is most concentrated along the
coast (1). Settlements are mainly along the coast
on most islands because the interior is mountainous
or densely forested making those areas
uninhabitable or very sparsely populated (1).
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Question 3 (continued)

Coastal areas provide easy access to transport and

trade as port facilities are located on the coast
(1). Coastal areas also provide persons with a
source of food supply through fishing.

 Water Supply (1) – People tend to settle near rivers

and springs where they have easy access to water
(1). Rivers usually attract people because they
provide a water supply, irrigation for agriculture,
transport and fish (1).

 Drainage (1) – Poorly drained/swampy/morass areas

do not encourage dense settlements (1) e.g. Caroni
Swamp in Trinidad. The land is unstable to build on
and such areas are susceptible to outbreaks of
diseases (1).

 Climate (1) — Heat and moisture are favourable

conditions for settlements in terms of comfort and
making a living and hence some areas in the
Caribbean are densely populated (1). In the
Caribbean, areas of high elevation can be an
attraction for settlement because of the cool
temperatures (1), for example, Mandeville and
Christiana in Jamaica.

 Soils (1) – areas with fertile soils such as the

Caroni and Naparima Plains in Trinidad and along
the south coast of Jamaica support the main
agricultural activity in the country. These areas
also have the highest densities of population (1).
Poor soils cannot produce enough food to support
dense populations and as such are sparsely
populated (1).

 Natural vegetation (1) — marshlands, mangroves

and densely forested areas are usually avoided
and sparsely populated (1). Low lying grasslands
would encourage dense settlements as the areas
can be easily cleared and are accessible (1).

 Resources (1) – Resources such as oil, bauxite

aggregate and other minerals attract people to
settle and exploit them (1). Industries attract
high densities because of employment
opportunities, higher paying jobs and a higher
standard of living (1) e.g. bauxite near
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Question 3 (continued)

Mandeville in Jamaica and petroleum industry at

Pointe-a-Pierre in Trinidad.

Factor identified (1) + influence (1)

Two factors — 2 x 2 marks
P2 = (4 marks)

(c)(i) Push and Pull factors of Caribbean out—migration:

Push factors:
 Lack of educational opportunities (1) – Higher
level educational opportunities in universities and
colleges are expensive and limited in most
Caribbean countries (1). People migrate to
developed countries to pursue their education at
higher levels and to be better qualified in the
hopes of securing higher paying jobs (1).

 Unemployment (1) — Many Caribbean countries suffer

from high rates of unemployment particularly among
young people (1). When people cannot find jobs at
home they migrate to other countries seeking a
better life (1).

 Natural disasters (1) – Natural disasters cause 2

people to leave a country for their safety (1).
The volcanic eruption in Montserrat (1) which
destroyed more than half of the island led to the
migration of about 60% of its population (1).

 Low wages and poor working conditions (1) –

Professionals, such as teachers and doctors earn
low wages and suffer poor working conditions (1) –
Professionals such as doctors, nurses and teachers
migrated in search of higher wages, better working
conditions and professional advancement (1).

 Low standard of living (1) – access to social

facilities, basic amenities/infrastructure and
recreational activities are limited in many
countries (1). People migrate to develop countries
in their desire for a higher standard of living or
better quality of life (1).
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Question 3 (continued)

 Crime and violence (1) – Individuals who have been

victims of crime and violence migrate for the
safety of themselves and their family (1).

 Overcrowding (1) — Countries with high population

densities have little room for a large population
this especially forces young people to migrate (1).

 Political Instability (1) – civil unrest, changes

in governments can cause people to leave the region
in search of a more stable and peaceful life(1).

Any one factor identified (1) + Expansion (1)

P2 = (2 marks)

Pull factors:
 Higher standard of living (1) — workers doing the
same jobs in developed countries earn higher wages
and earn in currencies of higher value (1) so they
are better able to take care of themselves and
their families (1).

 Greater educational opportunities (1) — there are

more educational institutions and study options
available in developed countries (1).
2
 Job opportunities (1) — developed countries offer
a wider range of occupations than those that are
available in Caribbean countries so there is
greater career choices for skilled persons (1).

 Family ties (1) — many persons migrate because they

are going to join family members in the host
countries (1).

Any one factor identified (1) + Expansion (1)

P2 = (2 marks)

Consequences of out—migration:
(ii)  Reduction in population growth (1) — If there is
net outward migration, population growth is
reduced (1). Declining birth rate in the region
as most migrants are young people who raise their
families abroad (1) e.g. in Haiti
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Question 3 (continued)

 Reduction in population size (1) – With the

occurrence of mass evacuations due to natural
disasters and high rates of migration in some
countries, the total population was reduced e.g.
Montserrat, Haiti, Barbuda (1).

 Changes in the age/sex structure (1) – Migration

can affect the age and sex structure of the
population. It is usually the young, working-age
people in a population who migrate (1). Where
large numbers of such persons migrate it leaves a
population made up of primarily the very young and
old age population (1) depending on a reduced
working population. Where migration is higher
among a particular sex it will also affect the sex
structure (1) resulting in the population having
either more males than females or vice versa (1).

 Brain drain (1) — well educated teachers, doctors,

nurses and artisans migrate creating a shortage of
skilled people (1) and greater economic hardships
in the region (1). Young and ambitious people are
more likely to want to migrate (1).

 Remittances (1) — Money sent home by migrants is

a big contributor to foreign exchange in countries
in the Caribbean (1). Remittances are the second
largest contributor to foreign exchange earnings
in Jamaica (1).

 Opportunities for Employment/ Promotion/

Advancement (1) – As skilled persons migrate it
6
leaves their positions open for other people in
the country (1). As such persons who may have
been otherwise unemployed because of the shortage
of jobs they may get an opportunity to be
employed as positions are made vacant by those
who migrated (1).

 Loss of Revenue (1) – As the working population

migrate they will no longer be paying taxes in
their home country (1). This results in a loss of
revenue for the country and can affect available
revenue for public expenditure (1) as tax dollars
are used to invest in public services, amenities
and infrastructure in a country (1).
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Question 3 (continued)

 Closure of businesses (1) – Business owners may

migrate resulting in the closure of their
businesses and increased unemployment (1). Where
there are not enough persons to fill positions or
persons with the required skills, businesses may
also close (1) leading to the contraction or
downturn of the economy (1).

 Increased tourist arrivals (1) – As migrants return

home for holidays and other celebrations they bring
foreign currency and goods (1).

 Disruption in family life (1) – ‘barrel children’

who lack the care and guidance of parents (1)
resulting in some instances of adolescent deviance
and neglect (1). As families are separated there
is a breakdown in the family structure (1), family
ties or bonds are weakened (1) and families break
up as one spouse or parent may migrate leaving the
other behind to carry the responsibilities of the
family (1).

 Repatriated criminals (1) — Criminals with more

sophisticated skills deported to the country add
to the problem of crime and place added pressure
on social services (1).

Consequence identified (1) + Expansion (1)

Three consequences — 3 x 2 marks

Where the consequence and expansion are not well

connected, accept the part of the answer that is
most logical.
P3 = (6 marks)

(d) Physical Factors influencing agriculture:

 Relief (1) — Agriculture does best on flat land

where there are deep fertile soils (1) and easier
movement for machinery such as tractors and
harvesters (1). Hence, commercial arable farming
in the region is done on flat land (1). The
majority of the small (peasant) farms that are
usually less than 2 hectares are located on steep
slopes (1) as they do not have the financial
resources to compete with the commercial farms.
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Question 3 (continued)

Land that is steep usually has thin soils that

are hard to cultivate and are susceptible to
erosion (1).

 Climate/Weather (1) — The Caribbean experiences a

tropical marine climate in which temperatures are
high throughout the year (1). Tropical crops such
as sugar cane, bananas, rice and cocoa grow well
in the region (1).
Rainfall, however, acts as a limiting factor on
the type of crops that may be produced, for
example, bananas grows best in areas that receive
rainfall all year round (1) while sugar cane does
best in areas where there is a distinct dry season
(1). The amount of rainfall on the windward as
versus the leeward side of Caribbean islands also
influences the types of crops grown (1).

 Climate Change (1) – With unusual periods of

drought or prolonged rainfall resulting from
climate change (1) farmers must change or adapt
their agricultural practices (1) to sustain their
productivity and keep their farms viable (1).

 Soils (1) — Deep fertile soils are usually located

in flat areas along the coast (1) or in river
valleys (1). Large farms and plantations that grow
crops mainly for export are located in these areas
(1). In the Eastern Caribbean, fertile volcanic
soils are found on steep slopes (1). These areas
are usually cultivated by small farmers (1).

 Water Sources (1) – the availability of water from

underground sources or rivers that may be used
for irrigation purposes (1) facilitate the
development of large scale agricultural
production (1).

 Availability of land (1) – Most Caribbean

countries are small and do not have large expanses
of land available for agriculture, much of the
land is used for housing (1). The limited land
for agricultural purposes influences the extent
and type of farming that can take place (1).
Large scale commercial farming, that requires
extensive farm sizes, does not take place in most
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Question 3 (continued)

Caribbean countries as the land is not available

(1). Peasant farming on small, fragmented parcels
of land is most common (1. In some cases the
availability of land is made even more limited
when governments pass laws, e.g. against
deforestation or areas are declared as restricted
or reserved from any type of development,
including agriculture (1).

Factor identified (1) + Full elaboration (2):

Any ONE factor – 3 marks
Partial elaboration – 1 mark only

Economic Factors influencing agriculture:

 Markets (1) — Farmers are market driven.

Traditionally the main crops that were produced
for export were sugar cane, bananas, coffee and
cocoa which were exported to Britain and other
European countries (1). The existence of a growing
Caribbean population in the USA and Canada has
created a market for ‘non-traditional’
agricultural products such as yams, pumpkins,
peppers (1) and breadfruit that are now being
exported to satisfy this demand (1).

 Technology (1) – The use of technology has

improved yields in agriculture in the Caribbean
through the production of better seeds and animals
more suited to local conditions (1). There is
great difference between the plantations and
peasant farmers in the use of technology. Peasant
farmers still use hand—held implements such as
machetes, hoes and forks (1). Both large and small
farms lack modern irrigation systems that would
increase production (1).

 Linkage Industries (1) – The raw materials from

agriculture are used in the tourism industry, food
processing and in the manufacture of other
products (1) as a result farmers have a demand
for their crops, they are encouraged to farm on
a large scale (1) and they earn revenue (1) others
are then more inclined or motivated to also get
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Question 3 (continued)

into agriculture as a form of employment and

income (1).

 Employment – Agriculture is a labour intensive

activity that requires a lot of manual workers
(1). It is a source of employment for unskilled
persons (1). Governments encourage the
development of agriculture as it provides
employment to many persons (1); without
agriculture the rate of unemployment would
increase (1).

 Transport (1) – An efficient and reliable

transport system allows the farmers easy access
to their farms and markets (1). Large scale
commercial farms generally have an efficient
system of transport (1). Small farmers who occupy
the more remote sections of their country access
roads that are narrow, winding and unpaved (1).
Many are inaccessible to vehicles so the farmer
has difficulty in accessing the farm and getting
their produce to market (1).

 Lack of capital (1) — Small scale farmers such as

peasant farmers use less capital in their
production than large commercial farms. Peasant
farmers have less access to capital as many do
not have legal ownership of the land they
cultivate (1). Also as subsistence farmers, they 6
do not have enough money to invest in their farms.
They are unable to buy seeds, fertilizer and other
inputs for their crops (1).

 Government Subsidies / Investments(1)-

Organizations and governments can offer loans,
investments and subsidies to farmers (1) to help
them purchase land, machinery and other farm
inputs in order to improve their productivity
and for expansion of their farms (1). Where
farmers are able to produce more at lower costs
they will make greater profits and be more
inclined to further develop their farms (1).

 Availability of Labour (1) – Many persons may not

want to work in agriculture as farming is labour
intensive and wages are generally low (1) as such
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Question 3 (continued)

there is often a shortage of labour for farming

which can affect the productivity of the farms
(1), farms may close or labour may need to be
sourced from abroad resulting in further economic
stress on the industry (1).

 Globalization (1) – Far mers are exposed to new

technologies and farming systems that may improve
their production (1). Globalization has also
resulted in the removal of preferential trade
agreements that has led to the decline in the
production of some crops in the region such as
sugar cane and bananas (1).

 Competitive Prices (1) - Caribbean countries are

unable to compete internationally with the prices
for agricultural products that can be offered by
more developed countries (1). Many countries have
had to diversify agricultural production to non-
traditional crops (1). There has been a reduction
in agricultural production (e.g. sugar) which has
resulted in the increased importation of these
goods (1).

 Income/Revenue Earner (1) – agricultural products

provide exports that earns foreign exchange (1).
Locally produced foods reduces the need for
imports which saves foreign exchange (1).

Factor identified (1) + Full elaboration (2):

Any ONE factor – 3 marks
Partial elaboration – 1 mark only

One physical factor + one economic factor =

3 + 3 marks
P3 = 6 (marks)

Total 25 marks

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