Ke`ptar 7

7.0

`) Mvar`dd o`ss g`d`jka<

c (π^ )
? w0 + w7 ∗ w; (0)
ct

Ajarfy g`d`jka<

c π^ (S; ∗ Sran ) 

K ? w0K (S0 ∗ Sran ) + w7K (S7 ∗ Sran )
ct (7)
∗ w;K (S; ∗ Sran )
Gak`usa π ? kmjst`jt `jc ^ ? ^ ? kmjst`jt, Aq. 0 gakmoas<

w; ? w0 + w7 (;)

g) Nrmo Aq. 7, sugsthtuthjf Aq. ;

c (S; ∗ Sran ) cS;

πK^ ? πK^ ? w0K (S0 ∗ Sran ) + w7K (S7 ∗ Sran )
ct ct (3)
∗ ( w0 + w7 ) K (S; ∗ Sran )

Kmjst`jts K `jc Sran k`j ga k`jkaddac<

cS;
π^ ? w0S0 + w7S7 ∗ ( w0 + w7 )S; (1)
ct

Sea shopdhnhac omcad jmw kmjshsts mjdy mn Aq. 1.

[mduthmj O`ju`d nmr Yrmkass Cyj`ohks `jc Kmjtrmd, 3te achthmj

Kmpyrhfet © 790> gy C`da A. [agmrf, Semo`s N. Acf`r, Cujk`j @. Oaddhke`op,
`jc Nr`jkhs L. Cmyda HHH

7-0
 Cafraas mn nraacmo nmr tea shopdhnhac omcad<

Y`r`oatars < π, ^

^`rh`gdas < w0, w7, S0, S7, S;

JA ? 0
J^ ? 1

Seus, JN ? 1 ‛ 0 ? 3

Gak`usa w0, w7, S0 `jc S7 `ra catarohjac gy upstra`o ujhts, wa `ssuoa

teay `ra bjmwj nujkthmjs mn thoa<

w0 ? w0(t)
w7 ? w7 (t)
S0 ? S0(t)
S7 ? S7(t)

Seus, JN hs racukac tm 9.

7.7

Ajarfy g`d`jka<

c π^ (S ∗ Sran ) 
Kp ? wK p (Sh ∗ Sran ) ∗ wK p (S ∗ Sran ) ∗ Q@s (S ∗ S` ) + P
ct

[hopdhnyhjf

cS
π^K p ? wK p Sh ∗ wK pS ∗ Q@
Q@s (S ∗ S` ) + P
ct
cS
π^K p ? wK p (Sh ∗ S ) ∗ Q@s (S ∗ S` ) + P
ct

g) S hjkra`sas hn Sh hjkra`sas `jc vhka vars`.

S cakra`sas hn w hjkra`sas `jc vhka vars` hn ( Sh ‛ S) 4 9. Hj mtear wmrcs, hn

P : Q@s(S-S`), tea kmjtajts `ra ea`tac, `jc S :Sh.

7-7
7.;

`) O`ss G`d`jkas<

ce0
π@0 ? w0 ∗ w7 ∗ w; (0)
ct

ce7
π@7 ? w7 (7)
ct

Ndmw rad`thmjs<

Dat Y0 ga tea prassura `t tea gmttmo mn t`jb 0.

Dat Y7 ga tea prassura `t tea gmttmo mn t`jb 7.

Dat Y` ga tea `oghajt prassura.

Seaj w7 ? Y0 ∗ Y7 ? πf ( e0 ∗ e7 ) (;)
W7 f k W7

Y0 ∗ Y` πf
w; ? ? e0 (3)
W; f k W;

g) [avaj p`r`oatars< π, @0, @7, f, fk, W7, W;

Nhva v`rh`gdas < e0, e7, w0, w7, w;

Nmur aqu`thmjs

Seus JN ? 1 ‛ 3 ? 0

0 hjput ? w0 (spakhnhac nujkthmj mn thoa)

3 mutputs ? e0, e7, w7, w;

7-;
7.3

@ssuoa kmjst`jt dhquhc cajshty, π . Sea o`ss g`d`jka nmr tea t`jb hs

c (π@e + o f )
? π( q h ∗ q )
ct
Gak`usa π, @, `jc of `ra kmjst`jt, tehs aqu`thmj gakmoas

ce
@ ? qh ∗ q (0)
ct

Sea squ`ra-rmmt rad`thmjsehp nmr ndmw termufe tea kmjtrmd v`dva hs

0/ 7
 πfe 
q ? K v  Yf + ∗ Y`  (7)
 fk 

Nrmo tea hca`d f`s d`w,

( o f / O ) WS
Yf ? (;)
@( E ∗ e)

weara S hs tea `gsmduta taopar`tura mn tea f`s.

ujsta`c y-st`ta omcad upmj sugsthtuthmj mn q nrmo Aq. 7 `jc

Aqu`thmj 0 fhvas tea ujsta`cy-st`ta
mn Yf nrmo Aq. ;<

0/ 7
ce  ( o / O ) W S π fe 
@ ? qh ∗ Kv  f + ∗ Y`  (3)
ct  @( E ∗ e) fk 
Gak`usa tea omcad kmjt`hjs Y`, mpar`thmj mn tea systao hs jmt hjcapajcajt mn Y`.
Nmr `j mpaj systao Yf ? Y` `jc Aq. 7 semws te`t tea systao hs hjcapajcajt mn Y`.

7-3
7.1

`) Nmr dhja`r v`dva ndmw ke`r`ktarhsthks,

Yc ∗ Y0 Y0 ∗ Y7 Y7 ∗ Yn
w` ? , wg ? , wk ? (0)
W` Wg Wk
O`ss g`d`jkas nmr tea surfa t`jbs

co0 co7
? w` ∗ wg , ? wg ∗ wk (7)
ct ct

weara o0 `jc o7 `ra tea o`ssas mn f`s hj surfa t`jbs 0 `jc 7,

raspakthvady.

Hn tea hca`d f`s d`w emdcs, teaj

o0 o7
Y0^0 ? WS0 , Y7^7 ? WS7 (;)
O O

weara O hs tea omdakud`r wahfet mn tea f`s

S0 `jc S7 `ra tea taopar`turas hj tea surfa t`jbs.

[ugsthtuthjf nmr o0 `jc o7 nrmo Aq. ; hjtm Aq. 7, `jc jmthkhjf te`t ^0, S0,
^7, `jc S7 `ra kmjst`jt,

^0O cY0 ^7 O cY7

? w` ∗ wg `jc ? wg ∗ wk (3)
WS0 ct WS7 ct

Sea cyj`ohk omcad kmjshsts mn Aqs. 0 `jc 3.

g) Nmr `ch`g`thk mpar`thmj, Aq. ; hs rapd`kac gy

λ λ
^  ^ 
Y0  0  ? Y7  7  ? K , ` kmjst`jt (1)
 o0   o7 
0/ λ 0/ λ
 Y0^0 λ   Y7^7 λ 
o0 ?    
mr
 K  `jc o7 ?  K  (>)
   

[ugsthtuthjf Aq. > hjtm Aq. 7 fhvas,

0/ λ
0  ^0 λ  cY0
  Y
(0∗ λ ) / λ
?w ∗w
λ  K  0 ct ` g

7-1
 0/ λ
0  ^7 λ  cY7
  Y7
(0∗ λ ) / λ
? wg ∗ wk
λ  K  ct

`s tea jaw cyj`ohk omcad. Hn tea hca`d f`s d`w wara jmt v`dhc, mja wmudc
usa `j `pprmprh`ta aqu`thmj mn st`ta hjsta`c mn Aq. ;.

7.>

`) @ssuopthmjs<

0. A`ke kmop`rtoajt hs parnaktdy

parnaktdy ohxac.
7. π `jc K `ra kmjst`jt.

;. Jm ea`t dmssas tm
tm `oghajt.
Kmop`rtoajt 0<
Mvar`dd g`d`jka (Jm `kkuoud`thmj mn
m n o`ss)<

9 ? πq ∗ πq0 teus q0 ? q (0)

Ajarfy g`d`jka (Jm ke`jfa hj vmduoa)<

cS0
^0πK ? πqK (Sh ∗ S0 ) ∗ Q@(S0 ∗ S7 ) (7)
ct

Kmop`rtoajt 7<

Mvar`dd g`d`jka<

9 ? πq0 ∗ πq7 teus q7 ? q0? q (;)

Ajarfy g`d`jka<

cS7
^7πK ? πqK (S0 ∗ S7 ) + Q@(S0 ∗ S7 ) ∗ Q k @k (S7 ∗ Sk ) (3)
ct

g) Ahfet p`r`oatars< π, ^0, ^7, K, Q, @, Qk, @k

Nhva v`rh`gdas< Sh, S0, S7, q, Sk
Swm aqu`thmjs< (7) `jc (3)

7->
 Seus JN ? 1 ‛ 7 ? ;

7 mutputs ? S0, S7
; hjputs ? Sh, Sk, q (spakhny `s nujkthmjs mn t)

k) Seraa jaw v`rh`gdas< kh, k0, k7 (kmjkajtr`thmj mn spakhas

spakhas @).
@).
Swm jaw aqu`thmjs< Kmopmjajt o`tarh`d g`d`jkas mj a`ke kmop`rtoajt.
k0 `jc k7 `ra jaw mutputs. kh oust ga ` bjmwj nujkthmj mn thoa.

7.6

@s hj [akthmj 7.3.7, teara `ra twm aqu`thmjs nmr tehs systao<

c^ 0
? (w ∗ w)
ct π h

cS wh P
? (Sh ∗ S ) +
ct ^π π^K

Wasudts<

(`) [hjka w hs catarohjac gy eycrmst`thk nmrkas, wa k`j sugsthtuta nmr tehs

v`rh`gda hj taros mn tea t`jb vmduoa `s hj [akthmj 7.3.1 k`sa ;.

c^ 0 ^ 
?  wh ∗ Kv 
ct π @ 

cS ? wh S ∗S ) + P
( h
ct π^ π^K

Sehs da`vas us whte tea nmddmwhjf<

1 v`rh`gdas< ^ , S , wh , Sh , P
3 p`r`oatars< K , π , Kv , @
7 aqu`thmjs

Sea cafraas mn nraacmo `ra 1 ∗ 7 ? ; . Sm o`ba sura tea systao hs spakhnhac, wa

e`va<

7 mutput v`rh`gdas< S , ^

7-6
 7 o`jhpud`tac v`rh`gdas< P, wh
0 chsturg`jka v`rh`gda< Sh

(g) Hj tehs p`rt, twm kmjtrmddars e`va gaaj `ccac tm tea systao. A`ke kmjtrmddar
prmvhcas `j `cchthmj`d aqu`thmj. @dsm, tea ndmw mut mn tea t`jb hs jmw `
o`jhpud`tac v`rh`gda gahjf `clustac gy tea kmjtrmddar. [m, wa e`va

3 p`r`oatars< K , π , Ssp ,^sp

> v`rh`gdas< ^ , S , wh , Sh , P, w
3 aqu`thmjs

Sea cafraas mn nraacmo `ra > ∗ 3 ? 7 . Sm spakhny tea twm cafraas mn nraacmo, wa
sat tea v`rh`gdas `s nmddmws<

7 mutput v`rh`gdas< S , ^
7 o`jhpud`tac v`rh`gdas (catarohjac gy kmjtrmddar aqu`thmjs)< P, w
7 chsturg`jka v`rh`gdas< Sh , wh

7.5

@cchthmj`d `ssuopthmjs<

(h) Cajshty mn tea dhquhc, π, `jc cajshty mn tea kmmd`jt, πL, `ra kmjst`jt.
(hh) [pakhnhk ea`t mn tea dhquhc, K, `jc mn tea kmmd`jt, KL, `ra kmjst`jt.

Gak`usa ^ hs kmjst`jt, tea o`ss g`d`jka nmr tea t`jb hs<

c^
π ? qN ∗ q ? 9 2 teus q ? qN
ct

Ajarfy g`d`jka nmr t`jb<

cS
π^K ? q N πK (SN ∗ S ) ∗ Bq L 9.5 @(S ∗ SL ) (0)
ct

Ajarfy g`d`jka nmr tea l`kbat<

cSL
π L ^L K L ? q L π L K L (Sh ∗ SL ) + Bq L 9.5 @(S ∗ SL ) (7)
ct

7
weara @ hs tea ea`t tr`jsnar `ra` (hj nt ) gatwaaj tea prmkass dhquhc `jc tea
kmmd`jt.

7-5
 Aqs.0 `jc 7 kmoprhsa tea cyj`ohk omcad nmr tea systao.

7.8

@ssuoa te`t tea naac kmjt`hjs mjdy @ `jc G, `jc jm K. Kmopmjajt g`d`jkas nmr
@, G, K mvar tea ra`ktmr fhva.

ck @
^b0a ∗
A / WS
^ ? qh k @h ∗ qk @ ∗ ^b k@
0
(0)
ct

ckG
^ ? qh kGh ∗ qkG + ^ (b0a∗ A / WS k @ ∗ b7a∗ A
0 7 / WS
kG ) (7)
ct

ckK ∗ A7 / WS
^ ? ∗ qk + ^b a k (;)
ct K 7 G

@j mvar`dd o`ss g`d`jka mvar tea l`kbat hjchk`tas te`t qk ? qkh gak`usa tea vmduoa
mn kmmd`jt hj l`kbat `jc tea cajshty mn kmmd`jt `ra kmjst`jt.

Ajarfy g`d`jka nmr tea ra`ktmr<

c (^k @ O @ [ @ + ^kG O G [ G + ^kK O K [K ) S 

? ( qh k @h O @ [ @ + qh kGh O G [ G ) (Sh ∗ S )
ct
∗Q@(S ∗ Sk ) + (∗∎E0 )^b0a ∗ A / WS k @ + (∗∎E 7 )^b7a ∗ A
0 7
/ WS
kG (3)

weara O , O , O `ra omdakud`r wahfets mn @, G, `jc K, raspakthvady

@ G
[@, K[G, [K `ra spakhnhk ea`ts mn @, G, `jc K.
Q hs tea mvar`dd ea`t tr`jsnar kmannhkhajt
@ hs tea surn`ka `ra` mn ea`t tr`jsnar

Ajarfy g`d`jka nmr tea l`kbat<

cSk
π l [ l^ l ? π l [ lq kh (Skh ∗ Sk ) + Q@(S ∗ Sk ) (1)
ct
weara<
πl, [l `ra cajshty `jc spakhnhk ea`t mn tea kmmd`jt.
^l hs tea vmduoa mn kmmd`jt hj tea l`kbat.

Aqs. 0 - 1 raprasajt tea cyj`ohk

c yj`ohk omcad nmr tea systao.

7-8
7.09

Sea pdmts semudc dmmb `s semwj gadmw<

Jmthka te`t tea nujkthmjs `ra mjdy fmmc nmr t ? 9 tm t ? 05, `t wehke pmhjt tea t`jb
hs kmopdatady cr`hjac. Sea kmjkajtr`thmj nujkthmj gdmws up gak`usa tea vmduoa
nujkthmj hs jaf`thva.

7-09
7.00

`)

Jmta te`t tea mjdy kmjsarv`thmj aqu`thmj raquhrac tm nhjc e hs `j mvar`dd

o`ss g`d`jka<

co c (π@e) ce (0)
ct ? ct ? π@ ct ? w0 + w7 ∗w

πf
^`dva aqu`thmj< w ? K v‷ e ? Kv e (7)
fk
πf
weara K v ? K v‷ (;)
fk

[ugsthtuthjf tea v`dva aqu`thmj hjtm tea o`ss g`d`jka,

ce 0
ct ? π@ ( w0 + w7 ∗ Kv e) (3)

[ta`cy-st`ta omcad<

9 ? w0 + w7 ∗ Kv e (1)

w0 + w7 7 . 9 + 0 .7 ; .7 bf/s
g) Kv ? ? ? ? 7.0;
e 7.71 0.1 o0/7

k) Naacnmrw`rc kmjtrmd

7-00
Wa`rr`jfa Aq. 1 tm fat tea naacnmrw`rc (NN) kmjtrmddar rad`thmj,

w7 ? Kv eW ∗ w0 weara eW ? 7.
7.71
71 o

w7 ? (7.0;)(0.1) ∗ w0 ? ;.7 ∗ w0 (>)

Jmta te`t Aq. >, nmr ` v`dua mn w0 ? 7.9, fhvas

w7 ? ;.7 ‛0.7 ? 7.9 bf/s wehke hs tea cashrac v`dua.

Hn tea `ktu`d NN kmjtrmddar nmddmws tea rad`thmj, w7 ? ;.7 ∗ 0.0w0 (ndmw

tr`jsohttar 09% ehfear), w7 whdd ke`jfa `s smmj `s tea NN kmjtrmddar hs
turjac mj,

w7 ? ;.7 ‛0.0 (7.9) ? ;.7 ‛ 7.7 ? 0.9 bf/s

(hjsta`c mn tea kmrrakt v`dua, 0.7 bf/s)

Seaj K v e ? 7.0; e ? 7.9 + 0.9

;
mr e ? ? 0.395 `jc e ? 0.85; o (hjsta`c mn 7.71 o)
7.0;

7.71 ∗ 0.85;
Arrmr hj cashrac davad ? Ö099% ? 00.8%
7.71

7-07
 Sea sajshthvhty cmas jmt dmmb tmm g`c hj tea sajsa te`t ` 09% arrmr hj ndmw
oa`suraoajt fhvas ~07% arrmr hj cashrac davad. Ganmra o`bhjf tehs
kmjkdushmj, emwavar, mja semudc keakb emw wadd tea mpar`thjf NN
kmjtrmddar wmrbs nmr ` ke`jfa hj w0 (a.f., ∎w0 ? 9.3 bf/s).

7.07

`) Omcad mn t`jb (jmro`d mpar`thmj)<

ce
π@ ? w0 + w7 ∗ w; (Gadmw tea da`b pmhjt)
ct
ω (7) 7
@? ;.03 o 7
? ω ? ;.03
3

ce
(599)(;.03) ? 079 + 099 ∗ 799 ? 79
ct

ce 79
? ? 9.
9.99
9968
68>7
>7 o/oh
o/ohj
j
ct (599)(;.03)

Shoa tm ra`ke da`b pmhjt (e ? 0 o) ? 071.> ohj.

g) Omcad mn t`jb whte da`b `jc w0 , w7 , w; kmjst`jt<

ce
π@ ? 79 ∗ c q3 ? 79 ∗ π(9.971) e ∗ 0 ? 79 ∗ 79 e ∗ 0 , e ≡ 0
ct

Sm keakb nmr mvarndmw, mja k`j shopdy nhjc tea davad eo `t wehke ce/ct ?
9. Se`t hs tea o`xhouo v`dua mn davad weaj jm mvarndmw mkkurs.

9 ? 79 ∗ 79 eo ∗ 0 mr eo ? 7 o

Seus, mvarndmw cmas jmt mkkur nmr ` da`b mkkurrhjf gak`usa eo 4 7.71 o.

7-0;
7.0;

Omcad mn prmkass

Mvar`dd o`tarh`d g`d`jka<

π@S ce ? w0 + w7 ∗ w; ? w0 + w7 ∗ K v e (0)
ct

Kmopmjajt<

c (ex; )
π@S ? w0 x0 + w7 x7 ∗ w; x;
ct

cx; ce
π@S e + π@S x; ? w0 x0 + w7 x 7 ∗ w; x;
ct ct

[ugsthtuthjf nmr ce/ct (Aq. 0)

cx;
π@S e + x; ( w0 + w7 ∗ w; ) ? w0 x0 + w7 x7 ∗ w; x;
ct

cx;
π@S e ? w0 ( x0 ∗ x; ) + w7 ( x7 ∗ x; ) (7)
ct

cx; 0
mr ? Rw0 ( x0 ∗ x; ) + w7 ( x7 ∗ x; )_ (;)
ct π@S e

`) @t hjhth`d sta`cy st`ta ,

w; ? w0 + w7 ? 079 + 099 ? 779 Bf/ohj

779
Kv ? ? 0>>.;
0.61

g) Hn x0 hs succajdy ke`jfac nrmo 9.1 tm 9.> whtemut ke`jfhjf ndmwr`tas, teaj

davad rao`hjs kmjst`jt `jc Aq.; k`j ga smdvac `j`dythk`ddy mr juoarhk`ddy
tm nhjc tea thoa tm `kehava 88% mn tea x; raspmjsa. Nrmo tea o`tarh`d
g`d`jka, tea nhj`d v`dua mn x; ? 9.111. Seaj,

cx; 0
? R079(9.> ∗ x; ) + 099(9.1 ∗ x; )_
ct (599)(0.61)ω

7-03
 0
? R(67 + 19) ∗ 779x; )_
(599)(0.61)ω

? 9.
9.97
9766;5∗ 9.
66;5 9.91
9199
9979
79x;

Hjtafr`thjf,
x; n t
cx;
∢ 9.97
9.9766
x; m
;5 ∗ 9.91
66;5 9.9199
9979
79x
? ∢ ct
; 9

weara x;m?9.1 `jc x;n ?9.111 ‛ (9.111)(9.90) ? 9.138

[mdvhjf,

t ? 36.37 ohj

k) Hn w0 hs ke`jfac tm 099 bf/ohj whtemut ke`jfhjf `jy mtear hjput v`rh`gdas,

teaj x; whdd jmt ke`jfa `jc Aq. 0 k`j ga smdvac tm nhjc tea thoa tm `kehava
88% mn tea e raspmjsa. Nrmo tea o`tarh`d g`d`jka, tea nhj`d v`dua mn tea
t`jb davad hs e ?0.33> o.

ce
599ω ? 099 + 099 ∗ Kv e
ct

ce 0
?  799 ∗ 0>>.; e 
ct 599ω  

? 9.968166 ∗ 9.9>>0>8 e

weara em?0.61 `jc en ?0.33> + (0.33>)(9.90) ? 0.3>9

Gy ushjf tea O@SD@G kmoo`jc mca31 ,

t ? 077.68 ohj

Juoarhk`d smduthmj mn tea mca hs semwj hj Nhf. [7.0;

7-01
 0.5

0.6

e(o)

0.>

0.1

0.3
9 19 0 99 01 9 79 9 7 19 ;9 9
thoa (ohj)
Nhfura [7.0;. Juoarhk
Juoarhk`d
`d smduthmj mn tea
tea mca nmr p`rt
p`rt k)

c) Hj tehs k`sa, gmte e `jc x; whdd ga ke`jfhjf nujkthmjs mn thoa. Searanmra,

gmte Aqs. 0 `jc ; whdd e`va tm ga smdvac shoudt`jamusdy. [hjka
kmjkajtr`thmj cmas jmt `ppa`r hj Aq. 0, wa wmudc `jthkhp`ta jm annakt mj
tea e raspmjsa.

7.03

`) Sea cyj`ohk omcad nmr tea keaomst`t hs fhvaj gy<

? rf ∗   U
cU cU N
Kadds< ^ ? ^rf ∗ NU mr (0)
ct ct ^ 

Yrmcukt< ^ cY ? ^rp ∗ NY mr cY ? rp ∗  ^N  Y (7)

ct ct  

c[ 0
[ugstr`ta< ^ ? N ([ n ∗ [ ) ∗ ^rf
ct XU / [

mr

?  ( [ n ∗ [ ) ∗
c[ N 0 0
rf ∗ rY (;)
ct ^  XU / [ XY / [

g) @t sta`cy st`ta,

7-0>
 cU
?9 ∳ rf ? CU
ct
teaj,
±U ? CU ∳ C?± (3)

@ shopda naacg`kb str`tafy k`j ga hopdaoajtac weara tea frmwte r`ta

hs kmjtrmddac gy o`jhpud`thjf tea o`ss ndmw r`ta, N, sm te`t N/^ st`ys

kmjst`jt.

k) V`semut mkkurs hn cU/ct hs jaf`thva nmr `j axtajcac parhmc mn thoa2

te`t hs,

rf ∗ CU 4 9 mr C:±

Seus, hn C : ± tea kadds whdd ga w`seac mut.

c) @t sta`cy st`ta, tea cyj`ohk omcad fhvaj gy Aqs. 0, 7 `jc ; gakmoas<

9 ? rf - CU CU ? rf (1)

9 ? rp - CY CY ? rp (>)

0
9 ? � ∗  ∗  (6)
/ 

Nrmo Aq. 1,
CU ? rf (5)
Nrmo Aq. 6

rf ? X U / [ ( [ ∗ [ ) C (8)

[ugsthtuthjf Aq. 8 hjtm Aq. 5,

CU ? X U / [ ( [ ∗ [ ) C (09)

Nrmo Aq. 3
CB [
[ ?
±o`x ∗ C

7-06
 [ugsthtuthjf teasa twm aqu`thmjs hjtm Aq. 09,

 CB [ 
CU ? XU / [  [ n ∗ C (00)
 ± o`x ∗ C 

Nmr Xx/s ? 9.1, [n ? 09, Bs ? 0, U ? 7.61, δo`x ? 9.7, tea nmddmwhjf pdmt k`j ga
fajar`tac g`sac mj Aq. 00.

Nhfura [7.03. [ta`cy-st`ta kadd prmcukthmj r`ta CU `s ` nujkthmj mn chduthmj r`ta C.

-0
Nrmo Nhfura [7.03, w`semut mkkurs `t C ? 9.05 e wehda tea o`xhouo
-0
prmcukthmj mkkurs `t C ? 9.03 e . Jmthka te`t o`xhouo `jc w`semut pmhjts
`ra c`jfarmusdy kdmsa tm a`ke mtear, sm spakh`d k`ra oust ga t`baj weaj
hjkra`shjf kadd prmcukthvhty gy hjkra`shjf tea chduthmj r`ta.

7-05
7.01

`) Va k`j `ssuoa te`t π `jc e `ra `pprmxho`tady kmjst`jt. Sea cyj`ohk

omcad hs fhvaj gy<

cO
r
c
?∗ ct ? b@ks (0)
Jmthka te`t<
cO c^
O ? π^ ∳ ?π (7)
ct ct

c^ cr cr
^ ? ωr 7 e ∳ ? (7ωre) ?@ (;)
ct ct ct
[ugsthtuthjf (;) hjtm (7) `jc teaj hjtm (0),

cr cr
∗ π@ ? b@ks ∳ ∗π ? bks
ct ct
Hjtafr`thjf,

r bks t bk s
∢r m
cr ?∗
π ∢9 ct ∳ r (t ) ? rm ∗
π
t (3)

Nhj`ddy,

O ? π^ ? πωer 7

teaj
7
 bk 
O (t ) ? πωe rm ∗ s t 
 π 

g) Sea thoa raquhrac nmr tea phdd r`chus r tm ga racukac gy 89% hs fhvaj gy
Aq. 3<

bk s 9.8rm π (9.8)(9.3)(0.7)
9.0rm ? rm ∗ t ∳ t ? ? ? 13 ohj
π bk s (9.90>)(9.1)

Searanmra, t ? 13ohj.

7-08
7.0>

Nmr ^ ? kmjst`jt `jc N ? 9, tea shopdhnhac cyj`ohk omcad hs<

cU [
? rf ? ± o`x U
ct Bs +[

cY ? rp ? XY / U ± o`x [ U
ct Bs +[
c[ 0 0
?∗ rf ∗ rY
ct XU / [ XY / U

[ugsthtuthjf juoarhk`d v`duas<

cU [U
? 9 .7
ct 0+ [

cY [U
? (9.7)(9.7)
ct 0+ [
c[
? 9.7
[U ∗ ∗
0 9.7 
ct 0 + [  9.1 9.0 

Gy ushjf O@SD@G, tehs systao mn chnnarajth`d aqu`thmjs k`j ga smdvac. Sea thoa
tm `kehava ` 89% kmjvarshmj mn [ hs t ? 77.01 e.

Nhfura [7.0>. Nac-g`tke ghmra`ktmr cyj`ohk gae`vhmr.

7-79
7.06

(`) Qshjf ` shopda vmduoa g`d`jka, nmr tea systao weaj tea cr`hj hs kdmsac
(q ? 9)

 ℊ

? 0 (0)

[mdvhjf tehs MCA whte tea fhvaj hjhth`d kmjchthmj fhvas ` eahfet te`t hs hjkra`shjf
`t ` r`ta mn 9.71 nt/ohj.

[m tea eahfet hj tehs thoa r`jfa whdd dmmb dhba<

(g) tea cr`hj hs mpajac nmr 01 ohjs2 `ssuoa ` thoa kmjst`jt hj ` dhja`r
tr`jsnar nujkthmj mn ; ohjs, sm ` sta`cy
sta`c y st`ta hs assajth`ddy ra`keac. (; 4 t 4 05).
@ssuoa te`t tea prmkass whdd raturj tm hts pravhmus sta`cy st`ta hj `j axpmjajth`d
o`jjar, ra`kehjf >;.7% mn tea raspmjsa hj teraa ohjutas.

7-70
(k) tea hjndmw r`ta hs cmugdac nmr > ohjutas (05 4 t 4 73)

Sea eahfet semudc rhsa axpmjajth`ddy tmw`rcs ` jaw sta`cy st`ta v`dua cmugda te`t
mn tea sta`cy st`ta v`dua hj p`rt g), gut ht semudc ga `pp
`pp`rajt
`rajt te`t tea eahfet cmas
jmt ra`ke tehs jaw sta`cy
sta`cy st`ta v`dua `t t ? 73 ohj.. Sea jaw sta`cy st`ta wmudc
ga 0 nt.

(c) tea hjndmw r`ta hs raturjac tm hts mrhfhj`d v`dua nmr 0> ohjutas (73 4 t 4 39)

7-77
Sea fr`pe semudc semw `j axpmjajth`d cakra`sa tm tea pravhmus sta`cy st`ta mn 9.1
nt. Sea hjhth`d v`dua semudc kmhjkhca whte
whte tea nhj`d v`dua nrmo p`rt (k).

Yutthjf `dd tea fr`pes tmfatear wmudc dmmb dhba tehs<

7-7;
7.05

Y`r`oatars (nhxac gy cashfj prmkass)< o, K, oa, Ka, ea, @a.

K^s< S `jc Sa.

Hjput v`rh`gdas (chsturg`jka)< w, Sh. Hjput v`rh`gdas (o`jhpud`tac)< P.

Cafraas mn nraacmo ? (00->) (juogar mn v`rh`gdas) ‛ 7 (juogar mn aqu`thmjs) ? ;

Sea teraa hjput v`rh`gdas (w, Sh, P) `ra `sshfjac `jc tea rasudthjf systao e`s zarm
z arm
cafraas mn nraacmo.

7-73
7.08

(`) Nhrst wa shoud`ta ` stap ke`jfa hj tea v`pmr ndmw r`ta nrmo 9.9;; tm 9.
9.931
931
;
o /s.
Sea rasudthjf pdmts mn xC `jc xG `ra semwj gadmw.

Nhfura< Ydmt mn xC, xG, `jc ^ varsus thoa nmr ` stap ke`jfa hj ^ nrmo 9.9;; tm 9.931
o;/s.

Gy ax`ohjhjf tea rasudthjf c`t`, wa k`j nhjc tea sta`cy-st`ta v`duas mn xC `jc xG
ganmra `jc `ntar tea stap ke`jfa hj ^.

[t`rt Ajc Ke`jfa

xC 9.51 9.6; -9.07

xG 9.01 9.9919 -9.031

(g) Jaxt wa shoud`ta ` stap ke`jfa hj tea naac kmopmshthmj (zN) nrmo 9.1 tm 9.11.
;

Jmta te`t tea v`pmr ndmw r`ta, ^, hs sthdd sat `t 9.931 o /s.

7-71
Nhfura< Ydmt mn xC, xG, `jc zN varsus thoa nmr ` stap ke`jfa hj zN nrmo 9.1 tm 9.11

Gy ax`ohjhjf tea rasudthjf c`t`, wa k`j nhjc tea sta`cy-st`ta v`duas mn xC `jc xG
ganmra `jc `ntar tea stap ke`jfa hj zN.

[t`rt Ajc Ke`jfa

xC 9.6; 9.59 +9.9>>

xG 9.9919 9.99>5 +9.9905

(k) Hjkra`shjf ^ k`usas xC `jc xG tm cakra`sa, wehda hjkra`shjf zN k`usas gmte

xC `jc xG tm hjkra`sa. Sea o`fjhtuca mn tea annakt hs fra`tar nmr ke`jfhjf ^
te`j nmr ke`jfhjf zN. Veaj ke`jfhjf ^, xG ke`jfas omra quhkbdy te`j xC.

7-7>
 7.79

(`) Nhrst wa shoud`ta ` stap ke`jfa hj tea Nuad F`s Yurhty (NF]pur) nrmo 0 tm
9.81.
Sea rasudthjf pdmts mn Mxyfaj Axht Kmjkajtr`thmj (K]M7) `jc Eycrmk`rgmj
Mutdat Saopar`tura (S]EK) `ra semwj gadmw.

Nhfura< Ydmt mn K]M7, S]EK, `jc NF]pur varsus thoa nmr ` stap ke`jfa hj NF]pur nrmo 0
tm 9.81.

Gy ax`ohjhjf tea rasudthjf c`t`, wa k`j nhjc tea sta`cy-st`ta v`duas mn K]M7 `jc
S]EK ganmra `jc `ntar tea stap ke`jfa hj NF]pur.

[t`rt Ajc Ke`jfa

K]M7 9.87 0.9> 9.03

S]EK >98 181 -03

(g) Jaxt wa shoud`ta ` stap ke`jfa hj tea Eycrmk`rgmj Ndmw W`ta (N]EK]sp)

nrmo
9.81. 9.9;1 tm 9.9;51. Jmta te`t tea Nuad F`s Yurhty, NF]pur, hs sthdd sat `t

7-76
Nhfura< Ydmt mn K]M7, S]EK, `jc N]EK]sp varsus thoa nmr ` stap ke`jfa hj N]EK]sp
nrmo 9.9;1 tm 9.9;51.

Gy ax`ohjhjf tea rasudthjf c`t`, wa k`j nhjc tea sta`cy-st`ta v`duas mn K]M7 `jc
S]EK ganmra `jc `ntar tea stap ke`jfa hj N]EK]sp.

[t`rt Ajc Ke`jfa

K]M7 0.9> 0.9> 9

S]EK 181 167 -7;

(k) Cakra`shjf NF]pur k`usas K]M7 tm hjkra`sa, wehda S]EK cakra`sas.

Hjkra`shjf N]EK]sp k`usas S]EK tm cakra`sa wehda
we hda K]M7 st`ys tea s`oa.
Sea ke`jfa hj S]EK mkkurs omra quhkbdy weaj ke`jfhjf N]EK]sp varsus
ke`jfhjf NF]pur.

7-75
7.70

Sea bay tm tehs prmgdao hs smdvhjf tea o`ss g`d`jka mn tea t`jb hj a`ke p`rt.

O`ss g`d`jka<

c
( π @e) ? π qh ∗ π qm
ct

- π (cajshty) `jc @ (t`jb krmss-sakthmj`d `ra`) `ra kmjst`jts, tearanmra<

ce
@ ? qh ∗ qm
ct

- Sea prmgdao spakhnhas q hs dhja`rdy rad`tac tm tea t`jb eahfet

m

0
qm ? e
W

ce 0
@ ? qh ∗ e
ct W

- Jaxt, wa k`j mgt`hj W (v`dva kmjst`jt) nrmo tea sta`cy st`ta hjnmro`thmj hj tea
prmgdao

ce
ct ?9 `t sta`cy st`ta

0
9 ? qh ∗ e
W

0
9 ? 7∗ (0)
W

0 nt 7
∳ ? 7 W ? 9.1
W ohj

- Hj `cchthmj, wa k`j nhjc te`t

7-78
 ? @W ? ( 3 )   ? 7
0
σ ohj
7

Y`rt `

ce
@ ? qh ∗ qm (O`ss G`d`jka)
ct

ce
3 ?7 ([ap`r`gda MCA)
ct

0
∢ ce ? ∢ 7 ct
0
e(t ) ? t +K e(9 ) ? 0
7

0
e(t ) ? t +0 9≣t 4;
7

7-;9
Y`rt g

ce 0
@ ? qh ∗ e (O`ss G`d`jka)
ct W

ce
3 ? 7 ∗ 7e
ct

ce 0 0
+ e? ([mduthmj gy hjtafr`thjf n`ktmr ? at / 7 )
ct 7 7

0
∢ c ( a t/ 7 e) ? ∢7 a t/7
ct
ct

ea
t/7
? 0at / 7 + k e(;) ? 7.1

e ? 0 + ka ∗t / 7

7.1 ? 0 + ka∗;/ 7

k ? 0.1a;/ 7

e(t ) ? 0 + (0.1)a ∗ ( t ∗;) / 7 ; ≣ t 4 05

Y`rt k

ce
3 ? 3 ∗ 7e (O`ss g`d`jka)
ct

ce + 0 e ? 0 ([mduthmj gy hjtafr`thjf n`ktmr)

ct 7

∢ c (a t/7
e) ? ∢ 0at / 7 ct e(05) ? 0

- Oatemc hs s`oa `s p`rt g.

e(t ) ? 7 ∗ a ∗ ( t ∗05) / 7 05 ≣ t 4 ;;

7-;0
Y`rt c

[`oa `s p`rt g whte e (;;) ? 7

e(t ) ? 0 + a ∗ ( t ∗;;) / 7 ;; ≣ t ≣ 19

7-;7
7.77

Sm smdva tea prmgdao, wa st`rt gy

g y wrhthjf tea o`ss g`d`jka nmr a`ke t`jb 0-3.
0 -3.
Sm wrhta tea o`ss g`d`jka nmr a`ke t`jb, wa st`rt whte tea omst fajar`d nmro,
weara tea ke`jfa hj o`ss hj tea t`jb mvar thoa hs aqu`d tm tea o`ss ndmwhjf hjtm
tea t`jb ohjus tea o`ss ndmwhjf mut mn tea t`jb. Sea fajar`d nmro mn tea
aqu`thmjs `ra semwj gadmw, weara h raprasajts tea t`jb juogar (0, 7, ;, 3). Sea
o`ss k`j ga wrhttaj `s tea cajshty oudthpdhac gy tea t`jb vmduoa, `jc tea o`ss
ndmw r`tas k`j ga wrhttaj `s tea cajshty
caj shty oudthpdhac gy tea vmduoatrhk ndmw r`ta.

c ( π^h )
? π qhj ,h ∗ π qmut ,h
ct

Vhte cajshty `ssuoac kmjst`jt mvar thoa, ht k`j ga puddac mut mn tea carhv`thva.
@dsm, wa wrhta tea vmduoa mn tea t`jb `s tea eahfet mn dhquhc hj tea t`jb, e h,
oudthpdhac gy tea krmss-sakthmj`d t`jb `ra`, @h.

π @h c ( eh )
? π qhj ,h ∗ π qmut ,h
ct
@h c ( eh )
? qhj,h ∗ qmut ,h
ct

Sea ndmw axhthjf a`ke t`jb termufe tea gmttmo k`j ga wrhttaj `s<

qaxht ,h ? Kh eh

Veara Kh hs tea prmpmrthmj`dhty kmjst`jt nmr a`ke t`jb.

t`j b.

Wasudts<

`) Sea nhj`d aqu`thmjs nmr tea eahfet mn dhquhc hj a`ke t`jb `ra semwj gadmw.

7-;;
 ce0 K0 K; λ0
?∗ e0 + e; + N0 (0)
ct @0 @0 @0
ce7 K7 K3 λ7
?∗ e7 + e3 + N7 (7)
ct @7 @7 @7
ce; K; (0∗ λ 7 )
?∗ e; + N7 (;)
ct @; @;
ce3 K3 ( 0 ∗ λ0 )
?∗ e3 + N0 (3)
ct @3 @3

g) Jmw wa k`j sugsthtuta λ 0 ? λ 7 ? 9.1

ce0 K0 K; 9. 1
?∗ e0 + e; + N0
ct @0 @0 @0
ce7 K7 K3 9. 1
?∗ e7 + e3 + N7
ct @7 @7 @7
ce K 9. 1
ct
;
?∗ ;
@; e; + @; N
7

ce3 K3 9. 1
?∗ e3 + N0
ct @3 @3

Sea chnnarajth`d aqu`thmjs nmr tea t`jb eahfets `ra kmupdac, sm tea eahfets
k`jjmt ga smdvac nmr mr kmjtrmddac hjcapajcajtdy. N0 `jc N7 k`j ga usac tm
kmjtrmd e; `jc e3 hjcapajcajtdy, gut e0 `jc e7 whdd ga `nnaktac hj `j
ujkmjtrmddac o`jjar.

k) Hj tea axtraoa k`sa weara λ 0 ? λ 7 ? 9 , wa fat<

ce0
ct
? ∗ K@0 e0 + K@; e;
0 0
ce7 K7 K3
?∗ e7 + e3
ct @7 @7
ce; K; N7
?∗ e; +
ct @; @;
ce3 K3 N0
?∗ e3 +
ct @3 @3

Seasa aqu`thmjs o`ba sajsa whte tea prmkass ch`fr`o gak`usa jmw N0 `jc
N7 mjdy `nnakt t`jbs e ; `jc e3 chraktdy (teay jm dmjfar ndmw hjtm t`jbs 0
`jc 7 `t `dd). Emwavar, N0 `jc N7 hjchraktdy `nnakt t`jbs 0 `jc 7 termufe e;
`jc e3.

7-;3