BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Q1 A dozen approximately spherical apples, 10 cm in diameter are taken from a 30˚C
environment and laid out on a rack in a refrigerator at 5˚C. They have approximately
the same physical properties as water, and h is approximately 6 W/m2K as the result of
natural convection.
a) What will be the temperature of the centers of the apples after an hour?
b) How long will it take to bring the centers to 100C?
How much heat will the refrigerator have to carry away to get the centers to 100C?

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

A1a) After 1 hour, or 3600 s:
Fo = αt/r2 = (k/ρc)20˚C(3600 s/0.05 m2) = 0.208

Furthermore, Bi-1 = (hr0/k)-1 = 2.01.

We use these values to get Θ from the charts.

Θ = 0.85

After an hour, Tcenter = 0.85(30 − 5) + 5 = 26.3˚C

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

b)
To find the time to bring the center to 10˚C, we first calculate

Θ = (10 − 5)/(30 - 5) = 0.2

Since Biot number is still unchanged, we now obtain the value of Fo from the charts.

We get Fo=1.29.

Thus αt/r2 = 1.29 => t = 22,300 s = 6.2 hours.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

c)
Now, with Bi = 1/(2.01) and Fo = 1.29, we find the dimensionless heat loss from the sphere to be 0.8.

Now, plugging in the values, we get energy removal per apple to be 43.668 kJ.

Hence the total energy removal = 524 kJ.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Q2 A highway made of asphalt is initially at a uniform temperature of 55°C. Suddenly the highway surface temperature
is reduced to 25°C by rain. Determine the temperature at the depth of 3 cm from the highway surface and the heat
flux transferred from the highway after 60 minutes. Assume the highway surface temperature is maintained at 25°C.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Q2
k _
𝛼 = ρ𝐶 = 3.186 × 10 8 𝑚2/𝑠
𝑝

𝑊
T t − T0 𝑥 𝑘 = 0.062 ρ = 2115 kg/m3 Cp = 920 J/kg·K
= e𝑟𝑟 𝑓 = 0.04772 𝑚. 𝐾
Ti − T0 2 𝛼𝑡
Ti = 55 °𝐶 T0 = 25 °𝐶

k(Ti − T0)
Q=
𝜋𝛼𝑡

Answers: 53.6°C, 98 W/m2

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Q3 Metal plates (k = 180 W/m·K, ρ = 2800 kg/m3, and Cp = 880 J/kg·K) with a thickness of 2 cm exiting an oven are
conveyed through a 10-m long cooling chamber at a speed of 4 cm/s. The plates enter the cooling chamber at an
initial temperature of 700°C. The air temperature in the cooling chamber is 15°C, and the plates are cooled with
blowing air and the convection heat transfer coefficient is given as a function of the air velocity h = 33V0.8, where h
is in W/m2·K and V is in m/s. To prevent any incident of thermal burn, it is necessary to design the cooling process
such that the plates exit the cooling chamber at a relatively safe temperature of 50°C or less. Determine the air
velocity and the heat transfer coefficient such that the temperature of the plates exiting the cooling chamber is at
50°C.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 V 0.02A
𝐿𝑐 = = = 0.01
𝐴𝑠 2A
.
hAs 33V0 8ai𝑟
𝑏= =
ρ𝑉𝐶𝑝 ρ𝐿𝑐𝐶𝑝
10 m
Duration of cooling, t = = 250 𝑠
0.04 𝑚/𝑠

T t − Tinf
= exp(−𝑏𝑡)
Ti − Tinf
_1
𝑏 = 0.0119 𝑠
𝑊
𝑘 = 180 ρ = 2800 kg/m3 Cp = 880 J/kg·K
𝑚. 𝐾
h𝐿𝑐 . 𝑊
𝐵𝑖 = = 0.0163 ℎ = 33V0 8ai𝑟 2 Ti = 700 °𝐶 Tinf = 15 °𝐶
k 𝑚 .𝐾

Answer: 15.3 m/s, 293 W/m2·K

*Image source: Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications. Yunus Cengel, Afshin Ghajar BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Q3 . A person is found dead at 5pm in a room whose temperature is 20°C. The temperature of the body is measured to
be 25°C when found, and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 8 W/m2·K. Modelling the body as a 30-cm-
diameter, 1.70-m-long cylinder and using the lumped system analysis as a rough approximation, estimate the time
of death of that person. Hint: Most of a human body is water.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Q3 V πr2L
𝐿𝑐 = = = 0.0689 𝑚
𝐴𝑠 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝐿)
hAs _ _
𝑏= = 2.79 × 10 5 𝑠 1
ρ𝑉𝐶𝑝
ρ = 996 kg/m3 Cp = 4178 J/kg·K
T t − Tinf 𝑊
= exp(−𝑏𝑡) ℎ=8 Ti = 37 °𝐶 Tinf = 20 °𝐶
Ti − Tinf 𝑚2 . 𝐾

𝑡 = 43863 𝑠 = 12.18ℎ𝑟

Answer: Around 4:50 AM

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Q6 The process of manufacturing ancient Samurai swords is an art by itself. The metal is heated, folded,
beaten, and formed, over and over, to create a blade of remarkable toughness and flexibility. When the
blade is formed to its final configuration, a tapered sheath of clay is baked on the outside of it. The red-
hot blade with the clay sheath is then subjected to a rapid quenching, which cools the uninsulated
cutting edge quickly and the back part of the blade very slowly. The result is a layer of case-hardening
that is hardest at the edge and less hard at points farther from the edge. The blade is then tough and
ductile, so it will not break, but has a fine hard outer shell that can be honed to sharpness. The success
of the process actually relies on the failure of the cooling to penetrate the clay very deeply in a short
time.
The sword is going to be made out of wrought iron. It has a thermal diffusivity of 1.5*10-5 m2/s and a
thickness of 3 mm. If the value of hexternal is ∞, estimate the time required for the metal to quench,
assuming no clay coating exists.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

A6 The sword will remain semi-infinite until ∂99 = half-thickness.

erf(x/2√(αt)) = 0.99

Hence, x/2√(αt) = 1.8214 => x = ∂99 = 3.6428√(αt).

In other words, the local value of (T −T∞) is more than 99% of (Ti −T∞) for positions in the slab beyond farther from the
surface than ∂99.

Now, from this equation, we calculate the value of t to be 0.045s.

Thus the quench would be felt at the centerline of the sword within only 0.045 s. in reality, since the thermal diffusivity of
clay is smaller than that of steel by a factor of about 30, the quench time of the coated steel must continue for over 1 s
before the temperature of the steel is affected at all, if the clay and the sword thicknesses are comparable.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Extra Class: 16/2/2024

Q5) A cylinder ingot 10𝑐𝑚 diameter and 30𝑐𝑚 long passes through a heat treatment
furnace which is 6m in length. The ingot must reach a temperature of 800𝑜𝐶 before it
comes out of the furnace. The furnace gas is at 1250𝑜𝐶 and the ingot initial temperature
is 90𝑜𝐶. What is the maximum speed with which the ingot should move in the furnace to
attain the required temperature? The combined radiative and convective surface heat
transfer coefficient is 100W/𝑚2 𝑜𝐶. Take: k (steel) = 40W/𝑚2 𝑜𝐶 and 𝛼 (thermal
diffusivity of steel) = 1.16 × 10−5𝑚2/𝑠.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Solution

𝑑 = 10𝑐𝑚 = 0.1𝑚; 𝐿 = 30𝑐𝑚 = 0.3𝑚; Length of the furnace = 6𝑚;

𝑇𝑜 = 1250𝑜𝐶; 𝑇(𝑡) = 800𝑜𝐶; 𝑇∞ = 90𝑜𝐶;
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 of ingot passing through the furnace =?
ℎ = 100𝑤/𝑚2 𝑜𝐶; 𝑘(steel) = 40𝑤/𝑚𝑜𝐶; 𝛼(steel) = 1.16 × 10−5𝑚2/𝑠

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

As 𝐵𝑖 ≪ 0.1 , Then internal thermal resistance of the ingot for conduction heat
flow can be neglected.
∴The time versus temperature relation is given as:

𝐵𝑖 × 𝐹𝑜 = 0.0536 × 0.02526 𝜏 = 1.354 x 10−3𝜏 = 0.001354𝜏

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Q7 When a liquid is superheated to a temperature somewhat above its boiling point, a
small gas or vapour cavity in the liquid will grow. Evaluate the radius if the air bubble
formed while superheating water to 150˚C after 3.14 seconds.
(ρ=1.10 kg/m3, α=0.16 mm2/s,
k=0.6 W/mK, hfg=2200 kJ/kg)

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

A7 When a liquid is superheated to a temperature somewhat above its boiling point, a small gas
or vapor cavity in that liquid will grow. That is what happens in the superheated water at the
bottom of a teakettle.

This bubble grows into the surrounding liquid because its boundary is kept at the saturation
temperature, Tsat, by the near-equilibrium coexistence of liquid and vapor.

Therefore, heat must flow from the superheated surroundings to the interface, where
evaporation occurs. As long as the layer of cooled liquid is thin, we should not suffer too much
error by using the one-dimensional semi-infinite region solution to predict the heat flow.

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Thus, we can write the energy balance at the bubble interface:

Rearranging and substituting for q, we get:

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Integrating this, we get:

Plug in the values to get the final result (62 mm).

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2D Heat Conduction:

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus