MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY

12-CHHIP
 CLASSROOM RULES
1. Rule #1: Listen carefully
★ Students should learn to listen in class when the teacher or other classmates is
talking.

2. Rule #2: Raise your hand

★ Raise your hand if you wish to speak, answer or be heard.

3. Rule #3: Follow Directions

★ When instructions are given, follow it and do the necessary.

4. Rule #4: Tell the Truth

★ Be honest always. Even if others cannot, even if others will not.
WHAT IS MIL (Media & Information,
Literacy)?
When introducing yourself..

★ Your name
★ Age
★ What’s the most unforgettable information you
know of?
Last One Standing

Stand up. Think of one fact that you know about

Media and Information and share it with everyone.
Once you have shared something, take your seat
and listen to what the rest of the class has to
share. The goal is to avoid being the last one
standing.
 FILM FEST (SHS WEEK)
★ Divide each class into two groups (The teacher will be the one to provide the members)
★ Each group will have a mix of boys and girls (division of editors, videographers, etc. will
be done by class)
★ Each group will have their own genre based from what they’ve picked (It will be provided
by the teacher)
★ Groups should decide who will be their leader.

Do’s & Don’ts

❏ Avoid the use of evident suicidal, violent or bloody scenes. You may include it but do not
make it a highlight.
❏ Majority of the language used should be English (Vernacular/bisaya is allowed)
❏ The film should be 15 minutes long.
❏ Shooting of the scenes should only be inside the campus.

Create a synopsis of your film

Submission: Feb 5, 2024
WHAT IS MEDIA?

Provide another example of media

WHAT IS MEDIA LITERACY?
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
WHAT IS INFORMATION LITERACY?
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY
MEDIA AND INFORMATION PLAY SEVERAL ROLES
★ The following are:
BASIC CONCEPTS
 MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
The linear model of communication is used to explain how a
single message is transmitted. It explains how a sender
distributes the message and how the receiver obtains the
message.
Examples:

Newsletter/
Email marketing Speech Television and radio content Newspaper or
print materials
How does Linear Model of Communication work?

SENDER = The sender represents the person who initiates the communication.
= The message represents any verbal or nonverbal message that a sender
MESSAGE communicates to a receiver.

CHANNEL = The channel in linear communication refers to the method the sender chooses
before communicating.
 NOISE = Noise refers to any external or internal thing that changes the message, interferes
with the channel, impacts the interpretation or alters the meaning.

RECEIVER = The receiver in linear communication is the recipient of messages from the
sender.

RAISE YOUR HAND!

What are the benefits of Linear Models of

Communication?

Developing marketing, Identifying potential noise Planning for intentional

sales and public relations results
efforts
INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
The Interactional Model of Communication is a
back-and-forth communication process that involves the
exchange of ideas, messages and information two or more
sources.
Examples:

Talking Emails Text messages Video

Conference Social media Group work Chatrooms
post projects
 It involves an active exchange between two or more parties, where each party takes turns as
the sender and receiver of the message. This model emphasizes the importance of feedback
and interaction in communication

RAISE YOUR HAND!

What could be the pros & cons of Interaction Model
of Communication?
 PROS CONS
1. Increased flexibility 1. Requires more effort

2. More effective communication 2. Time-consuming

3. Improved problem-solving 3. Sensitivity and emotional risks

4. Higher levels of trust 4. Difficulties in measuring success

The interactive communication model, two or more sources actively exchange

information with one another in a turn-based fashion. Both parties act as
senders and receivers to ensure the message is successfully conveyed.

This model is based on nonstop feedback and discourse, utilized in various

situations, from talks to emails, text messages, social media platforms, and group
tasks.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
The Transaction Model of communication describes
communication as a process in which communicators
generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural
contexts.
Examples:

Video Text messages Phone calls Social media

F2F Emails Group work Brainstorming
Conference post
Discussions projects
 Transaction Model considers how social, relational, and cultural
contexts frame and influence communication encounters.

Social context: refers to the stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication.

Relational includes the previous interpersonal history and type of relationship you have with
context: a person.

Cultural includes various aspects of identity such as gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation,
context: class, and ability.
This model, we don’t just communicate to exchange messages; we communicate to:

● Create relationships.
● Form intercultural alliances.
● Shape self-concept.
● Engage with others in dialogue to create communities.

In short, we don’t communicate about our realities; communication helps to construct our realities.

RAISE YOUR HAND!

PROS CONS

1. Effective two-way communication 1. Such as an inaccurate representation of thoughts and feelings

2. The ability to receive feedback 2. Misinterpretation of messages

3. Open dialogue 3. Difficulty in expressing complex ideas

4. Better problem-solving 4. Difficulties in mass in communication

LINEAR MODEL OF
INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION OF COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION EXPLAINED
Media & Information
Languages
TODAY’S PRESENTATION

★ Codes, Conventions &

Messages
★ Audience, Producers &
Other stakeholders
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
★ Identify codes, convention and message and how they
affect the audience, producers and other stakeholders.
★ Reflect on how important information can be conveyed to
create the desired impression.
 LET’S DEFINE
AUDIENCE- This pertains to a group of spectators in a public event.
Examples:
1. Attendees of a painting exhibit
2. An assembled group of music enthusiasts who are attending a
concert or musical performances
3. A collected readers of a literary work

In essence, the audience of different media platforms are the readers

of print media, TV, viewers, moviegoers, and Internet users. Producers
of media target these audiences by catering to their interests and
providing platforms that would suit their needs and preferences.
 LET’S DEFINE
STAKEHOLDERS- These are a group of people or organization that has the
same interest or concern with a particular group. This group’s objectives,
policies and actions should meet and satisfy the needs of stakeholders and take
their interests or concerns into consideration.

Examples: Customers, Employees, Suppliers, Owners, Investors, etc.

The audience of different media platforms can also be deemed as stakeholders

since they are the direct beneficiaries of what the media produce. Producers
regard the audience and stakeholders as valued clients or customers who
patronize what they offer.
 PRODUCERS OF MEDIA

Authors and journalists deliver news and other information to the

readers, may it be on print or via the internet. Editors will collaborate
with them to ensure that the material is well organized and free from
content or grammatical errors.

Broadcast media includes TV, radio, and film. Directors create films,
TV programs and radio shows and work alongside talents or
performers so that they could provide viewers with quality shows.
 GUIDELINES FOR MEDIA PRODUCERS
Based on the recommendations from the 1947 Hutchins
Commission, guidelines for journalists and broadcasters were
set so that they would have accountability on their profession.
Later on, the 1947 Hutchins Commission became known as the
Commission on Freedom of the Press. Below is a summarized
version of these guidelines:

1. As professionals, they have an obligation to society to use

their freedom of expression responsibly. They should not
abuse this freedom, or use this power for exploitation or
self-interest.
 GUIDELINES FOR MEDIA PRODUCERS
2. They should prioritize the welfare of the society over their
careers.

3. They should present news that is accurate, objective and

meaningful.

4. They should express unbiased points of view, comments, and

criticisms.

5. They should represent marginalized people like the minority

groups.
 CODES OF ETHICS FOR MEDIA PRODUCERS

CODES - pertain to a set of standards, principles and policies that

practitioners of a particular sector should observe. A duly recognized
organization composed of practitioners from that profession form the code of
ethics. Following these codes will maintain professionalism and ensure that
tasks will be carried out efficiently and effectively.

ETHICS- On the other hand, is a set of values observed by an individual

based on grounded principles. Therefore, the codes of ethics serves as a guide
for professionals on how they should properly conduct their work.
 SPJ CODE OF ETHICS
The members of the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) believe that justice and democracy
are important for the public’s enlightenment. To carry this out, practitioners from their field should
observe ethical journalism.

Ethical Journalism ensures that the delivery of information is accurate, fair and thorough.

The SPJ cited four principles as the foundation of ethical journalism so that journalists and
practitioners in the field of media will act with integrity. The following are:

1. Seek truth and report it. Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering,
reporting and interpreting information.
2. Minimize harm. Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings
deserving of respect.
3. Act independently. Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public’s
right to know.
4. Be accountable and transparent. Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners,
viewers, and each other.

With guidelines set for media providers and producers, they would know what is expected of them
to deliver.
 EXAMPLE: (The Propaganda Movement)

The well-educated middle class during the

Spanish period called ilustrados studied in
prestigious universities here and abroad. They
formed the Propaganda Movement which
aimed for the equal rights of Filipinos back
then. Our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal,
spearheaded the movement, together with
Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez
Jaena.

To carry out their goal, they established the

newspaper La Solidaridad (The Solidarity). Its
first printed copy came out on Feb. 15, 1889 in
Barcelona, Spain. Graciano was its first
editor. La Solidaridad published articles and
essays on cultural, economic, political and
social issues in the Philippines.
 MEDIA LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

As a democratic country, Article III of the 1987 Constitution bestows to

Filipino citizens the Bill of Rights. Hence, any person, organization or group
that violates these rights is subject to legal sanction as it is the primary duty
of the State to uphold the law and protect its people.

Some laws require just payment for the use of media platforms and the
proper acknowledgement of ownership. Penalties or fines are also given for
the abuse and misuse of media and information.
 MEDIA is a very powerful tool for
communication since it can send information
instantly. Therefore, it can be subjected to
misuse. Code and guidelines serve as
vanguards to protect its stakeholders from
abuse.
CODES CODES

These are systems of signs that when put

together create a meaning.

Semiotics- study of signs

Technical
Symbolic
codes
codes
Written
codes
SYMBOLIC CODES
SYMBOLIC CODES
SYMBOLIC CODES
SYMBOLIC CODES
WRITTEN CODES
WRITTEN CODES
WRITTEN CODES
WRITTEN CODES
TECHNICAL CODES
Legal & Ethical Issues in
Media & Information
TODAY’S PRESENTATION

★ Copyright
★ Fair use
★ Plagiarism
★ Netiquette
★ Digital Divide
★ Internet and Computer
Addiction
★ Bullying
★ Virtual self
 COPYRIGHT

❏ A copyrighted material is protected by

law and cannot just be used and
reproduced without permission.
Otherwise, violation of such can merit
legal sanctions.

❏ There are authors who allow others to

use their work freely, provided that
proper citation is credited to them.
Others, however, ask first for an
honorarium before allowing the use of
their material.

Examples of copyright: books, musical scores,

maps and also artworks like paintings,
sculptures, images & drawings.
 FAIR USE
❏ Fair use refers to the copying of a
copyrighted material, with the purpose of
using it for a review, commentary, critic,
or parody, without the need to ask
permission from the copyright owner.

❏ Fair use is also applicable when you cite a

few lines from a song of a famous
celebrity as an introduction to a book
review. It keeps users from legal suit of
copyright infringement.
Examples of materials that are not part of
Copyright infringement:
1. Comment
2. News reporting
3. Teaching
4. Scholarly works
5. Research
 PLAGIARISM

❏ According to University of Oxford,

presenting work or ideas from
another source as your own, with or
without consent of the original
author, by incorporating it into your
work without full acknowledgement.

❏ More serious offenses in which the

plagiarist earns money of more than
$2,500(130k) can result in a felony
conviction with fines up to
$250,000(13M) and a jail term up to 10
years.
 NETIQUETTE

❏ Netiquette is a combination of
the words network and etiquette
and is defined as a set of rules
for acceptable online behavior.

❏ Similarly, online ethics focuses on

the acceptable use of online
resources in an online social
environment.
Examples:
1. Respect privacy
2. Not a keyboard warrior
3. Avoid using all caps
4. Avoid spamming
5. Think before posting
 DIGITAL DIVIDE

❏ Pertains to the gap on the kind of

information which can be accessed and
the available form of communication
that is allowed to be distributed.

❏ Countries such as China, Japan and

North Korea

Examples of Digital Divide:

1. Poor broadband infrastructure
2. Low education levels
3. Digital illiteracy
 VIRTUAL SELF

❏ Pertains to one’s representation in the

virtual world, which exists online and is
only available once a person is
connected to the Internet. We also
sometimes call this profile or character.

❏ Examples of Virtual self: Bitmoji, Avatar,

etc.

What more?
 INTERNET & COMPUTER ADDICTION

❏ Addiction refers to a condition in which

a person seems to have lost control over
an action or behavior, which mental
health practitioners deemed as
self-destructive.

Examples of Internet & Computer addiction:

1. Playing too much computer games
2. Addiction to online shopping (obsessive
compulsive buyers)
3. Updating status or tweets every after 10
mins
4. Checking out their friends’ posts

What more?
 CYBERBULLYING

❏ Cyberbullying is bullying that takes

place over digital devices like cell
phones, computers, and tablets.

❏ Cyberbullying can occur through SMS,

Text, and apps, or online in social
media, forums, or gaming where
people can view, participate in, or
share content.

❏ Cyberbullying includes sending,

posting, or sharing negative, harmful,
false, or mean content about someone
else.