12-04-2023

Dozers
• Dozers are tractor units that has a blade attached to the machines

Construction Equipment front.

• They can be crawler or wheel mounted types.

Management
• These machines are used to provide tractive force for dozing, land
clearing, ripping, towing other pieces of construction.

CMT 522
Session 3
Dozers and Dozer Production- Illustration

Crawler Mounted Dozer Wheel Mounted Dozer

Aritra Halder
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor | School of Construction

Comparison of Dozer Types Functions of Dozer

Wheel Dozer Crawler Dozer
• Can work on a variety of soils; sharp edged pieces not as • Moving earth or rock for short haul distances (up to 91 m in case of large
• Good on firm soils, concrete and abrasive soils that have no
destructive to the dozer, though fine sand will increase running
sharp-edged pieces.
gear wear. dozers)
• Best for level and downhill work. • Can work over almost any terrain. • Spreading earth or rock fills.
• Wet weather causing soft and slippery surface will slow or stop
work.
• Can work on soft ground and over mud slick surfaces. • Backfilling trenches.
• Concentrated wheel load provides compaction and kneading
• Exerts very low ground pressure due to track configuration. • Opening up pilot roads through mountain or rocky terrains.
action to ground surface.
• Good for long travel distances. • Good for short work distances. • Clearing up floors of borrow and quarry pits.
• Best in handling loose soils. • Can handle tight soils. • Helping load tractor-pulled scrapers.
• Fast return speeds (8-26 mph) • Slow return speed (5-10 mph) • Clearing land of timber and root mat.
• Can handle moderate blade loads. • Can push large blade loads.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

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Dozer Blades Blade Adjustments

• Tilt: This movement is within the vertical plane of the
• A dozer blade consists of a Steel Board with replaceable blade. It permits the concentration of dozer driving
cutting edges and side bits. power on a limited portion of the blade’s length.
• The cutting edges and side bits are made of hardened
heavy duty steel and are bolted to the steel board.
• The Blade is attached to the dozer through a push arm,
• Pitch: This is a pivotal movement about the point of
tilt cylinder and C-Frame. connection between the dozer and the blade. When
the top of the blade is pitched forward, the bottom
• Pitching, tilting and angling adjustments can be done in
the blades.
moves backward and vice versa. This increases the
angle of cutting edge attack.
• Horse Power Per Foot of blade (hp/ft) or Watt per meter
of blade (cutting ratio) Provides an indication of the
ability of the blade to penetrate and obtain a load. • Angling: Turning the blade along the vertical axis of
• Horse power per loose cubic yard (hp/cubic yard) or Watt the blade on the horizontal plane. It is done so that
per cubic meter (load ratio) measures the blade’s ability the blade is oblique to the direction of the dozer’s
to push a load. travel. The material pushed this way tend to roll off
to the trailing end. (side casting)
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Types of Dozer Blades Use of Dozers

• Land Clearing
The Universal (U) Blade • Stripping
• Backfilling
The Angle (A) Blade
The Straight (S) Blade
• Spreading
• Sidehill cuts
Rake • Digging
• Breaking Pile
• Raking
The Cushion (C) Blade
The Semi-U (SU) Blade The V Blade

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

2

Improving Loader Production
• Slot Dozing
• Blade to Blade Dozing
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor
• Field measurements:
– a. Measure the height (H) of the pile at the
Blade Capacity inside edge of each track.
– b. Measure the width (W) of the pile at the
inside edge of each track.
– c. Measure the greatest length (L) of the pile.
• Manufacturer's blade rating: This will not necessarily be at the middle.
– Blade load (Icy) = O.0139HWL
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor
12-04-2023
Slot Dozing and Blade to Blade Dozing
• Slot Dozing: Slot dozing is the technique whereby the blade end spillage from the first pass or the
sidewalls from previous cuts are used to hold material in front of the dozer blade on subsequent
passes. When employing this method to increase production, align cuts parallel, leaving a narrow
uncut section between slots. Then, remove the uncut sections by normal dozing. The technique
prevents spillage at each end of the blade and usually increases production by about 20%. The
production increase is highly dependent on the slope of the push and the type of material being
pushed.
• Blade-to-Blade Dozing: Another technique used to increase bulldozer production is blade-to-blade
dozing. The technique is sometimes referred to as side-by-side dozing. As the names imply, two
machines maneuver so that their blades are right next to each other during the pushing phase of the
production cycle. This reduces the side spillage of each machine by 50%.The extra time necessary to
position the machines together increases that phase of the cycle. Therefore, the technique is not
effective on pushes of less than 50 ft because of the excess maneuver Time required. When machines
operate simultaneously, delay to one machine is in effect. a double delay. The combination of less
spillage but increased maneuver time tends to make the total increase in production for this
technique somewhere between 15 and 25%.
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor
Dozer Production Estimation
• Factors affecting Production
– Blade Type
– Material Type and Condition
– Cycle Time
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
=
𝑝𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) + 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) + 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛)
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor
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1 mile = 5290 ft
Rule-of thumb formula proposed by International
Illustration 1
Harvester (IH)
×
• Production (Icy per 60-min hr) =

• Where,
– net hp = net horsepower at the flywheel for a power-shift crawler dozer
– D = one-way push distance, in feet

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Caterpillar-Developed Production Factors Caterpillar Correction Factors

• 1. A 60-min hour (100% efficiency).
• 2. Power-shift machines with 0.05-min fixed
time.
• 3. The machine cuts for 50 ft, then drifts the
blade load to dump over a high
• wall.
• 4. A soil density of 2,300 lb per lcy.
• 5. Coefficient of traction:
– a. Track machines-O.5 or better
– b. Wheel machines-OA or better*
• 6. The use of hydraulic-controlled blades.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

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 12-04-2023

Material Weight Correction Factor Steps to Calculate Dozer Production

• Calculate ideal maximum production from • Determine the Product of the Correction
the chart (Q) Factors (C)
• Apply • Determine the Dozer Production by
– Material-Weight Correction Factor multiplying Q with C.
– Operator Correction Factor • Determine the Total Cost to Operate the
– Material-Type Correction Factor Dozer
– Material-Type Correction Factor • Determine the Direct Unit Production Cost
– Visibility Correction Factor
– Efficiency Factor
– Machine Transmission Factor
– Blade Adjustment Factor
– Grade Correction Factor: (-) Favorable or ( + )
Unfavorable

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Illustration 2
• Caterpillar D7G crawler dozer with a straight blade for which the specification
information is given in Table 7.2 and the performance chart is shown in Fig, 7.13.

Thank You!
This will be a slot-dozing operation. The material is a dry, non-cohesive silty
sand, and it is to be moved a distance of 300 ft from the beginning of the cut.
Dozing is downhill on a 10% grade. The operator will have average skill, the
dozer will have a power-shift transmission. and both visibility and traction
should be satisfactory. The material weighs 108 lb per cf in the bank state and is
estimated to swell 12% when excavated (bank to loose state). Job efficiency is Contact Me
at
assumed to be equivalent to a 50-min hour. Calculate the direct cost of the ahalder@nicmar.ac.in
proposed earthmoving operation in dollars per bcy. Assume that the owning +91-8504017164
and operating (0&0) cost for the dozer is $32.50 per hour and the operator's
wage is $14.85 per hour.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor