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Tests conducted on UHPFRC.

Ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) is an advanced
type of concrete known for its exceptional strength, durability, and other enhanced
properties. Testing UHPFRC involves various standard procedures to ensure that it
meets specified requirements. Here are some common tests conducted on ultra-
high-performance reinforcement concrete:
1. Compressive Strength Test:
2. Flexural Strength Test:
3. Tensile Strength Test:
4. Splitting Tensile Strength Test:
5. Durability Tests:
6. Abrasion Resistance Test:
7. Shrinkage Test:
8. Modulus of Elasticity Test:
9. Bond Strength Test:
10. Workability and Flowability Tests:

Compressive Strength Test:

The compressive strength test is a fundamental and crucial test for assessing the
mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance-fiber-reinforced concrete
(UHPFRC). Following are the steps that are followed in the compressive strength
test conducted on UHPFRC:

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1. Specimen Preparation: UHPFRC specimens are usually cast in the form of

Cubes. The size for UHPFRC cubes is often 100 mm in length,100 mm in breadth
and 100 mm in height. Molds should be carefully prepared and coated with a form
release agent to ensure easy demolding.
2. Material Mixing: UHPFRC is prepared by thoroughly mixing its components,
which typically include cement, silica fume, fine & coarse silica sand,
superplasticizer, Ice cubes, and Steel fibers. Mixing should be performed using
specialized equipment to achieve homogeneity.
3. Casting: The mixed UHPFRC is poured into the prepared molds in layers, and
each layer is compacted to ensure proper consolidation and eliminate air voids.
Vibrating the molds during casting helps in achieving a dense and uniform mixture.
4. Curing: The cast specimens are cured using steam curing (At 90 degree Celsius).
They are covered with trampoline sheets and steam is released in that covered
room. For 48 hours
5. Demolding: After the curing period, the specimens are carefully demolded, taking
care not to damage the surfaces.
6. Testing: The prepared specimens are placed in a compression testing machine. A
gradual and continuous load is applied until failure, and the maximum load at failure
is recorded.
Failure of Specimen: The cube specimen is leads to failure by showing cracks to
the side faces of the cube. No sudden failure is observed in UHPFRC cubes.

Results: Compressive Strength of obtained is 160 MPa

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Capillary Absorption Test:(NF P18-459)

Capillary absorption is a test that measures the ability of a material, such as Ultra-
high-performance-fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), to absorb water through
capillary action. This test helps assess the permeability and porosity of the material,
which are important factors in evaluating its durability and resistance to water
ingress.
Materials and Equipment:
1. UHPFRC specimens (cylindrical or prismatic samples).
2. Drying oven.
3. Sensitive balance.
4. Graduated cylinder or similar measuring equipment.
5. Water.
Test Setup:
Sample Preparation: Prepare UHPFRC specimens in the desired shape and
dimensions. Standard cylindrical or prismatic samples are commonly used.
Conditioning: Cure the UHPFRC specimens using the recommended curing
conditions specified in the mix design.
Drying: Allow the specimens to air-dry or use a drying oven until a constant mass is
achieved. This ensures that the specimens are completely dry and have stabilized in
weight.
Test Execution:
Initial Mass Measurement: Weigh each dried UHPFRC specimen using a sensitive
balance. Record the initial mass as M1.
Water Immersion: Immerse the dried UHPFRC specimens in water to a specified
depth (usually up to 5 mm) for a predetermined time.
Capillary Absorption: After the immersion period, remove the specimens from
water and allow them to stand vertically in a controlled environment.
Mass Measurements: At regular time intervals (e.g., 30 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours),
weigh each specimen to measure the absorbed water. Record the mass at each time
interval (Mt)
Calculation: Calculate the capillary absorption at each time interval using the
formula: Capillary Absorption=Mt-M1/A
Plotting: Plot the capillary absorption against time to observe the absorption trend
over time.

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Rapid Chloride Migration Test:(XP P18-462)

Chloride migration testing on Ultra-high-performance-fiber-reinforced concrete
(UHPFRC) is essential for assessing the material's resistance to chloride ion
penetration, which is critical for the long-term durability and corrosion resistance of

reinforced or prestressed concrete structures. One common method for evaluating

chloride migration is the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT). The test is based
on standards such as ASTM C1202/C1202M.
Materials and Equipment:
1. UHPFRC specimens (cylindrical or prismatic samples).
2. Chloride solution.
3. DC power supply.
4. Voltmeter.
5. Reference electrode.
6. Counter electrode.
7. Conductive paste.
8. Conductive rubber gaskets.
Test Setup:
Sample Preparation: Prepare UHPFRC specimens in the required shape and
dimensions. Standard cylindrical specimens are often used.
Conditioning: Cure the UHPFRC specimens using the recommended curing
conditions specified in the mix design.
Electrode Installation: Attach the reference and counter electrodes to the UHPFRC
specimen. Ensure good electrical contact using conductive paste and rubber
gaskets.
Chloride Solution: Prepare a chloride solution with a known concentration.
Test Execution:

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Immersion: Immerse the UHPFRC specimen in the chloride solution for a specified
duration. This allows chloride ions to penetrate the concrete.
Electrical Migration: Apply a DC voltage across the specimen. Chloride ions
migrate towards the positive electrode under the influence of the electric field.
Monitoring Voltage: Measure the voltage drop across the specimen over time using
the voltmeter.
Calculation: Calculate the migration coefficient using the collected data. The
migration coefficient is an indicator of the ability of the concrete to resist chloride ion
penetration.

Flexure Strength Test:

The flexural strength test, also known as the bending or modulus of rupture test, is
conducted to assess the ability of ultra-high-performance-fiber-reinforced concrete
(UHPFRC) to withstand bending or flexural stress. The test is particularly important
in applications where UHPFRC elements are subjected to bending loads, such as in
beams or slabs. Following are the seps followed in flexure strength test of UHPFRC.
1. Specimen Preparation: UHPFRC specimens for flexural strength testing are
typically prismatic beams or rectangular bars. The dimensions and aspect ratio may
vary based on specific standards or project requirements. The specimens are cast in
molds and cured under standard conditions.
2. Material Mixing: UHPFRC is prepared by thoroughly mixing its components,
which typically include cement, silica fume, fine & coarse silica sand,
superplasticizer, Ice cubes, and Steel fibers. Mixing should be performed using
specialized equipment to achieve homogeneity.

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3. Casting: Pour the UHPFRC mixture into the molds in layers, compacting each
layer to ensure proper consolidation and the elimination of air voids. Vibrating the
molds during casting helps in achieving a dense and uniform mixture.
4. Curing: The cast specimens are cured using steam curing (At 90 degree Celsius).
They are covered with trampoline sheets and steam is released in that covered
room. For 48 hours
5. Demolding: After the curing period, demold the specimens carefully to avoid any
damage.
6. Testing: The flexural strength test is typically conducted using a three-point or
four-point bending setup. Place the prepared specimen on the support span and
apply a load at the center until failure. The load and corresponding deflections are
recorded during the test.

Tensile Strength Test:

Tensile strength testing on UHPFRC is crucial to understanding its behavior under
tension, as this property is essential for assessing its overall structural performance.
Here's a general overview of how tensile strength testing is typically conducted on
UHPFRC:
1.Sample Preparation: UHPFRC specimens are typically cast in the form of
prismatic or cylindrical specimens. The dimensions of the specimens and the curing
conditions should follow relevant standards or project specifications.
2.Testing Standards: The testing procedure should follow recognized standards,
such as ASTM C1609/C1609M, which provides guidelines for testing the flexural
performance of fiber-reinforced concrete, including UHPFRC.

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3.Testing Apparatus: Tensile strength testing of UHPFRC is often performed using

a flexural test setup. The specimen is subjected to a four-point or three-point bending
test. The testing machine should have sufficient capacity to apply the required load
without causing any damage to the specimen.
4.Loading Setup: The UHPFRC specimen is placed on the supports of the testing
machine with the loading points positioned accordingly. The load is applied gradually
until failure occurs, and data on the applied load and deflection are recorded.
5.Data Collection: During the test, various parameters are measured, including the
applied load, mid-span deflection, and crack patterns. These measurements are
used to calculate the modulus of rupture (flexural strength) and other relevant
properties.
6.Analysis: Post-test, the results are analyzed to determine the tensile strength,
flexural strength, and other mechanical properties of the UHPFRC. The failure mode
(e.g., fiber pullout, matrix cracking) can also provide insights into the material
behavior.
7.Reporting: The test results are documented in a test report, which includes details
of the specimen, testing conditions, and the obtained mechanical properties.

CT Scan Test:
Performing a CT (Computed Tomography) scan on Ultra-high-performance-fiber-
reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) can provide valuable insights into its internal

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structure, including the distribution of aggregates, voids, and any potential defects.
Here's an overview of how a CT scan test on UHPFRC can be conducted:
1.Sample Preparation: Prepare UHPFRC specimens that are representative of the
structure or component under investigation. The size and shape of the specimens
will depend on the specific objectives of the CT scan.
2.CT Scanner Setup: Use a CT scanner with appropriate specifications for concrete
imaging. High-resolution CT scanners are preferable for detailed internal imaging.
Ensure that the CT scanner has sufficient power to penetrate the dense UHPFRC
material.
3.Calibration: Calibrate the CT scanner using a calibration phantom to ensure
accurate measurements of density and attenuation values.
4.Scanning Procedure: Secure the UHPFRC specimen in the CT scanner, making
sure it is positioned appropriately for the desired imaging. Adjust the scan
parameters, such as X-ray tube voltage, current, and exposure time, based on the
density and thickness of the UHPFRC.
5.Image Acquisition: Perform the CT scan, acquiring a series of cross-sectional
images (slices) of the UHPFRC specimen. The X-ray attenuation in the scanned
material is used to differentiate between different components (aggregates, cement
matrix, voids) within the UHPFRC.
6.Data Reconstruction: Use specialized software to reconstruct the acquired raw
data into 3D images, providing a detailed view of the internal structure of the
UHPFRC specimen.
7.Analysis: Analyze the CT images to assess the distribution of aggregates, detect
any voids, and identify potential defects or anomalies. Quantify key parameters such
as porosity, aggregate distribution, and any signs of heterogeneity.
8.Interpretation: Interpret the CT scan results to gain insights into the homogeneity
and quality of the UHPFRC. This information can be valuable for quality control and
material characterization.
9.Reporting: Document the CT scan results in a report, including details on the
scanning parameters, specimen characteristics, and key findings.

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Workability & Flowability Test:

Workability and flowability are crucial properties of concrete, including Ultra-high-
performance-fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). The workability of UHPFRC refers
to its ease of handling, placing, and compacting, while flowability refers to its ability
to flow and spread without segregation. The following tests can be conducted to
assess these properties:
1.Slump Flow Test: The slump flow test is commonly used to evaluate the
flowability of UHPFRC. It measures the horizontal spread of the concrete after it is
released from a cone-shaped mold. ASTM C1611/C1611M Standard Test Method for
Slump Flow of Self-Consolidating Concrete is often referenced for flowability testing.
2.T500 Flow Test: This test, also known as the U-Box test, assesses the flowability
of UHPFRC by measuring the time it takes for the concrete to flow through a
specially designed U-shaped channel. The test method may vary, and it's essential
to refer to project specifications or relevant standards.
3.J-Ring Test: The J-ring test is often used in conjunction with the slump flow test to
assess the passing ability and flowability of UHPFRC. It involves placing a J-shaped
restraint around the concrete cone during the slump flow test. ASTM C1621/C1621M
Standard Test Method for Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating Concrete by J-Ring is
a reference standard for this test.
4.V-Funnel Test: The V-funnel test measures the flowability and filling ability of
UHPFRC. It involves determining the time it takes for a specified volume of concrete
to flow through a V-shaped funnel. ASTM C1610/C1610M Standard Test Method for
Static Segregation of Self-Consolidating Concrete Using a J-Ring is a related
standard for assessing static segregation.
5.L-Box Test: The L-box test evaluates the passing ability and flowability of
UHPFRC by measuring the flow through a horizontally oriented L-shaped box. It

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helps assess the ability of concrete to flow in congested reinforcement areas. ASTM
C1621/C1621M Standard Test Method for Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating
Concrete by J-Ring can be adapted for L-box testing.
6.Flow Table Test: The flow table test determines the flowability of UHPFRC by
measuring the diameter of the circular spread of concrete on a horizontal table.
While the flow table test is more commonly associated with conventional concrete, it
may be adapted for use with UHPFRC.

Durability Test:
Durability testing on Ultra-high-performance-fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) is
crucial to assess its performance over time, especially in harsh environmental
conditions. Various durability tests can be conducted to evaluate aspects such as
resistance to chloride penetration, sulfate attack, carbonation, and freeze-thaw
cycles. Here are some common durability tests for UHPFRC:
1.Chloride Penetration Resistance Test: ASTM C1202/C1202M Standard Test
Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion
Penetration is often used. This test measures the electrical conductance of a
UHPFRC specimen subjected to a chloride solution. Lower conductance values
indicate better resistance to chloride penetration.
2.Sulfate Attack Test: ASTM C1012/C1012M Standard Test Method for Length
Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution is commonly
used.
UHPFRC specimens are exposed to sulfate solutions to simulate the potential
degradation caused by sulfate attack.
3.Carbonation Resistance Test: UHPFRC is tested for its resistance to
carbonation, where carbon dioxide reacts with the calcium hydroxide in the concrete
to form calcium carbonate. This test is essential for assessing the durability of
UHPFRC in environments with high carbon dioxide concentrations.
ASTM C170 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone
may be adapted for carbonation resistance testing.
4.Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test: ASTM C666/C666M Standard Test Method for
Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing is commonly used to assess
freeze-thaw resistance. UHPFRC specimens are subjected to cycles of freezing and
thawing to simulate the effects of weathering in cold climates.
5.Abrasion Resistance Test: ASTM C944 Standard Test Method for Abrasion
Resistance of Concrete or Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter Method can be
adapted to assess the abrasion resistance of UHPFRC.

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6.Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Test: ASTM C1293 Standard Test Method for
Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction is used to
evaluate the potential for alkali-silica reaction in UHPFRC.
7.Permeability Tests: Various permeability tests, such as water permeability tests,
can be conducted to evaluate UHPFRC's ability to resist the ingress of water.

Shrinkage Test:
Shrinkage testing on Ultra-high-performance-fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) is
important to assess the potential for volume changes during the drying and curing
processes. Shrinkage can lead to cracking and affect the overall performance of a
concrete structure. Here are common methods for conducting shrinkage tests on
UHPFRC:

1.Autogenous Shrinkage Test: Autogenous shrinkage is the natural volume

change in concrete without any external factors such as drying or temperature
changes. It is caused by self-desiccation as the cementitious materials hydrate.
ASTM C1698/C1698M Standard Test Method for Autogenous Strain of Cement
Paste and Mortar is a standard method that can be adapted for UHPFRC.
2.Free Shrinkage Test: ASTM C157/C157M Standard Test Method for Length
Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete can be used to
determine the free shrinkage of UHPFRC. This method involves measuring the
length change of a prismatic UHPFRC specimen under restrained conditions as it
dries.
3.Drying Shrinkage Test: ASTM C596 Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage
of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement provides a standard procedure for assessing
drying shrinkage. UHPFRC specimens are dried under controlled conditions, and the
resulting length changes are measured.
4.Chemical Shrinkage Test: Chemical shrinkage refers to the volume change due
to the chemical reactions during the hydration of cementitious materials. While not a
direct test method, monitoring the heat of hydration and chemical shrinkage can
provide insights into potential shrinkage behavior.
5.Ring Test: The ring test involves casting a concrete ring and measuring the
change in diameter as the concrete cures and dries. This method is not standardized
but can be useful for assessing the shrinkage characteristics of UHPFRC.
6.Restraint Ring Test: ASTM C1581/C1581M Standard Test Method for
Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress Characteristics of Mortar
and Concrete under Restrained Shrinkage provides a method for assessing the age

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at cracking and induced tensile stress characteristics. The test involves casting a
restrained ring and monitoring the development of tensile stresses during drying.

Various Sections Used for UHPFRC Girders:

Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) girders typically
consist of several key sections and components to ensure structural integrity and
performance. The specific sections used may vary based on the design and
specifications of the project.

T Girder Section:
A T-girder is a structural component used in bridge construction and other civil engineering
applications. It gets its name from its cross-sectional shape, which resembles the letter "T." T-
girders are designed to provide support for bridge decks, helping distribute loads from the
superstructure to the bridge substructure, typically piers or abutments. The horizontal top
portion of the T-girder is called the flange, and the vertical stem is referred to as the web. T-
girders are commonly used in bridge construction due to their efficiency in supporting
various load conditions. They can be made from different materials, including conventional
reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, or advanced materials like Ultra-High-Performance
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). The choice of material and design parameters
depends on factors such as span length, loading conditions, and project requirements girders
can be precast or cast in place, and they are often used in conjunction with other bridge
components to create a complete and structurally sound bridge system. The design and
dimensions of T-girders are determined based on structural engineering principles,
considering factors such as the required load-carrying capacity, span length, and anticipated
traffic loads.

Height: 1.5 meter

Span up to 37.5 meters.

BT 1500

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Shear Reinforcement
Shear Reinforcement: The hooks are a form of shear reinforcement that helps resist the
shear forces between the girder and the deck slab.
Shear forces are lateral forces that act parallel to the
surface of the structure, and providing reinforcement
helps prevent the formation of cracks and ensures the
structural integrity of the bridge.
Monolithic Connection: The hooks are designed to
create a monolithic connection between the girder and
the deck slab. Monolithic construction refers to the
concept of creating a single, integrated structure where
different components, such as girders and deck slabs,
work together as a unified whole. This enhances the
overall strength and performance of the bridge.
Load Transfer: The hooks aid in transferring loads
from the deck slab to the supporting girders
efficiently. By creating a robust connection, the hooks contribute to the load-carrying
capacity of the bridge and help distribute loads effectively.

Loading Unloading:

Connection of two Girders :Male-Female Joints

The term "male-female joint" typically refers to a type of connection or joint between
two structural elements where one element has a protruding part (male) that fits into
a corresponding recess or slot (female) in the other element. In the context of bridge
construction and the connection of two girders, male-female joints are commonly
used for precast/prestressed concrete elements to create a continuous and

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monolithic structure. This joint type helps ensure proper alignment, load transfer, and
structural integrity.

Male Joint Female Joint

U Girders Section:
Description:

Dimension
Top Width: 2.9 m
Bottom Width: 2 m
Height: 3 m OR 4 m
SPAN RANGE
simply supported: 60 m to 72 m
integral: up to 78 m

Bottom Prestressing - 7 Cables of 27k15

Top Prestressing - 2 Cables of 7k15

A "U-girder" refers to a type of bridge

girder that has a U-shaped cross-
sectional profile. This design is
characterized by two horizontal flanges
or arms connected by a vertical web,
creating a shape like the letter "U." U-
girders are commonly used in bridge
construction, offering structural

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efficiency and ease of fabrication. The shape provides a good balance of strength
and stability, making it suitable for various spans and loading conditions.
Top and Bottom Chords: The upper and lower parts of the U-girder, formed by the
horizontal flanges. These chords help distribute loads and provide structural integrity.
U-girders are often used in the construction of precast/prestressed concrete bridges.
The precast nature of these girders allows for efficient manufacturing and assembly,
reducing construction time and costs. Additionally, U-girders can be designed with
various configurations to meet specific project requirements, such as longer spans or
higher load capacities. The design of U-girders takes into account factors like the
span length, anticipated loads, and material properties. The geometry and
reinforcement details are optimized to ensure that the U-girder can effectively
support the bridge deck and transfer loads to the bridge's substructure

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