FIBER REINFORCEMENT C.

M
GLASSFIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
- Most used → E-glass
FIBERGLASS o Easy to make and transform
INSERTED IN o Inexpensive
A POLYMERIC o Good mechanical reinforcement
o Chemical corrosive resistance → inertness
MATRIX
- High specific resistance to traction (x5 steel stronger)
- Mechanical stability → thermal range -30ºC / 200ºC
LIMITATIONS APPLICATIONS
- Not too stiff → not for structural applications Automobile bodies
- Service temperature <200ºC Ships
- Need treatment for good bonding Pipelines
- Medium specific mechanical properties (when compared to the carbon fiber) Deposits
- Hard and abrasive
- d= 2.2-2.5 g/cm3
- E=55-85 Gpa
- σ=1.5-3 Gpa
- Isotropic - Low thermal conductivity
- Price/performance ratio favor - Good dielectric properties
- Good adhesion to resins - Good resistance to corrosion
ADVANTAGES - Good resistant to high temperatures - Incombustility → mineral origin
- Very low thermal expansion

CARBON FIBERS REINFORCED COMPOSITES

- For rigid parts (no fiberglass)
- Manufactured from → polyacrylonitrile (PAN) → C% 92-100%
→ brea oil or coal = cheaper and high carboon yield
- GRAPHITE → unique reticulated lattice (weak bonds → decrease shear strength)
- D = 1.7 (1.85) g/cm3
- E = 200 (750) GPa
- σ = 4-6 GPa (2 GPa)

The obtained properties depend on precursors thermal treatment and processing

LOW MODULUS FIBERS
INTERMEDIATE MODULUS
FIBERS (IM):
HIGH MODULUES FIBERS (HM)
- Isotropic structure
- Low tensile strength
- Employed as short fibers
- Modulus > 300GPa
- Tensile strength/modulus == 0.01
- Graphitized → maximum stiffness → low strength
- Modulus > 300GPa
- Tensile strength/modulus < 1%

HIGH MODULUS FIBERS TYPE II - Graphitized

ULTRA HIGH MODULUS FIBRES - Modulus > 500GPa (<50% modulus of the single crystal graphite,
(UHM) 105GPa)
- Strength values > 3 GPa
HIGH STRENGTH FIBERS - Strength / modulus ratio = 0.0015 –20
 ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS
- Excellent mechanical properties: tear resistance and stiffness - High price
- No plasticity - Brittle
- Temperature resistance - Low resistance to shock
- Resistant to fatigue - Low abrasion resistance
- Chemical resistant - GALVANIC CORROSION → poor chemical
- Zero thermal expansion resistance to metals → oxidize
- Good thermal and electrical conductivity
- Good machinability
- Low density
- Excellent moisture resistance (humedad)

ARAMID FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES

FABRICATION:

- Synthetic organic origin

- Consisting of amide groups (CO-NH) and aromatic rings (polyphenylene- terephthalamide
type) → high thermal stability
- Fiber → solution of aromatic amide in a solvent (sulfuric acid), and spinning it by stretching
- The molecular chains are oriented in the fiber direction, forming crystal structures which
show very good mechanical properties

According to the manufacturing process → two types → different Young’s Modulus

- LOW MODULUS (E= 70) - HIGH MODULUS (E=14)

FOUR MAIN COMERCIAL FIBERS

- Kevlar RI → reinforcements for tires

- Kevlar 29 → clothing, parachutes, strings, and cables
- Kevlar 49 → high performance composites
- Nomex → fireproof clothing

ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS
- High modulus and toughness - Low compressive strength
- Good impact resistance - Moisture absorption
- High capacity of shock absorption (shields) - Low adhesion to resins
- Low density (1,5) || UTS=3 GPa - UV sensitivity
- Zero thermal expansion - Difficult machinability
- Good resistance to fatigue - Decomposes at 400ºC
- Good chemical resistance → EXC : strong acids/bases
COMPARATIVE
CARBON FIBERS ARAMIDS
ADVANTAGES → high specific modulus Best combination strength / modulus / density /
High strength at high temperatures elongation
DISADVANTAGES → price MATRIX → epoxy
MATRIX → epoxy APPLICATIONS → aeronautics, boats, sports
APPLICATIONS → aeronautics (2’-30% lighter) equipment