Micro-Project

Report
Title: Mobile Generations

Brief Description:

Data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source and a receiver via form
of transmission media such as a wire cable. Data communication is said to be local if
communicating devices are in the same building or a similarly restricted geographical area.
The meanings of source and receiver are very simple. The device that transmits the data is
known as source and the device that receives the transmitted data is known as receiver. Data
communication aims at the transfer of data and maintenance of the data during the process
but not the actual generation of the information at the source and receiver.
The term data used to describe information, under whatever form of words you will be
using. A data communication system may collect data from remote locations through data
transmission circuits, and then outputs processed results to remote locations.
Some common types of data communications technologies include telecommunications,
computer networking and radio/satellite communication. Data communication usually
requires the existence of a transportation or communication medium between the nodes
wanting to communicate with each other, such as copper wire, fiber optic cables, or wireless
signals.
For example, a common example of data communications is a computer connected to the
Internet via a Wi-Fi connection, which uses a wireless medium to send and receive data
from one or more remote servers.

Introduction:
In this micro project we have made a report on a topic Mobile Generations which related to
Data Communication. The information gathered in this project is well researched and in
under guidance of our project guide.
This is report includes all the information related to the Mobile Generation and one can
clearly understand what is actual a Mobile Generation. Before, we started to make this project
we gathered all the information regarding this project and presented it to our whole class.
Now, Any recent changes in the mobile telephone communication setup have been termed
as generations. The changes in mobile Telephony that includes the systems, functions,
characteristics, and interconnections required to create an electronic network that allows a
telecommunications network operator to provide services are called the mobile
communication generations. In a mobile communications system, data transmission and
reception, information routing and data management are aspects of mobile telephony.

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 Aim of Project:

The aim of the project is to understand evolution in mobile generation in the

history of mobile networking.

Course Outcomes Achieved:

• We can understood Mobile Generations
• Learnt types of multiplexing
• Learnt types of switching
• Learnt Handoff

Literature Review:

Data communication standards are well established for most applications, and the OSI
hierarchy provides a means for the data to be communicated between applications running
on widely dispersed computer systems. Internet communications are generally handled by
using the five-layer TCP/IP reference model presented in Section 7.4. In a sense, the status
of data and Internet communication is based on two well-designed and established reference
models.
Even though the protocols and interfaces for the older networks and carrier systems were
satisfactory and dependable, the digital networks of the present generation enjoy the
precision and accuracy of modern computer systems. To this extent, the digital revolution
has affected the networks arena though not the medical networks arena. INs have the
potential of providing the communication aspects of medical functions and subfunctions;
they do not have the interfaces and protocol for medical networks. It is the responsibility and
the requirements of the developers of medical-ware (MW) to evolve MW a step beyond
knowledge-ware (KW) and two steps beyond software (SW) and firmware (FW).
Actual Methodology Followed:
1. Formation of groups.
2. Selected topic for project.
3. Prepared proposal.
4. Collection of information.
5. Made a proper Report

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6. After doing program prepared Project report.
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➢ Actual Resources Used:

SR. Name of Resources Specifications Quantity Remarks

NO. /Material

1 Desktop Computer with Windows 11, 1 Yes

required specifications. 8GB RAM
Intel core i3
2 Mobile
Mobile Phone 8 GB RAM, 1 Yes
Phonjkc 128 ROM

3 Browser Google Chrome 1 Yes

4 https://www.techopedi
Websites a.org/ 1 Yes

Data
Communication
5 and Networking By
Reference Books Techmax 1 Yes
Publication.

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➢ Report

• Mobile Generation5
The first-ever consumer mobile phone has been released for commercial purpose has been
launched in 1983. Since then mobile technology has seen a lot of changes and improvements
in its features. Most of this progress can be attributed to improved engineering. This
technology has been proven to be stable, accurate, cheap to manufacture, and easy to
maintain.

1. First Generation Technology –

In this generation of technology, mobile communication is done only through an analog

signal that has been used to transmit the user data.1G technology was primarily used and
designed for voice communication purposes. The US Army began using VoIP (Voice over
IP) technology in the late 1980s to create a new way of communication for soldiers in
wartime, and this first generation of VOIP systems could be considered a breakthrough in
the field of communications. It is an analog voice communication system consisting of two
microphones, an amplifier, and a signal generator/modulator, called Voice over Internet
Protocol. This method of data transmission enables communication with any other device by
using only the telephone line. When the user connects his device via the telephone, he will
be connected to the other person over the telephone line. That connection provides both
parties with the same information. So, the receiver and transmitter share the information. It
is also used as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
It is mostly used in northern states of America. It uses the Circuit and package Switching.
Its frequency band ranges from 824-894 MHz and its Data speed is nearly about 24kbps and
it can only provide the service of voice call or sending and receiving message. The Drawback
of 1G technology is the Poor voice quality and there is no security.

IMG 1 – DEVICE USED IN 1G COMMUNICATIONS 4

2. Second Generation Technology –
The first time the digital signal was used in mobile telephone to transmit signals was in the
second generation era of mobile communication. Mobile phones in this generation were
capable of transmitting audio and video. The technology was used in more than 60 countries
and is already well established in North America and Europe. 2G in a way revolutionized the
mobile communication industry although the network speed is limited to 64kbps and lots of
digital information was being shared.
GPRS technology was introduced it became very useful in transmitting more data through
email and other web services that use slightly more network speed. The text message SMS
feature in 2G technology was widely used and extremely popular at that time. Also the 2.5G
and 2.75G are the upgraded versions of 2G.
Also the 2G technology provided the services like Digital voice, Web Services, E-mails,
Browsing but the drawbacks of 2G technology was that it was unable to handle the complex
data and could not use the available bandwidth efficiently.
There is use of both circuit and packet switching in 2G technology also. It is having a
frequency band of which ranges between 850-1900 MHz.It allowed us to transmit the data a
speed of 96Kbps
The most common 2G technology was the time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based
GSM standard, used in most of the world outside Japan.[citation needed] In North America,
Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also
used[2].[citation needed] In Japan the ubiquitous system was Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
though another, Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also existed.
2.5G is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in
addition to the circuit-switched domain. It doesn't necessarily provide faster service because
bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While
the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three
bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS
(EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone
technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard
GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the
United States.

IMG 2 –ONE OF DEVICE USED IN 2G COMMUNICATIONS

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3. Third Generation Technology –
The third generation can be considered as the most developed generation than it’s previous
generation as it allowed to communicate us at an international leve.
In this technology true revolution took place where the network speed was increased up to
2Mpbs which made high-speed browsing, gaming, email, and other web services possible to
a vast segment of the population. 3G technology has made a scenario where new mobile
phones are developed and sold with major advertising capabilities.
The 3G technology was launched in 2001 and it used the circuit as well as packet switching
for voice calls, SMS facility, etc.
The frequency range of 3G technology ranges from 2100 MHz and it has bandwidth ranging
from 15 to 20 GHz.
Also the 3G system was developed to meet the International Mobile Telecommunication
(IMT) specifications which are defined by International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
The 3G technology provide a high speed data transmission and better quality of services and
it also transports the rich multimedia contents.3G systems are compatible with other cellular
standards like CDMA, GSM and TDMA.
Japan was one of the first countries to adopt 3G, the reason being the process of 3G spectrum
allocation, which in Japan was awarded without much upfront cost. The frequency spectrum
was allocated in the US and Europe based on auctioning, thereby requiring a huge initial
investment for any company wishing to provide 3G services. European companies
collectively paid over 100 billion dollars in their spectrum auctions.
Nepal Telecom adopted 3G Service for the first time in southern Asia. However, its 3G was
relatively slow to be adopted in Nepal. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same
radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license
entirely new frequencies, especially to achieve high data transmission rates. Other
countries' delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially
for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to
these issues and difficulties with deployment, many carriers could not or delayed the
acquisition of these updated capabilities.

IMG 3 – ONE OF THE DEVICE USED IN 3G COMMUNICATIONS

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4. Fourth Generation Technology –
After the 3G technology, the next evolution took place with the introduction of mobile
broadband and mobile data in the year 2011 where 4G was introduced. 4G was one step
higher than the 3G which was considered a revolution. With 4G, carriers can create a
“super high speed” network so that even at 2G speeds it’ll be able to deliver data fast and
downloads in just 30 seconds. The network speed in 4G has been increased up to 50Mbps.
This technology made possible some of the things such as high-speed gaming, High-
definition Mobile Television, Digital Streaming, HD Television services, Cloud computing,
etc.
The development of Smartphones became very popular after the launching of 4G
technology. 4G offers a lot of capabilities features to the users such as multitasking, rich
content browsing, and instant calling. A new type of multimedia access with Wi-Fi. A new
way to upload photos and videos directly from their memory. Ability to share and view
online content with friends. Ability to transfer content from the mobile device and use it,
etc.
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the
cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current
research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group
cooperative relay, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).
4G introduces a potential inconvenience for those who travel internationally or wish to
switch carriers. In order to make and receive 4G voice calls (VoLTE), the subscriber
handset must not only have a matching frequency band (and in some cases require
unlocking), it must also have the matching enablement settings for the local carrier and/or
country. While a phone purchased from a given carrier can be expected to work with that
carrier, making 4G voice calls on another carrier's network (including international
roaming) may be impossible without a software update specific to the local carrier and the
phone model in question, which may or may not be available (although fallback to 2G/3G
for voice calling may still be possible if a 2G/3G network is available with a matching
frequency band)

IMG 4 – ONE OF THE DEVICE USED TO ACCESS 4G NETWORK

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5. Fourth Generation Technology –

The wireless evolution of 5G is solving the problem of resource allocation by means of

cooperation and coordination. Basically 5G is the standard of wireless cellular technology,
which was developed by 3GPP. The 5G is following footsteps of the 3G and 4G
technologies. 5G network is based on the standards which was connecting wireless routers,
smartphones, and other communication devices. 5G is delivering a good improvement in
latency, transmission speed, and flexible deployment. 5G delivers additional capabilities as
compared to the 4G wireless network.
5G supports multiple technologies. Aiming to meet the needs of upcoming applications, the
ambitious specification implies a significant improvement in performance over 4G. Internet
speed of 5G is 10Gbps which was 100 times faster than 4G.
5G speeds will range from around 50 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps) depending on the RF
channel and base station load. Faster speeds require use of the mmWave bands, reaching 4
Gbps with carrier aggregation and MIMO, assuming a perfect channel and no other base
station load.
On March 4, 2019, the first-ever all-5G smartphone Samsung Galaxy S10+ 5G was
released. According to Business Insider, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive
in comparison with 4G; the line up starts at US$1,000(Rs. 89,990).
On March 19, HMD Global, the current maker of Nokia-branded phones, announced the
Nokia 8.3 5G, which it claimed as having a wider range of 5G compatibility than any other
phone released to that time. The mid-range model, with an initial Eurozone price of
€599(Rs. 47,890), is claimed to support all 5G bands from 600 MHz to 3.8 GHz.

IMG 5 – FIRST 5G SUPPORTED DEVICE

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• Developed/Learning out of this Project:
o We got to know about Mobile Generation.
o Importance of Mobile Networks
o We got to know which devices are first used in their respective generation.

• Applications of this Project:

o This micro-project is useful in understanding concept of Mobile
Generations
o This micro-project defines how the multiple Mobile generation was
generated.
o This project will also help to understand the concept of multiplexing
and switching.

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