Explanatory names, such as sawing, slotting, gear cutting, and so forth have been given to

special operations. Routing is a term applied to milling an irregular outline while controlling
the workpiece movement by hand feed. Grooving reamers and taps is called fluting. Gang
milling is the term applied to an operation in which two or more milling cutters are used
together on one arbor. Straddle milling is the term given to an operation in which two
milling cutters are used to straddle the workpiece and mill both sides at the same time. Side
milling is used to machine a vertical surface on the sides or the ends of a workpiece.

(e) peripheral milling

(f) face milling (g) end milling

Fig: milling operations

Shaper Operations:
It is a machine tool which uses single-point cutting tool to machine flat surfaces.
 Machining horizontal surfaces:
  Shaper is mostly used for machining flat surfaces of work-piece held
on vise.
 For horizontal surfaces, tool & work-piece are held tightly on tool
holder and table respectively. Tool is made to machine total work-
piece.

 Machining vertical surfaces:

 Shaper is also used to machine vertical surface.

 For this purpose, Vertical cut is made at machining end of work-piece,
squaring up a block and Surface of work-piece is properly aligned with
vertical axis of ram.

 Machining of angular surfaces:

 Shaper makes angular cut at any angle other than right angle to
horizontal.
 For this purpose, Vertical slide is swivelled to the required angle.

 Machining slots and keyholes: