PH34 0.8 Applications of Energy Workshop

Website: contoureducation.com.
au | Phone: 1800 888 300

Email: hello@contoureducation.com.au
VCE Physics ¾
Applications of Energy [0.8]
Workshop
Key Formulae:
𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 𝑱 = 𝜟𝒑 = 𝜮 𝑭𝒂𝒗 𝜟𝒕
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
𝚫𝒑 𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑬𝒌 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝑬𝒌 =
𝚫𝒕 𝟐 𝟐𝒎
𝟐𝑬𝒌
𝒗=√ 𝑼𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈𝚫𝒉 𝑾 = ∫ ⃗𝑭 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒙
𝒎
𝒅𝑾 𝚫𝑬 𝑾
𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽) 𝑷= 𝑷= = = 𝑭𝒗 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
𝑾𝒈 = −𝚫𝑼𝒈 𝑾𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝚫𝑬𝒌 𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝑬𝒌 + 𝑼𝒈 + 𝑼𝒔
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Website: contoureducation.com.au
Phone: 1800 888 300
Section A: Recap
Energy
Definition:
Energy is a physical quantity which is defined as the capacity to do work.
It is a scalar quantity.
SI Units:
Joules (𝐽).
Conservation of Energy
The total energy in the Universe is conserved.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
∑𝑬𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Work (𝑾)
Definition:
The transfer of energy via a force over a displacement.
Work is a scalar quantity.
SI Units:
Joules (𝐽).
Formulae:
𝑾 = ⃗𝑭 ⋅ 𝒙 ⃗ ||𝚫𝒙
⃗ = |𝑭 ⃗ | 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
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Kinetic Energy (𝑬𝒌 )
Definition:
The energy associated with the movement of an object.
It is a scalar quantity.
SI Units:
Joules (𝐽).
Formulae:
𝟐
𝟏 𝒑
𝑬𝒌 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒎
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
When the total change in an object’s energy is equal to the change in its kinetic energy, the work
done on an object is equal to the change in an object’s kinetic energy.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝚺𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝚫𝒙 = 𝚫𝑬𝒌 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 − 𝒎𝒖𝟐 = 𝒎(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
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Potential Energy
Definition:
Energy that can be stored in an object/system by virtue of its position or configuration.
In other words, the potential work that the associated force can do if displaced.
SI Units:
Joules (𝐽).
Gravitational Potential Energy (𝑼𝒈 )
Definition:
The energy associated with the position of an object in a gravitational field.
The potential work that could be done by the force of gravity on an object.
Only applicable at displacements that are perpendicular to the ground.
SI Units:
Joules (𝐽).
Formulae:
𝚫𝑼𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈𝚫𝒉
Space for Personal Notes
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Mechanical Energy
The mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies.
𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝑬𝒌 + 𝑼𝒈 + 𝑼𝒔
In an isolated system, the mechanical energy of the system is always conserved.
This means that any changes in energy are purely internal and no energy is released to the
surroundings.
For example, in the frictionless scenario below, an increase in kinetic energy must come from a
corresponding decrease in potential energy.
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Power (𝑷)
Definition:
A rate of change of energy over time, OR
A work done per unit time.
Power is a scalar quantity.
SI Units:
Watts (𝑊).
Formulae:
𝑬 𝜟𝑬
𝑷= =
𝒕 𝜟𝒕
Alternate Form of Power
Consider the relationship for power in the form
𝑾
𝑷=
𝚫𝒕
𝑭𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝑷=
𝚫𝒕
However, a displacement 𝑑 over some time Δ𝑡 is simply a velocity, 𝑣!
𝑷 = 𝑭𝒗 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
This gives another useful relationship for the power exerted by a constant force propelling
something at a certain velocity 𝒗.
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Section B: Workshop Questions (103 Marks)
Question 1 (8 marks)
A 34.0 𝑁 force is applied on a 480 𝑔 book at an angle of 22.0° below the horizontal as shown. The book is
initially at rest on a frictionless surface.
Liam is doing some calculations, and figures out that the work done by the applied force on the book when it
moves through 95 𝑐𝑚 will be given by:
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

= 34.0 × 0.95
= 32.3 𝐽
a. From his calculations, what would Liam predict the speed of the book to be, when it has moved through
95 𝑐𝑚? Show your working. (2 marks)
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Liam then runs the experiment, applying the 34.0 𝑁 force on the book over a distance of 95 𝑐𝑚 as shown in the
diagram. He finds that the speed he predicted in part a. was an overprediction.
Liam reasons that the experimental speed of the book was lower because there must have been friction acting
between the book and the surface.
b. Explain to Liam why his initial calculation would have been an overprediction even if the surface were
frictionless. (2 marks)
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c. Show that the actual speed of the book when it has moved through 95 𝑐𝑚 is 11.2 𝑚𝑠 −1 . (2 marks)
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Consider that Liam stops applying the force after the book has moved through 142 𝑐𝑚. At this point, a constant
frictional force begins acting, which brings the book to a stop over a distance of 53 𝑐𝑚.
d. What is the magnitude of the frictional force that acts? Show your working. (2 marks)
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A box of mass 12.1 𝑘𝑔 is moving to the right with an initial speed of 16.0 𝑚𝑠 −1 . A constant force of magnitude
25.2 𝑁 acts on the box towards the left.
a. How much work does the force do on the box, when it has moved through a distance of 22.0 𝑚? (2 marks)
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b. What is the velocity of the box, when it has moved through a distance of 45.5 𝑚? (3 marks)
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c. If the box started at the position 𝑥 = 0 at the beginning, and right is defined as the positive direction, what is
its position when:
i. The box is stationary for the first time? (2 marks)
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ii. The box first has a velocity of 12.0 𝑚𝑠 −1 to the left? (3 marks)
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d. Sketch a graph of the work done by the applied force on the box, over the distance travelled by the box, from
0 𝑚 to 100 𝑚. Include values on the vertical axis. (3 marks)
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e. Hence, or otherwise, sketch a graph of the kinetic energy of the box, over the same distance. (2 marks)
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The kinetic energy of a rocket triples between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 𝑎.
a. What must have been the change in the magnitude of its linear momentum in the same time, assuming its mass
stayed the same? (2 marks)
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b. What must have been the change in the magnitude of its linear momentum in the same time, assuming the
mass of the rocket reduced by 40% during the same time? Show your working. (2 marks)
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c. What must have been the change in the speed of the rocket in the same time, if the magnitude of the
momentum of the rocket at 𝑡 = 0 was double the magnitude of the momentum at 𝑡 = 𝑎? You can assume the
mass of the rocket changed in this time as well. (3 marks)
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Two moving bodies 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 have the same kinetic energy, and 𝑚1 < 𝑚2 .
a. Evaluate whether each of the following statements is true or false, and explain your reasoning.
i. “They must have the same direction of motion.” (2 marks)
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ii. “𝑚1 must be travelling faster than 𝑚2 , regardless of direction.” (2 marks)
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iii. “The magnitude of the linear momentum of 𝑚1 must be less than that of 𝑚2 .” (2 marks)
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b. Find the ratio of the magnitudes of the linear momenta of 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 , given 𝑚2 = 700 𝑔 and 𝑚1 = 300 𝑔.
(2 marks)
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A small box of mass 15.0 𝑘𝑔 is loaded onto a slide from the top of a ledge. It slides from rest to the ground below,
as shown. The slide has a linear length of 𝟔. 𝟎 𝒎, and is designed to provide a constant frictional force of 25.0 𝑁
on the box. The box reaches the end of the slide with a speed of 8.0 𝑚𝑠 −1.
a. What is the height, ℎ, of the ledge above the ground? Show your working. (3 marks)
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b. Hence, find the angle that the slide made with the horizontal, correct to one decimal place. Show your
working. (2 marks)
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A small block of mass 1.40 𝑘𝑔 slides on a frictionless surface as shown. It then encounters a region of length 𝐿,
beginning at height ℎ off the ground, over which there is a constant frictional force 𝑭𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 on the block. The
region of constant friction ends at point 𝐵 as shown, after which the surface is frictionless again.
Consider that the block slides over the point 𝐴 with an initial velocity of 5.00 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
a. As the block moves from point 𝐴 to just before the frictional region begins, the kinetic energy of the block
(1 mark):
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays constant
D. Cannot be determined.
b. As the block moves from point 𝐴 to 𝐵, the gravitational potential energy of the block-Earth system (1 mark):
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays constant
c. As the block moves from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵, the mechanical energy of the block (1 mark):
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays constant
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d. Find the speed of the block at the height of 80 𝑐𝑚 above the ground. Show your working. (2 marks)
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Consider that 𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 12.10 𝑁.
e. Find 𝐿 if the box just stops at point 𝐵. (4 marks)
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f. Find the speed of the box at point 𝐵 if 𝐿 = 1.00 𝑚 and 𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 4.50 𝑁. (4 marks)
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A car, of mass 1980 𝑘𝑔, drives into the back of a stationary truck, fitted with an open ramp, as shown in the figure
below. The car was initially approaching at a speed of 4.90 𝑚𝑠 −1 while travelling on the road. The ramp has an
inclined length (i.e., length along the incline) of 4.60 𝑚.
First, consider that no friction acts on the ramp.
a. If the car has a speed of 3.40 𝑚𝑠 −1 by the time it reaches the top of the ramp, what must be the angle of
incline of the ramp? Show your working, and give your answer to the nearest degree. (3 marks)
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In fact, the ramp did have the angle you calculated in part a. However, a constant frictional force 𝐹𝑓 was acting on
the car while it moved along the ramp, such that the speed of the car by the time it actually reached the truck’s
floor was 1.50 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
b. Calculate the magnitude of the frictional force acting, 𝐹𝑓 . Show your working. (2 marks)
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A stunt bike has a total mass of 280 𝑘𝑔, including the biker. He is approaching a large circular loop of radius
7.80 𝑚 at a considerable initial speed, 𝑢, as shown in the diagram below.
Assume that the circular path has no friction acting between the biker’s current location and the highest point on
the loop, point 𝐴. The biker is moving at 12.1 𝑚𝑠 −1 at point 𝐴.
a. Calculate the initial speed he must have had on the ground, 𝑢. (2 marks)
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A constant frictional force, 𝐹𝑓 , is known to act between point 𝐴 and point 𝐵 along the circular path. The frictional
force has a magnitude such that the speed of the bike at point 𝐴 is the same as the speed of the bike at point 𝐵.
b. Calculate the magnitude of the frictional force that acts on the bike between points A and B. (2 marks)
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c. Hence, or otherwise, calculate the total change in kinetic energy experienced by the bike from its initial speed
before the loop, 𝑢, to its final speed after it has moved past the circular loop, 𝑣. (2 marks)
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Consider that the biker now goes on the same circular loop again, but this time approaches at a faster initial speed,
𝑢2 > 𝑢. The frictional force acting between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is still the same, 𝐹𝑓 .
d. How will the final speed of the rider, 𝑣2 , after the circular loop, compare with the final speed from the
situation earlier? (1 mark)
A. 𝑣2 > 𝑣
B. 𝑣2 = 𝑣
C. 𝑣2 < 𝑣
D. Cannot be determined
e. How will the decrease in kinetic energy of the rider, Δ𝐾𝐸2 , from before to after the circular loop, compare
with the decrease in kinetic energy, Δ𝐾𝐸, from the situation earlier? (1 mark)
A. Δ𝐾𝐸2 > Δ𝐾𝐸
B. Δ𝐾𝐸2 = Δ𝐾𝐸
C. Δ𝐾𝐸2 < Δ𝐾𝐸
D. Cannot be determined
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A new roller-coaster desing is being tested at an amusement park, with a cart of mass 620 𝑘𝑔 being initially
released from a height of 15.0 𝑚 at point 𝐴, as shown.
The diameter of the circular loop is 8.80 𝑚. Assume no friction acts on the cart from point 𝐴 to point 𝐶 along the
track.
a. What initial speed, 𝑢𝐴 , must the cart have had at point 𝐴, such that it goes around the point 𝐶 on the circular
loop at 12.1 𝑚𝑠 −1 ? (2 marks)
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b. Hence, or otherwise, calculate the speed of the cart at point 𝐵, assuming still that no friction acts from 𝐶 to 𝐵
on the way down. (2 marks)
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c. Would the speed at 𝐵 be smaller, or greater, or the same as the speed you calculated in part b., if friction was
acting against the motion of the cart on the way down from point 𝐶 to point 𝐵? (1 mark)
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A constant frictional force of magnitude 40.0 𝑁 acts on the cart from point 𝐵 to point 𝐷 along the track, after the
cart has completed the circular loop. Point 𝐷 is at a height of 2.00 𝑚 above the ground.
d. Calculate the distance that the cart travels between point 𝐵 and point 𝐷, if it comes to a stop exactly at point 𝐷.
Show your working. (3 marks)
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A force-displacement graph is shown below of a trampoline..
a. At what displacement will the work done by the trampoline be 200 𝐽? Show your working. (3 marks)
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The force-displacement graph above represents the upwards force acting on a 50 𝑘𝑔 box while it compresses the
trampoline by 0.50 𝑚, starting from 𝑥 = 0, initially at rest.
b. Calculate the final speed of the box when it reaches 𝑥 = 0.50 𝑚. (3 marks)
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Perpetual motion is the motion of bodies that continues forever in an unperturbed system.
Rohan comes up with a concept for a perpetual motion machine, which involves a small ball of mass 380 𝑔 that
falls into a funnel, moves along the path shown, and gets launched up into the air to land back into the funnel.
Rohan builds out his perpetual motion machine, initially releasing the ball from rest at the bottom of the funnel,
which is at a height of 190 𝑐𝑚.
Rohan initially assumes that all surfaces of the funnel and track are frictionless. Vishal says to Rohan “this ain’t
gonna work bro, the ball will only make it to point 𝑋”.
a. Show that Vishal is correct, and describe the motion of the ball until it reaches point 𝑋. Include calculations to
support your answer. (4 marks)
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Rohan actually runs the experiment, and finds that the ball does not make it all the way to point 𝑋. Instead, it stops
24.0 𝑐𝑚 below point 𝑋, before falling back downwards. Rohan knows that a tiny 4.50 𝑐𝑚 section of his track
along the horizontal strip had a relatively rough surface.
b. Identify the type and magnitude of the force that must have acted on the ball due to this rough surface, and
calculate the work done by this force. (2 marks)
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c. What initial downwards speed can Rohan give the ball at its initial position, to ensure that it reaches point 𝑋?
Show your working. (2 marks)
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Rohan now considers adding a fan to the system, which will apply a horizontal force on the ball.
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When Rohan drops the ball from rest at its initial position, and the fan is turned on, he measures that the ball
moves past point 𝑋 while travelling upwards at 6.10 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
The fan applies a constant horizontal force on the ball while it moves along the horizontal part of the track, which
has a distance of 258 𝑐𝑚.
d. Find the magnitude of the force that the fan applies. Show your working. (3 marks)
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At the end of the track, Rohan places a notch which is angled at 27.0° above the horizontal. The ball leaves the
track at this notch, which is located at a height of 35.0 𝑐𝑚 above point 𝑋. This height is also the vertical height of
the funnel, as shown in the diagram above.
e. Calculate the speed at which the ball leaves the track from the notch, given that it moves past point 𝑋 while
travelling upwards at 6.10 𝑚𝑠 −1 . (2 marks)
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f. Hence, or otherwise, show that the ball lands inside the funnel, given that the start of the funnel is a horizontal
distance of 𝑦 = 190 𝑐𝑚 from the notch, and the funnel is 𝑥 = 74.0 𝑐𝑚 wide. (3 marks)
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g. If the notch had been angled at 45.0° instead, while keeping everything else the same, would the ball land
inside the funnel after being launched? Show your working. (2 marks)
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h. Has Rohan really created a perpetual motion machine, that requires no energy to continue operating forever?
Briefly explain using energy concepts. (2 marks)
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PH34 0.8 Applications of Energy Workshop

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PH34 0.8 Applications of Energy Workshop

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Website: contoureducation.com.

au | Phone: 1800 888 300

𝑾𝒈 = −𝚫𝑼𝒈 𝑾𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝚫𝑬𝒌 𝑬𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝑬𝒌 + 𝑼𝒈 + 𝑼𝒔

Energy is a physical quantity which is defined as the capacity to do work.

The total energy in the Universe is conserved.

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

The transfer of energy via a force over a displacement.

Work is a scalar quantity.

Kinetic Energy (𝑬𝒌 )

The energy associated with the movement of an object.

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

Energy that can be stored in an object/system by virtue of its position or configuration.

Gravitational Potential Energy (𝑼𝒈 )

The energy associated with the position of an object in a gravitational field.

Only applicable at displacements that are perpendicular to the ground.

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A rate of change of energy over time, OR

A work done per unit time.

Power is a scalar quantity.

Alternate Form of Power

Consider the relationship for power in the form

Section B: Workshop Questions (103 Marks)

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

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Question 2 (15 marks)

i. The box is stationary for the first time? (2 marks)

The kinetic energy of a rocket triples between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 𝑎.

i. “They must have the same direction of motion.” (2 marks)

ii. “𝑚1 must be travelling faster than 𝑚2 , regardless of direction.” (2 marks)

Question 6 (13 marks)

Consider that 𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 12.10 𝑁.

e. Find 𝐿 if the box just stops at point 𝐵. (4 marks)

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First, consider that no friction acts on the ramp.

A. Δ𝐾𝐸2 > Δ𝐾𝐸

C. Δ𝐾𝐸2 < Δ𝐾𝐸

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A force-displacement graph is shown below of a trampoline..

Question 11 (20 marks)

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