Primary Sources:

Primary sources are original records of political, economic, artistic, scientific, social, and
intellectual thoughts and ideas of a specific time period produced by the people who participated
in and witnessed the past.

- Audio: Music, speeches, interviews, oral history.

- Images: Photography, videos, film, fine art.
- Objects: Clothing, tools, pottery, gravestones, inventions, weapons.
- Statistics: Census data, population statistics, weather reports.
- Text: Letters, diaries, original documents, legal agreements, maps, laws, recipes,
advertisements, sermons, genealogical records.

Secondary Sources:
Secondary sources are produced, copied, replicated, or secondhand accounts from the
originals, such as textbooks, dictionaries, news reports, copies or replicas of primary sources,
research papers, essays, and biographies.

"Physical Environment of the Philippines":

Provides information about the geography, shape, size, surrounding bodies of water, terrain,
climate, groups of islands, and islands of the Philippines.

"Three Important Parts About Knowing A Country’s History":

Emphasizes the importance of studying the history of a country through understanding its
people, land, and spirituality.

"Philippine History: Its Roots and Development":

Covers prehistory, pre-colonial, and Islamization periods in the Philippines.

- Prehistory: Discusses land bridge and volcanic theories, ancient human groups (Tabon Man,
Homo Erectus, Austronesians).
- Pre-Colonial: Covers the Barangay system, political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects,
including stages of society, urbanization, and religion.
- Islamization: Describes the spread of Islam in Mindanao through trade, missionaries, and
teachers.

Additional Information:
- Languages and Linguistic Groups: Lists official languages, major dialects, and linguistic groups
in the Philippines.
- Regions of the Philippines: Provides names and capital cities of the 17 regions.
- Topography: Details the varied topography, lowland areas, and major mountain ranges.
- Volcanoes: Mentions the presence of 221 volcanoes, 21 of which are active, and the
Philippines being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
- Religion and Profile: Specifies the religious composition, democratic government structure,
natural resources, and geographical size.
This summary condenses the vital information about primary and secondary sources, the
physical environment of the Philippines, the three important parts of knowing a country's history,
and an overview of Philippine history, its pre-colonial periods, and additional details about the
country.

Certainly! Here is the corrected information with their pen names:

The Development of Filipino Nationalism: Causes of Filipino Revolts

1. The desire to regain lost freedom.
2. Spanish abuse/oppression.
3. Agrarian complaints or the loss of Filipino lands.
4. Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities.

All revolts, from Lakandula to Apolinario Dela Cruz, had failed. Two reasons why early revolts
against Spain failed:
1. Absence of nationalism.
2. Lack of national leaders.

The Meaning of Nationalism:

- Nationalism is the love of country with all its inhabitants.
- A state of awareness that a nation exists, made of people who owe allegiance not only to a
tribe, clan, or region but also to a common identity.

Factors that Contributed to the Birth of Filipino Nationalism:

1. The opening of the Philippines to international trade.
2. The rise of the middle class.
3. The secularization controversy.
4. The influx of liberal ideas from Europe.
5. The opening of the Suez Canal (Ferdinand De Lesseps).
6. The martyrdom of Gomburza.

Propaganda Movement:
- The unjust execution of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora marked
the beginning of a new era in Philippine history.
- A peaceful campaign organization using literary endeavors to publicize political, economic, and
religious problems in the colony.

Abolition of Polo (Labor Service) and Bandala (Forced Sale of Local Products):
- Guarantee of basic freedom of speech and association.
- Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spaniards to enter government service.

Propagandists:
1. Graciano Lopez Jaena
 - In 1889, he established La Solidaridad in Barcelona.
- Died of tuberculosis.

2. Dr. Jose P. Rizal

- Most outstanding among the propagandists.
- On December 30, 1896, Rizal was shot to death by a firing squad at Bagumbayan.
- In 1889, he started the newspaper La Solidaridad that circulated in Spain and the
Philippines.
- Pen names: Dimasalang and Laong Laan.

3. Marcelo H. del Pilar (1850-1896)

- Political analyst of the propaganda movement and a great journalist.
- Editor of La Solidaridad.
- Pen name: Plaridel.

Literature of the Propaganda Movement:

1. Marcelo H. del Pilar
- Diariong Tagalog, Caiingat Cayo, La Frailocracia en Filipinas, Dasalan at Toksohan, and La
Soberania Monacal, dudas, Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab ng Taong Babasa, Dupluhan, Sagot ng
Espania sa Hibik ng Filipinas, and Kadakilaan ng Diyos.

2. Graciano Lopez Jaena

- La Solidaridad, Fray Botod, Esperaza, and La Hija del Fraile.

3. Jose Rizal
- Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, The Indolence of the Filipinos, Philippines a Century
Hence, To the Filipino Youth, and Mi Ultimo Adios.
- Pen names: Dimasalang and Laong Laan.

4. Jose Ma. Panganiban

- Used pen names: Jomapa.

La Solidaridad was the name of a group of Filipino ilustrados in Spain seeking representation for
the Philippines in the Cortes Generales.

Reasons for the Failure of the Propaganda Movement:

1. Gradual reduction of financial support from the Philippines.
2. Leadership crisis.

With the failure of the Propaganda Movement, Filipinos abandoned hope for peaceful means.
Andres Bonifacio led them to a new phase of social and political awareness marked by the
founding of Katipunan.
Certainly! Here is the improved organization of the provided data:

---

Primary Sources:
Primary sources are original records of political, economic, artistic, scientific, social, and
intellectual thoughts and ideas of a specific time period produced by the people who participated
in and witnessed the past.

1. Audio:
- Music, speeches, interviews, oral history.

2. Images:
- Photography, videos, film, fine art.

3. Objects:
- Clothing, tools, pottery, gravestones, inventions, weapons.

4. Statistics:
- Census data, population statistics, weather reports.

5. Text:
- Letters, diaries, original documents, legal agreements, maps, laws, recipes, advertisements,
sermons, genealogical records.

---

Secondary Sources:
Secondary sources are produced, copied, replicated, or secondhand accounts from the
originals, such as textbooks, dictionaries, news reports, copies or replicas of primary sources,
research papers, essays, and biographies.

---

Philippine History: Roots and Development:

Covers prehistory, pre-colonial, and Islamization periods in the Philippines.

1. Prehistory:
- Discusses land bridge and volcanic theories, ancient human groups (Tabon Man, Homo
Erectus, Austronesians).

2. Pre-Colonial:
- Covers the Barangay system, political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects, including
stages of society, urbanization, and religion.
3. Islamization:
- Describes the spread of Islam in Mindanao through trade, missionaries, and teachers.

---

Additional Information:
- Languages and Linguistic Groups:
- Lists official languages, major dialects, and linguistic groups in the Philippines.

- Regions of the Philippines:

- Provides names and capital cities of the 17 regions.

- Topography:
- Details the varied topography, lowland areas, and major mountain ranges.

- Volcanoes:
- Mentions the presence of 221 volcanoes, 21 of which are active, and the Philippines being
part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

- Religion and Profile:

- Specifies the religious composition, democratic government structure, natural resources, and
geographical size.

---

The Development of Filipino Nationalism: Causes of Filipino Revolts:

1. The desire to regain lost freedom.
2. Spanish abuse/oppression.
3. Agrarian complaints or the loss of Filipino lands.
4. Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities.

---

All Revolts:
- All revolts, from Lakandula to Apolinario Dela Cruz, had failed. Two reasons why early revolts
against Spain failed:
1. Absence of nationalism.
2. Lack of national leaders.

---

Meaning of Nationalism:
- Nationalism is the love of the country with all its inhabitants.
- A state of awareness that a nation exists, made of people who owe allegiance not only to a
tribe, clan, or region but also to a common identity.

---

Factors Contributing to Birth of Filipino Nationalism:

1. The opening of the Philippines to international trade.
2. The rise of the middle class.
3. The secularization controversy.
4. The influx of liberal ideas from Europe.
5. The opening of the Suez Canal (Ferdinand De Lesseps).
6. The martyrdom of Gomburza.

---

Propaganda Movement:
- The unjust execution of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora marked
the beginning of a new era in Philippine history.
- A peaceful campaign organization using literary endeavors to publicize political, economic, and
religious problems in the colony.

---

Abolition of Polo and Bandala:

- Guarantee of basic freedom of speech and association.
- Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spaniards to enter government service.

---

Propagandists:
1. Graciano Lopez Jaena:
- In 1889, he established La Solidaridad in Barcelona.
- Died of tuberculosis.

2. Dr. Jose P. Rizal:

- Most outstanding among the propagandists.
- On December 30, 1896, Rizal was shot to death by a firing squad at Bagumbayan.
- In 1889, he started the newspaper La Solidaridad that circulated in Spain and the
Philippines.
- Pen names: Dimasalang and Laong Laan.

3. Marcelo H. del Pilar (1850-1896):

- Political analyst of the propaganda movement and a great journalist.
- Editor of La Solidaridad.
 - Pen name: Plaridel.

---

Literature of the Propaganda Movement:

1. Marcelo H. del Pilar:
- Diariong Tagalog, Caiingat Cayo, La Frailocracia en Filipinas, Dasalan at Toksohan, and La
Soberania Monacal, dudas, Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab ng Taong Babasa, Dupluhan, Sagot ng
Espania sa Hibik ng Filipinas, and Kadakilaan ng Diyos.

2. Graciano Lopez Jaena:

- La Solidaridad, Fray Botod, Esperaza, and La Hija del Fraile.

3. Jose Rizal:
- Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, The Indolence of the Filipinos, Philippines a Century
Hence, To the Filipino Youth, and Mi Ultimo Adios.
- Pen names: Dimasalang and Laong Laan.

4. Jose Ma. Panganiban:

- Used pen names: Jomapa.

---

La Solidaridad:
- Name of a group of Filipino ilustrados in Spain seeking representation for the Philippines in the
Cortes Generales.

---

Reasons for the Failure of the Propaganda Movement:

1. Gradual reduction of financial support from the Philippines.
2. Leadership crisis.

---

New Phase:
- With the failure of the Propaganda Movement, Filipinos abandoned hope for peaceful means.
Andres Bonifacio led them to a new phase of social and political awareness marked by the
founding of Katipunan.