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GRADE VII
COMPUTER SCIENCE
NOTES
AY 2023 - 24

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What is a Computer 3
Input-Process-Output Model 3
The basic parts of a computer are as follows − 4
Characteristics of Computer 5
Advantages of Using Computer 5
Disadvantages of Using Computer 5
Types of Computers 6
Operating System 9
Number System 10
Google Spreadsheet 11

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What is a Computer
Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input
as per user instructions and provides output in desired format.
COMPUTER Full Form: COMPUTER Stands for Common Operating Machine
Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research.

Input-Process-Output Model
Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, based on
the user's instructions is called information. Raw facts and figures which can be
processed using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information are called
data.

The processes that can be applied to data are of two types −

​ Arithmetic operations − Examples include calculations like addition,
subtraction, differentials, square root, etc.
​ Logical operations − Examples include comparison operations like greater
than, less than, equal to, opposite, etc.
The corresponding figure for an actual computer looks something like this −

The basic parts of a computer are as follows −

Input Unit − Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and
instructions to the computer are called input units.
Output Unit − Devices like printer and visual display units that are used to provide
information to the user in desired format are called output units.

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Control Unit − As the name suggests, this unit controls all the functions of the
computer. All devices or parts of the computer interact through the control unit.
Arithmetic Logic Unit − This is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic
operations and logical operations take place.
Memory − All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are stored in
the memory. Memory is of two types – primary memory and secondary memory.
Primary memory resides within the CPU whereas secondary memory is external to it.
Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are together called the central
processing unit or CPU. Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. that
we can see and touch are the hardware components of a computer. The set of
instructions or programs that make the computer function using these hardware
parts are called software. We cannot see or touch software. Both hardware and
software are necessary for working on a computer.

The motherboard is the main board that is screwed directly inside the computer
case. All other cards and everything else plugs directly into the motherboard, hence
its name.
The CPU or central processing unit is basically like the brain of computer systems. It
processes all the information on a computational level.
RAM is a data storage device that can provide fast read and write access. RAM is
volatile memory, meaning it loses all the stored data when power is lost.
Graphics Card or Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) A graphics card is an output
device that processes the data from the motherboard and sends the appropriate
information to the computer’s screen for display.
Solid State Drive (SSD) :- An SSD is also a type of hard drive, but it doesn’t have
any moving bits. It consists of a bank of flash memory that can hold a reasonable
amount of information.

Primary memory is the computer's main memory and stores data temporarily.
Secondary memory is external memory and saves data permanently. Data stored in
primary memory can be directly accessed by the CPU, which cannot be accessed in
secondary memory.Primary memory is also known as Main memory or Internal
memory.Secondary memory is also known as External memory or Auxiliary memory.

Characteristics of Computer
To understand why computers are such an important part of our lives, let us look at
some of its characteristics −
Speed − Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second.
Accuracy − Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may occur
are usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions or bugs in chips – all human
errors.

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Reliability − Computers can carry out the same type of work repeatedly without
throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are very common among
humans.
Versatility − Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and ticket
booking to complex mathematical calculations and continuous astronomical
observations. If you can input the necessary data with correct instructions, computer
will do the processing.
Storage Capacity − Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction of
cost of traditional storage of files. Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear
associated with paper.

Advantages of Using Computer

Now that we know the characteristics of computers, we can see the advantages that
computers offer−
Computers can do the same task repetitively with the same accuracy.
Computers do not get tired or bored.
Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resources for more
intelligent functions.

Disadvantages of Using Computer

Despite so many advantages, computers have some disadvantages of their own −
Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly without
considering the outcome.
Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work, which could prove
difficult everywhere especially in developing nations.

Hardware :- Computer hardware is what you can physically touch includes the
computer case,monitor,keyboard,and mouse.It also includes the different parts inside
the computer case

Software :- The computer hardware itself is not capable of doing anything on its
own.it has to be given explicit instruction to perform the specific task.Software is a
collection of programs which utilise and enhance the capability of hardware.

Input device :- Input device is a hardware device that transfers data to a computer
system and allows us to control it. Eg: Keyboard,Mouse,Scanners,Camera

Output Device :- An output device is a hardware component of a computer system

that displays information to users. Monitor, Printer, Speakers Headphones, Projector,
GPS and Plotter are some output devices of computer

Booting

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Starting a computer or a computer-embedded device is called booting. Booting takes

place in two steps −
​ Switching on power supply
​ Loading operating system into computer’s main memory
​ Keeping all applications in a state of readiness in case needed by the user
The first program or set of instructions that run when the computer is switched on is
called BIOS or Basic Input Output System. BIOS is a firmware, i.e. a piece of
software permanently programmed into the hardware.
If a system is already running but needs to be restarted, it is called rebooting.
Rebooting may be required if a software or hardware has been installed or system is
unusually slow.
There are two types of booting −
​ Cold Booting − When the system is started by switching on the power supply
it is called cold booting. The next step in cold booting is loading of BIOS.
Warm Booting − When the system is already running and needs to be restarted or
rebooted, it is called warm booting. Warm booting is faster than cold booting
because BIOS is not reloaded.
All modern computers and computing devices use microprocessors whose speeds
and storage capacities are skyrocketing day by day. The developmental benchmark
for computers is now their size.

Types of Computers
Computers are now classified on the basis of their use or size −
​ Desktop
​ Laptop
​ Tablet
​ Server
​ Mainframe
​ Supercomputer
Let us look at all these types of computers in detail.

Desktop
Desktop computers are personal computers (PCs) designed for use by an individual
at a fixed location. IBM was the first computer to introduce and popularize the use of
desktops. A desktop unit typically has a CPU (Central Processing Unit), monitor,
keyboard and mouse. Introduction of desktops popularized the use of computers
among common people as it was compact and affordable.

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Riding on the wave of desktop’s popularity many software and hardware devices
were developed specially for the home or office user. The foremost design
consideration here was user friendliness.
Laptop
Despite its huge popularity, desktops gave way to a more compact and portable
personal computer called laptop in 2000s. Laptops are also called notebook
computers or simply notebooks. Laptops run using batteries and connect to networks
using Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) chips. They also have chips for energy efficiency so
that they can conserve power whenever possible and have a longer life.

Modern laptops have enough processing power and storage capacity to be used for
all office work, website designing, software development and even audio/video
editing.
Tablet
After laptops computers were further miniaturized to develop machines that have
processing power of a desktop but are small enough to be held in one’s palm.
Tablets have touch sensitive screen of typically 5 to 10 inches where one finger is
used to touch icons and invoke applications.

Keyboard is also displayed virtually whenever required and used with touch strokes.
Applications that run on tablets are called apps. They use operating systems by
Microsoft (Windows 8 and later versions) or Google (Android). Apple computers
have developed their own tablet called iPad which uses a proprietary OS called iOS.
Server
Servers are computers with high processing speeds that provide one or more
services to other systems on the network. They may or may not have screens
attached to them. A group of computers or digital devices connected together to
share resources is called a network.

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Servers have high processing powers and can handle multiple requests
simultaneously. Most commonly found servers on networks include −
​ File or storage server
​ Game server
​ Application server
​ Database server
​ Mail server
​ Print server
Mainframe
Mainframes are computers used by organizations like banks, airlines and railways to
handle millions and trillions of online transactions per second. Important features of
mainframes are −
​ Big in size
​ Hundreds times Faster than servers, typically hundred megabytes per second
​ Very expensive
​ Use proprietary OS provided by the manufacturers
​ In-built hardware, software and firmware security features
Supercomputer
​ Supercomputers are the fastest computers on Earth. They are used for
carrying out complex, fast and time intensive calculations for scientific and
engineering applications. Supercomputer speed or performance is measured
in teraflops, i.e. 1012 floating point operations per second.

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Chinese supercomputer Sunway TaihuLight is the world’s fastest supercomputer with

a rating of 93 petaflops per second, i.e. 93 quadrillion floating point operations per
second.
Most common uses of supercomputers include −
​ Molecular mapping and research
​ Weather forecasting
​ Environmental research
​ Oil and gas exploration

Operating System
As computers and computing technologies have evolved over the years, so have
their usage across many fields. To meet growing requirements more and more
customised software have flooded the market. As every software needs an operating
system to function, operating systems have also evolved over the years to meet
growing demand on their techniques and capabilities. Here we discuss some
common types of OS based on their working techniques and some popularly used
OS as well.
​ Windows − Windows is a GUI operating system first developed by Microsoft in
1985. The latest version of Windows is Windows 10. Windows is used by
almost 88% of PCs and laptops globally.
​ Linux − Linux is an open source operating system mostly used by mainframes
and supercomputers. Being open source means that its code is available for
free and anyone can develop a new OS based on it.
​ BOSS − Bharat Operating System Solutions is an Indian distribution of Linux
based on Debian, an OS. It is localised to enable use of local Indian
languages. BOSS consists of −
​ Linux kernel
​ Office application suite BharteeyaOO
​ Web browser
​ Email service Thunderbird
​ Chat application Pidgim
​ File sharing applications
​ Multimedia applications
Mobile OS
An operating system for smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices is called
mobile OS. Some of the most popular OS for mobile devices includes−
​ Android − This Linux-based OS by Google is the most popular mobile OS
currently. Almost 85% of mobile devices use it.
​ Windows Phone 7 − It is the latest mobile OS developed by Microsoft.
​ Apple iOS − This mobile OS is an OS developed by Apple exclusively for its
own mobile devices like iPhone, iPad, etc.

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​ Blackberry OS − This is the OS used by all blackberry mobile devices like

smartphones and playbooks.

Number System
It is clear that numbers are used to represent a certain quantity. When certain
symbols or digits are used to represent the numbers themselves, it forms a number
system. Hence, a number system is such a system that can be used to define a set
of values, which are further used to represent a quantity.
Types of Number Systems
There are various types of number systems in mathematics. The four most common
number system types are:
● Decimal number system
● Binary number system
● Octal number system
● Hexadecimal number system

Computer Numeral System (Number System in Computers)

When we type any letter or word, the computer translates them into numbers since
computers can understand only numbers. A computer can understand only a few
symbols called digits and these symbols describe different values depending on the
position they hold in the number. In general, the binary number system is used in
computers. However, the octal, decimal and hexadecimal systems are also used
sometimes.

Conversion of decimal numbers to binary number(Refer the booklet)

Conversion of binary numbers to decimal number(Refer the booklet)

Conversion of octal to decimal number system(Refer the booklet)

Conversion of hexadecimal to decimal binary system(Refer the booklet)

Google Spreadsheet
● A spreadsheet is a computer application that is designed to add, display,
analyse, organise, and manipulate data arranged in rows and columns.
● A spreadsheet is a piece of software made up of a grid that allows you to
enter text and numbers,and lets you make calculations using formulas.

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● It is made up of cells,which are individual boxes in the spreadsheet.

● A workbook is a file which contains one or more spreadsheets

Uses of Spreadsheet
Prepare budgets
Financial statements
Inventory management
Create charts

Parts of Spreadsheets
Cell: -A single box in the grid in a spreadsheet

Columns :- The vertical lines of cells in a spreadsheet ,represented by letters.. A single

worksheet contains 16384 total columns.

Rows :- The horizontal lines of cells in a spreadsheet, represented by numbers.Every row

has its own number for identity, starting from 1 to 1048576.

Cell reference :- The column letter and row number for one cell e.g: C3

Algorithm & Flowchart

The word algorithm means “a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or

other problem-solving operations”. Therefore Algorithm refers to a set of
rules/instructions that step-by-step define how a work is to be executed in order to
get the expected results.

A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. Programmers often use it

as a program-planning tool to solve a problem. It makes use of symbols that are
connected among them to indicate the flow of information and processing. The
process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is known as “flowcharting”

Symbols are used in flowchart

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Examples of Algorithm& Flowchart

Formulas and Functions

A formula is a set of mathematical instructions.A formula usually consists of an

operand and operator.Formula is typed in the cell of the worksheet or in the formula
box starts with a ‘=’ sign in front.A formula can contain a set of values,cell references
and functions,given with or without an an operator.

Example :- To calculate a percentage in Excel, you can use the formula:

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=number/total*100.

Spreadsheet has an entire library of functions or predefined formulas.It performs

calculations by using specific values in a particular order.Each function has a syntax
which must be followed,if you want the function to work correctly.Each function must
starts with a “=”

Some functions in spreadsheets

S.No: Functions Purpose

1 SUM(range) Gives the sum of a range

2 AVERAGE(range) Finds the average of a range

3 PRODUCT(range) Multiples the values in range of cells

6 TODAY() Displays the current date in the selected cell.

7 MAX() Used to find the largest value in the given range.

8 MIN() Used to find the least value in the given range.

Sort
The sort feature helps you arrange the data either in an ascending or descending
order.It is very simple to arrange data in ascending order or descending orders.The
arrangement of data in ascending(A to Z) or descending order(Z to A) is called
sorting.

Sorting is done in two ways:

● Sorting on one column
● Sorting on more than one column

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