Advantages and Disadvantages of College Online Enrollment on Grade

12 Senior High School Learners on Japan Philippine Institute of

Technology, City of San Jose Del Monte Campus

Thesis Presented Japan Philippine Institute of Technology – City of San Jose

Del Monte Campus, inc.

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Subject Research Project and Inquiries,

Investigation and Immersion (3i’s)

TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL-LIVELIHOOD - INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY

By:

Baes, Rishia May

Nieves, Renz

Oxales, Janneth

Rocha, Christian Jacob A.

Rodriguez, Jastine

Rodelas, Kimberly

January 2024

1
Table of Contents

Title Page…………….........................................................................................I

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………II

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction…………………………………………………………1-4

Background of the Study……………………………………………5

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………...6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………………………….7

Significance of the Study…………………………………………...8-9

Theoretical Frame Work………………………………………………10-12

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………13

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature……………………………………………………….14-19

Local Literature……………………………………………………….20-24

Foreign Studies……………………………………………………..25-30

Local Studies…………………………………………………………….31-35

Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………..36-37

Research Hypothesis……………………………………………………….38

Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design………………………………………………………………………..39

Population Sample Size and Sampling Technique…………………………………...40-41

Research Instrument……………………………………………………………………….42

Data Collection Procedure…………………………………………………………………43

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment………………………………………………44-46

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 Chapter 1

The Introduction and Background of the Study

This chapter includes the introduction, background of the study, statement of

the problem, scope and delimitation, significance of the study, and definition of terms used.

Introduction

This research aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the evolution of

college application processes in Grade 12 senior high school, offering insights into the

advantages and disadvantages associated with the integration of online forms. By examining

both sides of the digital divide, we seek to inform educational policymakers, institutions, and

students alike, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the implications of this

technological shift on the pursuit of higher education.

According Custodio, Et al (2016), Technology has lowered the obstacle and built a bridge.

the space where communication between individuals is impeded. These days, computers are

considered to be among the top improvements that a school setting ought to possess. Over

time, as technology advanced, computers are now utilized not just in computers but also in

sharing and transmitting crucial information. Humans have never been content with who they

are. live right now, which prompts them to continue looking for contemporary methods that

greatly simplify and expedite the work. For many colleges, these technologies are more

essential. and academic institutions; the evolving terrain of technology in addition to

requirements for data reporting has forced universities and colleges to assess their primary

software systems. The online system is thought to be a clear enhancement compared to

paper-based . Given that the younger generation was raised in kids now anticipate receiving

knowledge and transact business online with colleges and universities . Students'

convenience and ease of use are vital for many universities, and I think that online student

services have a significant role in this. The Associated technologies such as the internet

have altered the how people and businesses function, as well as how Information systems

3
facilitate corporate operations. competitive advantage in decision making. similar to when the

The enrollment procedure will be completed online, therefore even International students can

register and make inquiries using internet without having to travel , which qualifies the

establishment competitive.

According to Notermans (2023), The online enrollment process, guided by higher education

marketing consultants, is integral to higher education marketing. The decision to enroll in the

university or college is made within 5 minutes of applying. As it is the first direct interaction

with the university, ensure it is friendly, simple, and fast. Therefore, for enrollment marketing

ROI for conversion, you need a smooth and seamless online enrollment system that

integrates with your existing data. Also, a simplified process reduces barriers to completing

enrolment and enhances the student experience.

4
Background of the Study

According to Cubby (2020), Online enrollment has always offered convenience and

efficiency, and today’s parents are busier than ever. They expect the convenience and ease

of submitting their paperwork online, but the benefits of online enrollment systems are not

limited to just parents. Administrators and students also benefit from these systems.

According to Jaime, Et al (2014) The purpose of this descriptive quantitative study was to

develop and validate a model that enables the measurement of online enrollment processes

by the analysis of the students' perceptions. The theoretical framework used to support this

study was the process virtualization theory while the conceptual framework was based on

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). TAM is the most valid framework for studying user

acceptance of technology and virtual processes.

5
Statement of the Problem

This study determines the advantages and disadvantages of college online enrollment

in selected grade 12 senior high school learners in Japan Philippines Institute of Technology

- City of San Jose Del Monte Campus inc.

General Problem The goal of this study is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of

college online enrollment in selected grade 12 senior high school learners.

Specific Problem To answer the problem above, an answer to the following is needed:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

1.1 Name (Optional)

1.2 Age

1.3 Gender

1.4 Strand

2. What are the advantages of online enrollment in terms of:

2.1 Information Accuracy

2.2 Accessibility

2.3 Time Efficiency

2.4 Flexibility

3. What are the disadvantages of online enrollment in terms of:

3.1 Technical Issues

3.2 User Interface Complexity

3.3 Digital Accessibility

3.4 Lack of Personal Interaction

4. Is there a significant advantage and disadvantage of using college online enrollment form?

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Scope and Limitation of the Study

The goal of this study is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of college online

enrollment in selected grade 12 senior high school learners in Japan Philippines Institute of

technology—city of San Jose Del Monte Campus Inc.

The respondents of this study is fifty (50) Grade 12 student in Japan Philippines Institute of

technology-City of San Jose Campus Inc for college enrollment

Moreover this college online enrollment aims to determine both the advantages and

disadvantages of college online enrollment to respondent which is grade 12 student.

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Significance of the study

The significance of this study is to determine the Advantages and Disadvantages of

College Online Enrollment Form in Grade 12 Senior High School learners of Japan

Philippine Institute of Technology San Jose Campus. The findings of this study would be

beneficial to the following:

To The Learners. in this study learners benefit from online enrollment in a variety of ways,

including convenience, accessibility, and time savings. This enables for easy registration

from anywhere with an internet connection, reduces paper usage, and provides immediate

enrollment confirmation. Furthermore, online platforms typically offer user-friendly interfaces,

allowing students to complete tasks more quickly.

To The Parents. The research benefits parents It is easier to arrange the process around

parents' schedules when they can access enrollment systems at any time and complete

registration forms and submit required papers from the comfort of their homes, saving time

and minimizing the need for in-person visits to schools.

To The Teachers. It can help teachers streamline duties like course registration, grading,

and communication, resulting in time savings and less paperwork. Furthermore, online

enrollment systems can improve communication between teachers and students by offering

a single location for announcements, assignments, and feedback.

To The School Administrators. can more easily handle student data, monitor enrollment

status, and have more productive conversations with parents or guardians. Better decision-

making and resource allocation for the school are made possible by the data analytics tools

that online enrollment systems frequently offer.

To The Online enrollment developers. minimizing errors in data entry through automated

validation, ensuring accurate information and implementing secure protocols to protect

sensitive information during the enrollment process and allowing organizations to tailor the

enrollment process to their specific needs and requirements.

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To The Future Researchers. Through this study Future researchers can readily access and

submit their work, which speeds up review processes and encourages a more connected

scientific community. Furthermore, many online platforms include data analysis and

visualization capabilities, which improve the whole study experience.

9
 Theoretical Framework

Diffusion of Innovations

(DOI)

Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, developed by E.M. Rogers in 1962, is one of the oldest

social science theories. It originated in communication to explain how, over time, an idea or

product gains momentum and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or social

system. This theory focuses on how innovations, in this case, online enrollment systems, are

adopted and spread through a social system. It categorizes adopters into innovators, early

adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Adoption of a new idea, behavior, or

product (i.e., "innovation") does not happen simultaneously in a social system; rather it is a

process whereby some people are more apt to adopt the innovation than others.

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 Technology Acceptance Model

( TAM)

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) proposed by Fred Davis in 1989. According to

Worthington (2021), ‘’David asserts that the acceptance of a computer system by potential

users hinges on two critical factors: the perceived value it offers, and the perceived level of

user friendliness. This model's primary focus is on the viewpoints and perceptions of

potential users’’. TAM explores how students' acceptance of and attitudes toward technology

affect their usage and, ultimately, their academic performance. It suggests that perceived

ease of use and perceived usefulness of technology are key factors

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 Theory of Information Systems Success Model

(ISSM)

The information systems success model (alternatively IS success model or Delone and

McLean IS success model) is an information systems (IS) theory which seeks to provide a

comprehensive understanding of IS success by identifying, describing, and explaining the

relationships among six of the most critical dimensions of success along which information

systems are commonly evaluated. Initial development of the theory was undertaken by

William H. DeLone and Ephraim R. McLean in 1992. The IS success model identifies and

describes the relationships among six critical dimensions of IS success: information quality,

system quality, service quality, system use/usage intentions, user satisfaction, and net

system benefits.

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Definition of Terms

Digital divide. the economic, educational, and social inequalities between those who

have computers and online access and those who do not

Enrollment. the action of enrolling or being enrolled.

Flexibility. the ability to change or be changed easily according to the situation.

Innovation. the introduction of something new.

Online. (of an activity or service) available on or performed using the internet or

Technology. the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially

in

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 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter gives Foreign Literature, Local Literature, Foreign Study, Local Studies,

Conceptual Framework, and the Research Hypothesis to support and strengthen this

research. It also presents further information for the better understanding and

comprehension of the study.

Foreign Literature

According to (Curacubby Team, 2020) there are numerous benefits to online

enrollment for administrators, guardians, and students. for administrators, including the

prevention of lost printed material by disposing of the require for physical forms and

permitting guardians to directly upload necessary documents. Automated updates streamline

communication and protect connections with families, whereas numerous staff individuals

can get to the framework to screen applications. Excess work is decreased through

integration with student management systems, and due dates can be tracked productively.

For guardians, online enrollment offers comfort, adaptability, and the capacity to maintain a

strategic distance from lost forms, copy data, and time restrictions. Multiple parents can

access and contribute to their child's enrollment, and electronic copies of documents are

effectively available. For students, online enrollment minimizes anxiety by empowering them

to submit information, arrange with multiple parents, and monitor their enrollment status

effectively.

As stated by (Keenze, 2021) Paper-based documentation has historically been used for

student-related matters. and pen, but these days, an internet platform makes it simple to do

away with physical forms and Organize student enrollment in a timely and economical way.

from administrators and All parties, including staff, families, and students, gain from online

enrollment management. There are several benefits to switching to an online enrolling

procedure. It first centralizes all gathered data, making access and alteration easier.

14
Furthermore, registration information is instantly incorporated into the database. removing

the requirement for manual input. This greatly quickens the registration process and enables

workers to concentrate on manual labor. Additionally, with lowering data-entry mistakes like

Inaccurate addresses and student moves are reduced with online enrollment. An efficient

online enrolling and management system is provided by SchoolMint Enroll. approach to

managing the enrollment procedures in schools. It provides mobile sign-up choices for

Families without access to a computer or the internet can nonetheless handle various

languages assure accessibility, streamlines student enrollment and registration tasks with a

user-friendly digital interface, which eventually results in time and money savings in contrast

to conventional paper-based techniques.

According to (Jain, 2023) Personal information boxes on enrollment forms usually

contain name, address, phone number, birthdate, and more demographic information. They

might additionally ask about the person's eligibility for the service or program, as well as any

other data required for registration. Forms for enrollment are frequently used. in a variety of

places, such as colleges, universities, and schools. Parents and children may now quickly

and easily finish the process from the comfort of their own

because of the online enrollment forms, residences. Online enrollment has a number of

advantages. To begin with, It's quite practical, enabling consumers to finish the procedure

from any place with

a time and effort-saving internet connection. Despite preliminary security worries The

majority of online registration platforms are secure and simple to use. It's also eco-friendly,

cutting down on paper waste and protecting natural resources. Having the opportunity to

examine and confirm data before submitting, Enrolling online reduces mistakes and possible

problems down the road. Furthermore, its appeal has resulted in widespread adoption by

schools, providing additional ease of use, openness, and effectiveness in the registration

process.

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 According to Scispace (2023), Among the drawbacks of an enrolling system are the

possibility of unfairness in the application procedure, the requirement for physical closeness

throughout enrollment of devices and the use of self-signed certificates as a security

precaution. Enrollment equity is the goal of the mandatory education enrollment system.

chances by using random position dispatching; nevertheless, there's no assurance that fair

opportunities for every student [1]. In the event of enrolling devices in a security system,

physical proximity is necessary for enrollment, which may limit convenience and accessibility

[2]. Furthermore, endpoint security using self-signed certificates procedures may provide

concerns, as they rely on hardcoded certificate authorities and may not

give the same level of confidence and verification as certificates issued by trusted authorities

As Stated by Lang (2023), The option to let parents enroll their child online is also

available in an education landscape that is gradually moving toward online possibilities.

However, K–12 school districts should carefully assess the benefits and drawbacks before

making that software investment, as the student data may travel in directions outside the

district staff's control. Given that parents are probably familiar with their children's

information, allowing them to provide data online during first enrollment can save time for

school district staff. Staff members can help parents by setting up workstations at schools

where parents can enroll. This method does not, however, remove mistakes brought on by

careless keystrokes, which frequently require district employees to make repairs, potentially

negating time savings. In addition, parents may encounter difficulties utilizing the Student

Information System (SIS) software provided by the school system, and online enrollment

software is usually limited to the English language. Furthermore, parents might not be able to

supply certain data pieces that are necessary for a student's record.

As stated by Kearney (2023), Have you ever wished that the parents and the school

could have an easier time registering students? You might want to think about registering for

classes online. Online school registration offers significant benefits for both schools and

families. It cuts costs and saves time by eliminating paper-based processes, streamlining
16
record-keeping, and lowering worker hours. In addition to the comfort of avoiding queues and

unnecessary paperwork, parents also gain from the ease of updating and paying for school-

related expenses. Furthermore, the utilization of Student Information Systems (SIS) to

facilitate seamless integration and sharing across various educational institutions is made

possible by the central storage of information. Online school registration is not without its

difficulties, though. First off, participation may be limited because some parents may find it

difficult to access the internet. While computer access may be required by schools for

registration, this will only help a limited number of parents. Second, there can be some initial

hiccups with the setup and staff training is necessary. Finally, problems or failures in the

computer system during busy periods may cause disruptions to the process and may require

human data entry.

According to Scispace (2023), Online enrollment platforms come with a number of

benefits and drawbacks. One benefit is that it gives students, especially international

students who can enroll without having to travel to the school, ease and flexibility by

allowing them to enroll in their classes before the semester begins. In order to ensure

compliance and efficiency in the enrollment process, these systems also contain business

rules and regulations, such as topic prerequisites and payment status. Utilizing email and

SMS alert systems improves communication even further and informs students. However,

there are drawbacks to teaching big online courses in higher education, including less in-

person interaction, a reliance on temporary faculty, and sustaining student engagement.

Additionally, local education markets may be impacted by the growth of online degree

programs, which could result in a fall in enrollment at traditional schools and heightened

competition. Online enrollment systems, in spite of these obstacles, provide personalized

training, current information accessibility, and effective time management for teachers and

students.

As stated by World Financial Review (2022), It is no secret that nearly every part of

our life has been impacted by technology. This is particularly valid in the context of
17
education. Parents and students can now simply and swiftly complete the enrollment

process from the comfort of their own homes, due to online enrollment platforms. Parents

and kids can save time and effort by completing the necessary papers from any location

with an internet connection thanks to online enrollment systems. These solutions expedite

the registration process by improving accuracy, cutting down on paper waste, and enabling

instant form submission. They also provide simple access to student records, so parents

may easily stay updated about their child's education. Online enrollment systems are

becoming more and more popular as a practical and economical replacement for

conventional techniques.

According to Notermans (2023), What makes you unique is that your online

enrollment process is most convenient for parents and prospective students. The following

are some recommended methods for setting up a successful online enrollment procedure. A

few essential elements are needed to increase online enrollment. Make sure your website is

simple to use and browse first. It shouldn't be difficult for people to enlist. To boost

conversions, make everything straightforward and easy to use. Second, give brief,

unambiguous directions. Long, dull texts are boring to read. Make it brief and simple to

comprehend. Thirdly, confirm that data management is being done securely. People must

have faith in you to protect their privacy. Answer questions from customers as well.

Students demand quick responses when they have queries. Finally, make sure your system

is up to date and functioning properly. Breakdowns can be avoided with routine

maintenance, especially as more users register online. Increasing online enrollment can be

greatly aided by following these easy measures.

As stated by Hsu ( 2022), It doesn't have to be difficult to start your school's online

enrollment system. You can quickly set up your school's online enrollment system with the

appropriate tactics and resources. To help you get started, here are some instructions. A

few crucial actions need to be taken in order to set up your school's online enrollment

system. First things first, make sure the enrollment platform you choose satisfies the criteria
18
of your institution, paying particular attention to security and user-friendliness. Setting up the

platform after it has been selected entails setting up user accounts, adjusting system

preferences, and integrating it with the current educational systems. Enrollment forms must

be designed with ease of use in mind, making sure they are clear, succinct, and visually

appealing. Next, it's critical to train your staff on how to use the system efficiently before

distributing applications to potential pupils. Highlighting the institution's special qualities and

advantages while promoting the enrollment form through a variety of channels is essential.

Lastly, continual success in satisfying the school's enrollment requirements is ensured by

monitoring and modifying the system as necessary. Your school may create a streamlined

and effective online enrollment process by carefully following these steps.

19
Local Literature

As stated by CIIT (2020), In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic's difficulties, CIIT

Philippines has adjusted to the "new normal" by introducing online enrollment for schools,

transforming the customary procedure. CIIT has acknowledged the effectiveness and ease

of digital platforms. switched to an online registration process, including advantages like

real-time updates as well as central data archiving. This change is in line with international

initiatives to slow the spread of the infection while maintaining school continuity. While the

globe moves through an unparalleled At all times, CIIT is dedicated to provide top-notch

instruction while putting its employees' and students' safety first.

According to Talavera (2023), The Philippines' National Privacy Commission (NPC)

has implemented the NPC Registration System (NPCRS), a web-based application created

to simplify and improve improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the data processing

systems registration procedure. The NPCRS was established in response to the

government's push for service digitization and intends to enable effective oversight and

adherence to the 2012 Data Privacy Act. Role-based access control and features for real-

time validation guarantee secure and accurate administration of registration data. John

Henry Naga, the Commissioner, highlights that NPCRS will bolster data protection initiatives

to enable efficient monitoring of personal data controllers and processors, thereby protecting

people's privacy. Furthermore, the system tackles problems from earlier rules with a focus

on openness and adherence to principles of privacy.

20
 As stated by Ronda (2020), In the Philippines, the Department of Education (DepEd)

is starting its first-ever remote enrollment system, which will launch today, putting

instructors' safety first and amid the continuing pandemic while making sure all kids are

enrolled for the next 2020–2021 school year. With this creative strategy, parents and pupils

are not necessary. to personally visit schools in order to take enrollment, adhering to the

health regulations The Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases and the

Department of Health (DOH) (IATF). Alternatively, previous year's class advisers will help

with enrolling by getting in touch with parents in person. Furthermore, DepEd has appointed

enrollment coordinators in each public school will respond to questions and help parents;

contact details will be distributed by means of field offices. This preventative action seeks to

expedite the enrolling process. method and ensure everyone's safety who is participating.

As stated by Manila Bulletin_Admin (2020), The Concerned Teachers' Alliance (ACT)

has expressed concern about issues with online work and enrollment processes, in

particular

in Caloocan and Metro Manila, where educators encountered technological challenges

including laptop glitches and problems with internet access during meetings and reports,

while parents had trouble enrolling online because of system overload. Similar difficulties

were mentioned in Cavite, despite outreach initiatives, has poor enrollment rates. ACT

highlighted how ill-prepared the nation for extensive remote learning, noting the

shortcomings of DepEd platforms such as the Learners' Information System to support

multiple users at once. Furthermore, in spite of DepEd's Despite being told to enroll

remotely, several parents continued to visit their children's schools, which raised problems.

concerning inadequate infrastructure and ignorance of remote enrollment protocols. ACT

reaffirmed its requests for access to secure school settings, full COVID-19 measures, and to

democratic consultations, worker rights, and high-quality education, imploring President

Duterte to Provide resources to guarantee the continuation of education without

endangering the health and well-being of educators as well as students.

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 According to Scispace (2023), The recent events in the Philippines have affected the

number of students enrolled. execution of the K–12 curriculum. The nation's colleges and

universities are dealing with challenges in estimating anticipated freshman enrollment and

creating effective resource managerial choices. Target enrollment has a direct impact on

higher education's success criteria. organizations. Several aspects of first-year candidates,

including attributes related to students, It has been discovered that demographic and

geographic information significantly predicts enrollment choice. Techniques in machine

learning, particularly logistic regression, have been applied to create prediction models that

assess the likelihood that admitted students will enroll in the school. These models can give

predictions of class sizes and support managerial decisions. enabling schools to better

manage net tuition and allocate resources in an optimal manner income.

According to Amadora (2023), The ground-breaking MMDC EnrollMate is introduced

by Mapua Malayan Digital College. enrollment app, which expedites pupils' college

admission processes. With this free app, you can candidates to conveniently finish

enrollment responsibilities from any place, providing flexibility and effectiveness. By

adopting a digital-first strategy, MMDC seeks to provide students with contemporary

technologies, improving their school experience and setting them up for success in the

future. Director of Ed Tech Chester Catilago highlights MMDC's commitment to offer

services that are focused on the needs of students by technology. The EnrollMate app

makes procedures like submitting forms and uploading documents easier. guaranteeing a

smooth registration process, including topic enrollment, fee payments, and more.

Furthermore, MMDC provides a number of advantages, such as free access to learning

environments, a laptop lease program, and the Asenso Scholarship, which significantly

reduces tuition . nationwide pool of qualified pupils. This creative strategy demonstrates

MMDC's dedication to cost and accessibility in postsecondary education, tackling the issues

raised by conventional registration procedures and giving students the tools they need to

succeed in the digital era.

22
 As stated by Admin (2020), When students are enrolling for the 2020–2021 school

year in the June–July The Department of Education (DepEd) of the Philippines claimed that

more than 19 million people have registered, with 18.08 million from public educational

institutions and more than 900,000 from private ones. Owing to COVID-19 security DepEd

prioritized remote enrollment for the first two weeks of the program, with physical In the third

week, coordinated submissions with local government entities are permitted. DepEd offered

a detailed handbook explaining the new enrollment procedure, which includes assigning

teachers and enrollment coordinators, parent/student and teacher contact, gathering of

enrollment forms using a variety of channels, including as digital platforms, data encoding,

and postponed deadlines for meeting the documentation standards through December

2020. The method was to set priorities. safety while making sure every student could

effectively register for the next school year.

According to Magsabol (2021), The instruction from the Department of Education

(DepEd) was made public. schools and regional offices to support public school kids' early

enrollment for the academic year 2021–2022, making use of drop boxes and accessible

web platforms. slated for March through April 30, the early registration procedure seeks to

expedite the enrollment process in the midst of the difficulties brought on by the COVID-19

outbreak. DepEd highlighted using internet resources and registration form drop boxes,

restricting in-person transactions to sections under modified general

imposing a communal quarantine (MGCQ) and limiting entry to parents or legal guardians

alone. School The division offices were assigned the responsibility of setting up hotlines for

technical support, and individual Establishing their own hotlines for public questions was

advocated for schools. Furthermore, DepEd reaffirmed the rigorous age requirement for

Kindergarten participation, highlighting the need of early registration to help with readiness

for possible problems and guarantee a good academic experience echange in the face of

changing circumstances, as seen by the move to remote learning procedures from the

preceding school year.

23
 As stated by Malipot (2021), The Department of Education (DepEd) announced the

commencement of enrollment for public schools from Kindergarten to Grade 12 for the

academic year 2021-2022 on August 16. Parents seeking to enroll their children for the

upcoming school year can submit application forms at designated centers like Sta. Ana

Elementary School in Manila. The enrollment period, scheduled from August 16 to

September 13, coincides with the approved school opening date set by President Duterte. In

response to the current COVID-19 crisis, DepEd prioritized remote registration procedures,

especially if Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) is in effect and Enhanced Community

Quarantine with modifications (MECQ). Regarding areas under the General Community

Parental or guardian quarantine (GCQ) and modified general community quarantine

(MGCQ) are urged to complete the MLESF (Modified Learner Enrollment and Survey Form)

by

multiple distant channels, including social media, online platforms, text messaging, and

phone calls to guarantee everyone's safety who is involved.

According to Cruz (2020), To address the difficulties brought about by the COVID-19

pandemic, the Department of The Philippines' Department of Education (DepEd) has

launched an unusual month-long virtual enrollment program. period beginning on June 1 for

tens of millions of pupils enrolled in public schools. Utilizing DepEd Order 008, To guarantee

safety, regulations have been established, requiring a fully remote enrollment for the first

two weeks without in-person communication, with the option to switch to in-person

registration after that As a last resort, third-week coordination with local government entities

was conducted. Secretary of Education Leonor Briones highlights the importance of

reducing in-person appearances for enrollment, with remote Kindergarten students'

enrollment was made easier by digital platforms and class advisers. Not at this time only

seeks to estimate enrollment figures but also offers a chance to collect information that

could inform the nation's upcoming educational initiatives.

24
Foreign Study

As stated by Habahab ( 2019), Researchers created an online enrollment method in

response to the difficulties students had enrolling and the administrative difficulties

associated with gathering enrollment data. In addition to making it easy for students to enroll

and complete forms from home, this technology makes it possible for registrars and class

advisers to effectively manage and arrange the data that is submitted.After developing and

implementing the system using a descriptive developmental approach, the researchers

conducted a pilot test with 12th grade ICT students who offered feedback via a survey

questionnaire during an ICT expo. The findings showed that respondents were largely in

agreement on how good the program was, complimenting its attractive user interface,

effectiveness, dependability, utility, and user-friendliness. All things considered, the approach

that was established was found to be quite appropriate and helpful for both students and

administrative personnel.

According to Kaewsuwan,et al.,(2022) This study set out to investigate user

happiness as well as create a web-based registration system application. The typical student

enrollment model presents a research challenge. After students have enrolled for all topics,

registration personnel enters the data one by one into an Excel application. Students must

visit the college to complete the registration form. To prepare each transcript individually, the

25
registrar needs to bring the necessary paperwork. It requires a lot of time and is prone to

errors like duplicate entries, incorrectly typed course names, incorrectly typed course

structures, erroneous grade point averages, etc. As a result, the researcher studied and

created a solution to address this issue. 497 samples—students and the registration and

evaluation office—from Pitchayabundit College in Nong Bua Lamphu, Thailand were used in

this study. The total satisfaction evaluation result was quite good ( = 3.95). A web application

was created, developed, and put into use as a portal for several stakeholders involved in

general education in higher education.

As stated by Chamilco ( 2023), When waiting times are long and there are large

groups of people, the enrollment process in an educational institution becomes extremely

complicated. The best solution to this issue is to use technological instruments. Thus, by

implementing a digital enrollment system, this research aims to optimize the procedures that

comprise an educational institution's enrollment administration. The creation of the online

enrolling platform was separated into four stages. Planning: This is the section that outlined

the system requirements. Design: Based on the specified parameters, a basic model was

selected. Coding: To aid in the system's functioning, customisation, and structure,

programming languages were employed. Test: The system's flaws were confirmed. In this

way, the digital enrollment process—which includes student enrollment, registration, and

reports—was improved, saving time, manpower, and crowds. This leads to cooperative work

at a distance between the school and the students, serving as a cutting-edge and equitable

technological assistance that expedites the enrollment procedures in a fair and transparent

manner, ensuring equal access to remote learning opportunities and freedom of choice

during pandemics.

According to Sartain, et al., (2022), Families now have more options inside their

district when it comes to urban school districts nationally. District officials are responding by

redesigning the admissions and enrollment processes in an effort to make it simpler and

more equal for students to enroll in schools that are a good fit for them. Students can apply,
26
receive, and accept offers, as well as learn about other possibilities, all in one place using

these universal enrollment platforms. We investigate changes in applications to, offers from,

and enrollment in various high school types (e.g., charter vs. neighborhood schools, high-

performing vs. low-performing schools) using the introduction of such a system in Chicago

Public Schools. Simplifying applications and offers seems to yield the biggest benefits, as

schools are more certain about their incoming ninth-grade cohort and students receive the

single-best offer. The proportion of pupils enrolling in charter schools or high-graduation rate

high schools does not appear to have changed as a result of the new system. These results

imply that although universal enrollment programs can streamline and enhance the

application process, they cannot eliminate unequal access to top-performing educational

institutions.

As stated by Kalyani (2022), This study demonstrates that hospitals as well as schools

employ online registration systems. The newest, easiest method the Online Registration

System (ORS) reduces hospital wait times. There isn't any study that demonstrates the

difficulties patients have when registering online for hospital stays. Goals: This study's

primary goal was to find out what obstacles patients in Uttarakhand's tertiary level hospitals

encountered when registering online. Patients and Methods: A self-structured questionnaire

was used to perform a cross-sectional descriptive study on 400 patients who were attending

the outpatient department (OPD) using non-probability sampling approaches. Findings: The

majority of participants (99.5%) were able to register online using a smartphone or other

electronic device. Although just 26% of participants were using the online OPD registration

system, the majority of participants (71%) were aware that it is a way to register in a hospital.

The biggest obstacle encountered by participants was their lack of knowledge regarding the

online registration process, which prevented them from registering their patients online. The

study comes to the conclusion that consumers should be able to simply use the online

registration process by making it simpler. Increased public awareness through mass media

27
communication is also necessary to ensure that people are aware of the proper usage of

ORS.

According to Agu, et al., (2019), A revolutionary trend is emerging in the use of ICT in

Nigeria's academic system. This is especially true in light of the fact that, when used

properly, ICT is a vital instrument for creating an improved learning environment. The

incorporation of mobile phones and applications as a tool to streamline admission and

university entry procedures is one outcome of the efficient use of ICT. The goal of having a

mobile application is to support students by enabling them to access the internet from

anywhere at any time. Thus, the purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of using

a built mobile application system for student enrolling. It will examine how users feel about a

new mobile application for student enrolment and how user-friendly they think it is. The study

concludes that efficient use of this mobile application will undoubtedly speed up university

enrollment procedures, decrease errors, and increase efficiency while providing users with

increased security for their operations and convenience of use. OOADM was chosen as the

preferred methodology.

According to Moodley, ( 2022), worldwide. A rise in The COVID-19 epidemic has

had an impact on distance learning through online digital platforms and instruction. The use

of technological gadgets in teaching has drastically changed. The consequences of

continuing with online education after the pandemic are significant. A preliminary

investigation was carried out utilizing the perspective of inquiry within social, cognitive, and

facilitator presence to examine the educational experience of online learning. The study

centers on the eight-week course on "Instructional Design Tools for E-learning" experiences

of eighteen adult students. Every student in this course held a position involving the creation

of online content. Information acquired from online course evaluation surveys and weekly

comments illustrates the value, advantages, and drawbacks of online learning design. The

study emphasizes the value of design practices and displays dynamic, real-world learning

28
experiences. The significance of learning presence as a contributing element to the online

learning experience was an unexpected discovery.

According to Arslan, et al., (2022), This study looks into how students at Pakistani

universities and Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) who switched to online instruction during

the COVID-19 epidemic perceived and experienced different aspects of online learning. This

study set out to determine how satisfied students were with their home study environments,

various forms of communication and evaluation techniques, and the support they received

from their institutions and teachers. It also looked at how they evaluated the positive and

negative influencing variables affecting online education. For this study, an online

questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey research approach was selected. Using the

SPSS program, data were gathered from 707 respondents who were affiliated with different

Pakistani institutions and HEIs. The research population was found to be highly dissatisfied

with the online education they received during the COVID-19 epidemic, according to the

findings. The participants expressed worries about the quality of online education and the

absence of institutional support. Additional concerns brought forward included inadequate

study spaces, an absence of electricity, and problems with connectivity. After the pandemic

was over, the vast majority of students said they would not prefer to take online courses

again.

As stated by Choi, (2021), Since the introduction of the COVID-19 virus, the general

process of learning in educational institutions worldwide has undergone changes. As the

virus spreads, educational sectors around the world are compelled to change and restructure

their systems and compositions. In this era of global isolation, the current study examines the

features and problems associated with institutions transitioning to blended and online

learning. The study offers suggestions for enhancing blended learning and online courses

based on focus group interviews performed in Malaysia and South Korea. The research has

an alternate viewpoint to evaluate the effectiveness, success, and caliber of online learning

29
programs during the COVID-19 epidemic thanks to the utilization of student focus groups.

The focus group results indicate that blended education should be taken into consideration to

support learning in order for online learning to succeed. Additionally, the findings

demonstrate that, irrespective of the class category included, communication between

instructors and students continues to be a critical component of success. As a result, the

study's findings shed further light on issues that students encountered during the epidemic

and show how teachers might incorporate student feedback into future blended learning

initiatives.

According to Adarkwah, ( 2021), Information and communication technology (ICT) is

widely recognized as a dependable tool for promoting communication, educational reform,

and development, as well as a way to help accomplish Sustainable Development Goal 4

(SDG 4). Following the adoption of the SDG 4 and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB),

numerous nations have chosen to integrate ICT into teaching and learning across all grade

levels in order to support lifelong learning for all. The Ghanaian government's effort to

revolutionize teaching and learning through ICT in order to guarantee "education anytime

anywhere for everyone" has been met with numerous obstacles and complaints. In 2003, the

primary objective of the Ghana ICT for Accelerated Development (ICT4AD) was to use

education to turn Ghana into an information and technology-driven, high-income economy;

however, this objective has not yet been accomplished. After COVID-19 forced many nations

and educational sectors to adopt online learning, there is a need to talk about the

advantages and disadvantages of online learning in developing contexts, as well as how to

successfully integrate ICT for online learning in schools, particularly in rural ones where

students' educational futures are at risk because they gain less from online learning. The

article finishes with a conceptual model for an emergency transition to e-learning. It also

identifies crucial aspects that impact online learning and suggests post-COVID-19 measures

to promote e-learning for policymakers in education and the government.

30
Local Study

According to Mina, et al., (2021), All higher education institutions faced several

difficulties as a result of the national government's various health and restriction measures

during the pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ascertain students'

experiences, circumstances, and problems with reference to Nueva Ecija University of

Science and Technology's online registration process for the 2020–2021 academic year. The

study's researchers evaluated 1,078 students' feedback regarding the functionality,

dependability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and portability of the system using a

descriptive research methodology. The findings indicate that the system was deemed

excellent by the students for its functionality, dependability, usability, efficiency,

31
maintainability, and portability, but only mediocre for its efficiency. This indicates that the

system offers a high degree of quality and needs little in the way of corrections to be

improved. In that situation, the researchers recommended enhancing the system's efficiency,

which is concerned with utilizing all available input to generate the best caliber and quantity

of output. Lastly, the researchers recommended carrying out more research in which

technical experts would evaluate the system based on its technical components, which are

based on ISO/IEC 25010:2011 or software quality standards.

As stated by Esteves (2020), The enrollment system was developed in order to

expedite the processing of individual student data because Bagong Silang High School has a

big student body. As a result, we suggested a system that will expedite, guard against

document loss, and make it simpler to retrieve student records. The enrollment system was

created to handle the complexity of student registration in order to rectify the sluggish

procedure brought on by the absence of a software system. The software system was very

beneficial for manipulating student encoding; it does it in a simple and understandable

manner. The efficacy of the enrollment system can be attributed to the robustness of the data

encoding mechanism. The goal of this technology was to expedite the enrollment process so

that users may save time. Because our clients utilize laptops, our solution had the drawback

of passing on their system. As such, our system is limited to a small number of users. The

outcome demonstrated that the system needs to be modified because it prioritizes

administrative tasks over student needs. The suggested system is safe, easy to use, and

friendly. The administration of the school may also benefit.

As stated by Malayan, Colleges Mindanao (2021), All of the data can be gathered by

an online enrollment system and stored in one convenient location, making it simple to

access and edit. Instead of requiring manual entry into a registry, registration data is

immediately contributed to the database. The findings of their research will be advantageous

to the administration in its entirety as well as the student. The poll findings from Online

registration solutions are highly preferred by respondents at Batangas National High School
32
due to their organizational advantages, speed, accuracy, ease of use, and convenience.

They consider the self-service portal's accessibility from any location at any time to be a big

benefit, in addition to the system's capacity to manage data more effectively than manual

techniques. They also recognize the system's contribution to enhancing student and

employee data security and expediting the admissions process. The general assumption is

that online enrollment is a better option than traditional paper-based procedures since it can

streamline administrative work and guarantee data accuracy.

As stated by Hayagan ( 2022), Researchers at the Philippines State University San

Carlos Campus found that the online enrollment system was effective, user-friendly, efficient,

and simple to comprehend. The enrolling process is very beneficial to the school, the parent,

and the student. The content and significance of each online enrollment procedure are easily

understood by CPSU San Carlos Campus students. Additionally, the students concurred that

the online enrollment system efficiently saves time. With the aid of the online enrollment

procedures, the school offers comprehensive access and maintains correct student

accounts. The school can simply track and monitor the needs of both the student and the

school with the use of an online enrollment system. Because of the effectiveness of the

aforementioned online method, the respondents strongly advise that the deployment

continue.

According to Dela Cruz (2019), In this study, the efficacy of the information systems

used to enroll students at State Universities and Colleges (SUC) in Central Luzon,

Philippines, was assessed, along with the characteristics that should be included in the

systems and the degree to which the SUCs were prepared for online enrollment. The

selection of acceptable information system measures, including information quality, system

quality, service quality, intention to use, user happiness, and net benefits, was based on the

De Lone and McLean Success Models. According to the report, information systems are

"Effective" when utilizing the D&M Success Model; online registration is prioritized for system

integration, and the level of preparedness for online enrollment is "Moderately Ready."
33
 According to Bueneventura (2022), To enhance Letran Calamba's present enrolling

process for former college students, the researchers suggested an online enrollment system,

a web-based application. The user-friendly interface of our online enrolling system only

necessitates rudimentary computer skills. Using their individual accounts, the students can

access the system. An online survey questionnaire was distributed to the former college

students in order to assess its feasibility. The study's findings demonstrated that the

suggested online enrolling mechanism was useful to the students. Thus, the researchers

came to the conclusion that the project is doable and suggested that the college implement

the online enrollment method.

As stated by Bognot (2021), The process of registering to attend a school, college, or

university for an academic year is known as student enrollment. Once a student or enrollee is

accepted into a specific institution, the enrollment procedure is over. Students can enroll in

courses to pursue and disciplines to attend at colleges and universities. One of the difficult-

to-measure aspects of an institution that proves to be vital for the students as well as the

institution is enrollment processing. The current enrolling procedure often requires a lot of

work and time from both sides. Using the opinion survey approach, the study examines and

analyzes Aurora State College of Technology's (ASCOT) present enrollment procedure.

Using a stratified random selection technique, a minimum sample size of the institution's

faculty, staff, students, and parents will be selected for the survey. A weighted score,

averages, percentages, and ranking techniques have all been used in the analysis. The

outcome has shown that in order to be effective during this epidemic and benefit both sides,

the existing enrollment procedure needs to be improved.

According to Newman (2019), Regarding Nyogani School Inc. It is made out of a

manual mechanism. When recording and retrieving student information, Directress employed

a manual method. Information on student payments is also included. Actually, she uses a ball

pen and columnar page for all of her record keeping. However, the Registrar Department

34
also recorded and retrieved student information using a manual system. The Accounting

Office is another department that handles student payments by hand. Above all, human

interventions will play a major role in this kind of system. This could lead to data

redundancies and inaccuracies, which would cause problems for enterprises. The goal of this

research is to complete an improved system that will function as a more dependable

instrument for student enrollment and registration in an institution. The purpose of the study

is to illustrate the benefits and drawbacks of the computerized enrolling process. The

purpose of the study is to demonstrate how enrollment and registration processes have

evolved from conventional to cutting-edge technologies. As a result, it will be advantageous

to the administration overall as well as the student. A school's enrollment system is crucial.

As stated by Nuevo (2021), The purpose of this study is to assess the Davao del Sur

State College online enrollment system's effectiveness. Students were randomly selected to

answer a questionnaire regarding the effectiveness of the system. Finding out what

methodological tools can be utilized to evaluate the respondent's assessments is another

goal of this study. It will also point you the places that require modification. Determining the

methodological tools that can be employed to evaluate the respondents' assessments is

another goal of this study. ..It will also point you the places that require modification. The

researcher employed the descriptive technique as their study strategy. The study concluded

from the results that the Davao del Sur State College Enrollment System was accurate,

dependable, user-friendly, and straightforward. The school provides wide access and

upholds accurate student accounts with the help of the campus' enrollment procedures. An

enrollment system makes it simple for the school to monitor the requirements of both the

student and the school. Because of the system's effectiveness, the respondents highly

suggest that the implementation continue.

According to (Cierva, 2023) The online enrollment system at the Bato Institute of

Science and Technology handles billing, enrollment, grade reporting, and student

information. It records every bit of data on a student from the first day of the course to the
35
end. They are finished each semester of the year and are all saved for future use. Since

almost all of the work was done on computers, accuracy was preserved. It's simple to

maintain the backup. Administrators and users (workers and students) have two different

ways to access the system. To evaluate the effectiveness of the system, a standardized

questionnaire including topics like speed, ease of use, and overall satisfaction level was

created and given to system users. The collected and processed data allowed the researcher

to draw conclusions. The "very good" results from the survey demonstrate the "Efficiency of

the Online Enrollment System"'s effectiveness. It is advised that the current system be

periodically improved in order to prevent issues in the future.

Conceptual Framework

The Input-Process-Output system was used in describing the conceptual framework

of the study

As shown in figure 1, The primary goal is to comprehensively understand the

advantages, and disadvantages associated with online enrollment through a systematic

approach, and to understand the demographic profile and opinions of respondents regarding

online enrollment. The researchers collected data by conducting surveys in grade 12

36
 learners of Japan-Philippines Institute of Technology- San Jose Campus. Once the data was

collected, the researchers began to clarify the potential results of the study.

Input Process Output

1. What is the demographic

profile of the respondents in 1.)Collect responses from Summary statistics for age,
terms of the following: participants, including optional gender, and strand
1.1 Name (Optional) names, age, gender, and strand distribution A summary of
1.2 Age information. the advantages identified in
1.3 Gender 2.)Analyze the advantages of online the process. A summary of
1.4 Strand enrollment, considering factors such the disadvantages identified
2. What are the advantages of as accessibility, convenience, and in the process. Identified
online enrollment efficiency. benefits based on respondent
3.What are the disadvantages 3.)Examine the disadvantages of feedback.
of online enrollment online enrollment, taking into

account potential issues like

technical challenges, security

concerns, and limited personal

Feedback

Figure 1.

A research paradigm that indicates the characteristics of chosen students and

their feedback on the Effects of Information Technology on Academic Performance of

Senior High School Learners

37
Research Hypothesis

This section focuses on the research hypothesis of the study. It serves as a tentative

explanation for a phenomenon or prediction about the advantages and disadvantages of

college online enrollment form on Grade 12 Senior High School Learners In Japan Philippine

Institute of Technology, San Jose Del Monte Campus.

38
Null – Is there no significant advantages and disadvantages of college online enrollment on

Grade 12 Senior High School learners in terms of academic performance, convenience, and

overall satisfaction.

Alternative – is There a significant advantages and disadvantages of college online

enrollment on Grade 12 Senior High School learners, positively affecting academic

performance, convenience, and overall satisfaction.

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the methodological part of the study. It includes research

design, population of the study, research instrument, data collection procedure, and data

processing and statistical treatment.

39
Research Design

This study used Quantitative Research Method. According to Sreekumar (2023)

Quantitative Research Method involves the observation of events that impact a specific

group of people, known as the sample population. This form of research gathers a variety of

numerical data through different approaches and subsequently employs statistical analysis to

compile, compare, or reveal connections within the data. Common quantitative research

methods encompass surveys, structured observations, and experiments. The researchers

employed the quantitative research method because it was the most suited method for

acquiring the necessary statistical data in the study.

The researchers employ a Descriptive Design with the goal of assessing whether

college online enrollment form has a disadvantages and advantages on Grade 12 Leaners in

Japan Philippine Institute of Technology. Throughout the research, data interpretation and

analysis are carried out through survey. According to Sirisilla (2023) “A descriptive research

design is an effective method employed by scientists and researchers to collect data about a

specific group or phenomenon. The researchers use this approach because it offers a

comprehensive and precise depiction of the attributes and actions of a particular population

or subject”.

Population Sample Size and Sampling Technique

In this study, it consists of selected Grade 12 students with the total of fifty (50)

students at Japan Philippine Institute of Technology, San Jose Del Monte Campus. The

researchers chose selected Grade 12 students to be respondents in this study to gather

precise statistics and data on advantages and disadvantages of college online enrollment

form on Grade 12 Senior High School Learners. The participants were selected from various
40
academic tracks such as TVL, HUMSS, and STEM. The selection criteria were based on

their experience, familiarity, viewpoints, and insights pertaining to the subject. Employing

these criteria enhances the credibility of the argument, facilitating a comprehensive

comprehension of the topic. This approach will consequently refine our selection of

participants, enabling a more thorough exploration to online enrollment. According to Hayes

(2023) “A simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population in which each member

of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen. A simple random sample is meant to

be an unbiased representation of a group.” It is a type of probability sampling in which

researchers randomly selects a subset of participants from a population of Japan Philippines

Institute of Technology San Jose Campus. Each member of the population has an equal

chance of being selected. Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible of

this random subset.

Strand Section Male Female Total

HUMSS Kirin 3 3 6

Kuma 3 3 6

TVL Iruka 3 3 6

Kujira 3 3 6

STEM Fukurou 4 3 7

GAS Neko 4 3 7

ABM Hitsuji 3 3 6

Ushi 3 3 6

Total 50

Table 1. Population and Sample Size of the Respondents

41
Research Instrument

The researchers use self-made survey questionnaires in Likert Scale form to obtain

valid data. According to Jamieson (2024) The Likert Scale, a rating system commonly

employed in surveys, is crafted to gauge individuals' attitudes, opinions, or perceptions.

Respondents are presented with a spectrum of options to select from in response to

42
particular questions or statements. The researchers constructed a survey questionnaires,

which is a Likert scale, for acquiring the needed information for the research. Likert scales

are a kind of rating scale that are frequently seen on survey forms or questionnaires. They

are effective for measuring people's feelings and degrees of agreement in a variety of

contexts. As claimed by Solmaz (2023). This essay delves deeply into the Likert scale and

will guide you through its proper application.

Likert Scale Verbal Interpretation

The 5-point Likert scale serves as a psychometric tool for gathering responses,

allowing participants to express their agreement levels succinctly across five points. These

points encompass: (1) Strongly Disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Neither Agree nor Disagree; (4)

Agree; (5) Strongly Agree.

Likert-Scale Description Likert-Scale Likert Scale Interval

Strongly disagree 1 1.00 – 1.80

Disagree 2 1.81 – 2.60

Neutral/Uncertain 3 2.61 – 3.40

Agree 4 3.41 – 4.20

Strongly Agree 5 4.21 – 5.00

Data Collection Procedure

Before gathering the data, the researchers make a written permit to conduct the

survey questionnaires that will be signed by research advisers and coordinators of Japan -

Philippine Institute of Technology (JPI) in San Jose Campus. The researchers make self-

made survey questionnaires corresponding to the topic. The questionnaires were

43
successfully validated by research advisers. The researchers tell the respondents about the

importance of their answer to the survey. 50 copies of the questionnaires was given to the

respondents. The questionnaires is directly given face-to-face and returned by the

respondents.

After collecting all data the researchers, with the help of simple random sampling

method and likert scale questionnaries. The result will be statistically analyzed and

interpreted.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

44
 To address the research questions presented, a statistical treatment was conducted on

this study. The data that will be gathered from the respondents will be put through to the

following statistical treatment:

Simple percentage. This pertains to a special category of rates, where percentages

are employed to compare two or more sets of data, indicating the relationship between these

series.

Formula: % = F/N x 100

Where:

% - percentage

F = Frequency or the No. of respondents

N = The total number of cases

Mean. Denotes the average and is calculated by dividing the sum of a dataset by the

number of data points. While the mean serves as a useful tool for comparing various

datasets, its effectiveness can be compromised by outliers or extreme values.

Formula:

Where:

𝑥̅ = mean

∑ 𝑥= sum of all data

N = number of data

45
 Median. The median is the middle number in a set of data. Sort and arrange the data

first, going from smallest to largest to determine the middle value Formula:

Mode. The mode is the value that appears the most frequently in a set of data. One

mode, multiple modes, or no modes at all may exist in a set of data. It is a central tendency

measure that indicates which option or feature is the most common in the sample.

Dispersion. It refers to the extent to which data points in a dataset spread out from the mean

(average) value. It provides information about the variability or spread of a set of values.

46
Range. The range is a measure of dispersion that represents the difference between the

largest and the smallest values in a dataset. It gives a rough idea of how spread out the

values in the data set are

Variance. Is a statistical measure that quantifies the spread or dispersion of a set of values in

a data set. In the context of research and statistics, variance is used to assess how much

individual data points differ from the mean (average) of the data set.

47
Standard Deviation. It is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

It provides a numerical value to describe the spread of data points around the mean.

48
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