Part 1: 3a.

The advantages of the global spread of English

- Factors affecting whether a language is adopted or abandoned when it spreads to
new territories
- Advantages of a lingua franca:
+ for international relations
+ for businesses
+ for communication
+ for education and scientific advancement
+ for political unity
 Summary of part 1

Part 2: 3b. The dark side of the global spread of English

- 3 disadvantages of a global lingua franca:
While there are clear advantages of a global lingua franca, there are also numerous
disadvantages including: language death; reduced diversity of global languages;
homogenizaof cultures; and a in learning other foreign languages. A further disadvantage is
of socio-economic inequalities.

- Language death, cause of language death and effect of language death (what is lost
when languages die)
There are between 5,000 and 6,000 languages spoken in the world today. Based on
these figures, however, it has been predicted that 3,000—4,000 may cease to exist by
2100 (Grenoble and Whaley, 1998)
Based on the Endangered Languages Project's catalogue, languages are dying out at a
rate of four a year, but the future looks more grim with 40 per cent of the world's
languages currently endangered. The arrival of new languages into a region has a
 tremendous impact on the death of a language, and is often the primary cited cause of
language death.
In the USA and Canada alone, of the 270 documented mutually intelligible indigenous
languages, one-third have already disappeared and all but several are expected to be
extinct within the next few generations
With the recent spread of English via Channel 4 (globalization), attention has been
drawn to the threat that English poses to foreign languages
Biểu hiện:
in most of Europe secondary-level students learn English in their modem foreign language
class, often in place of üditional neighbouring European languages,
Motivation to study and interest in languages such as Russian and Gen-nan have
dramatically dropped in Hungary, replaced by motivation to learn English
in the case of Singapore the increased use of English has resulted in decreased use of other
languages, particularly by the younger generations
=> English certainly appears to fit the description as a 'killer language',
With the growth of English, hệ quả là:
the world not only loses languages, but also the cultures, traditions, and knowledge that
surround them.
- The spread of English in more recent times?
- Homogenization of culture?
Language can be seen as a symbol of culture, and the strong between the two means
that the worldwide spread of English has resulted in the worldwide spread of Western
and, more specifically, American culture.
- A killer of foreign language learning?
- Is English a killer language?
 Summary of part 2
Part 3: 3c. Linguistic imperialism and the creation of inequalities by the global spread of
English
- What is linguistic imperialism?
- Phillipson’s current views on linguistic imperialism
- Creation of socio-economic inequalities
- The debate: was the spread of English a result of linguistic imperialism?
+ yes: the top-down perspective
+ no: the bottom-up perspective
- Levelling inequality
- Resisting linguistic imperialism
 Summary of part 3

Part 4: 3d. The politics of the spread of English: influences on language policy and planning

- English-only policy in ENL nations

- English-only policy in the USA
- Minority language policy
- Language policy in the Outer Circle
- Language policy in the Expanding Circle
- In the European Union
 Summary of part 4