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Report on Industrial Visit & Field Visit on SE Region in Bangladesh

Research · June 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22662.55369

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Report On: Industrial Tour to Pacific Jeans
Report
Limited & FieldOn:
visitIndustrial Tour
to SE Bangladesh
Code:
Course Code:423
Held in 25 February
Held on 25 february
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Submitted By Submitted To
Name: Hosna Jahan Kanica  Md. Muhyminul Islam, Assistant Professor
 Md. Rajib Hossain, Lecturer
Student Id: 16ESD246
Year: 4th
 Dr. Md. Rasheduzzaman, Lecturer
Session : 2016-17
Dept:Environmental Science & Disaster Management

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At very beginning I would like to express my deepest appreciation and praise to Almighty, the
most beneficent and merciful creator who has enable us to complete the tour.
These Tour opportunity I had with ESD 1st Batch was a great chance for learning and professional
development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an
opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful
people and professionals who led me though this period.
I express my deepest thanks to honourable chairman sir Md Muhyminul Islam, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Environmental Science & Disaster Management for taking useful decision & amp; giving
necessary advices and guidance and arranged all facilities to make the session easier. I choose this
moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.
Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special
thanks to my honorable sir Dr. Md. Rasheduzzaman, Lecturer, Dept. of Environmental Science &
Disaster Management who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to
hear, guide and keep us on the correct path and also allowing to carry out my training at their
esteemed industry. I could not have imagined having a better advisor for this tour.
It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to Md.
Rajib Hossain,sir, Lecturer,Dept. of Environmental Science & Disaster Management for his
careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for the betterment of our tour both
theoretically and practically.
I am also very heartfelt thanks to all of my friend for their being interesting and amusing
accompany, direct help, constructive suggestion and constant support.
 Abstract
Environmental Science & Disaster Management is inherently a multidisciplinary science,
comprising biological, chemical, and geological aspects that often overlap. It is a science of
observations and investigations. The students of Environmental Science & Disaster Management
should develop the skill of observations and investigations by practicing knowledge acquisitions.
The best way to develop the skill of observations and investigations are the practices of.
Theoretical knowledge is neither complete nor sufficient unless paired and cogged together with
practical fieldwork.Recently we experienced a tour which has been carried out in the reknowned
industry named Pacific Jeans Ltd as well as the South East Region of Bangladesh.
Industrial visits represent important activities in any undergraduate programmed that contribute to
the achievement of various essential learning outcomes and programmed objectives. This paper
reports on an attempt to make the industrial visit an integral part of the course. This is achieved
through identifying learning outcomes and a suitable industrial site to achieve them.
 Table of Content

Acknowledgement----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Chapter One:
Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-10
 Aims and objectives of the industrial trip
 Summary of the tour plan and locations (add map if possible)
 Relevance of the places & industry you visited during the tour
to your current program (Environmental Science and Disaster Management)
Chapter Two:
Industrial Visit------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11-
20
 Brief overview of the Company, its date of establishment,
location, number of employees, production rate, etc.
 Vision or goal of the industry
 Type of the visited industry (Red, Orange or Green?)
 Buyer of their products
 Role of the industry in maintaining Environmental Sustainability
 Measures taken for the maintaining Environmental Sustainability
 Washing Departmen
 Operation of Effluent Treatment Plan
(schematics/layout of the plant, functions
of the different sections of the ETP
 Drawbacks and your suggestion to improve environmental sustainability
Chapter Three:
Physical Environment of the SE Region of Bangladesh--------------------------------------30-40
 Physiography of SE Bangladesh
 Physiography of Saint Martin’s Island
 Observed rock/depositional features
Chapter Four:
Biodiversity of the SE Bangladesh ----------------------------------------------------------------41-50
 Floral and faunal diversity of the visited places-
 Rangamati, Cox’s Bazar, Saint Martin’s island (with relevant photos)
 In your observations what are the threats (natural, manmade)
to the biodiversity of the visited area
 Impact of the tourism on regional biodiversity
(specially hill tracts and in Saint martin’s island)
 Suggestion to improve the conditions/problems
Chapter Five:
Costal Environment of Bangladesh------------------------------------------------------------51-55
 Costal Environmental features of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
 Livelihoods of the coastal people of Cox’s Bazar, Saint Martin’s island.
 What is peninsula? Description of Teknaf peninsula
 What do you understand by ECA (Ecologically Critical Areas)?
List out the ECAs of Bangladesh.
How many ECAs fall in your visited places?
Describe their present conditions.
 Formation of Saint Martin’s island and its major environmental features
 In your observation, did you find any implementation of the
Coastal Zone Policy 2015, Bangladesh in your visited coastal places?
 Hazards and disasters of coastal Bangladesh
 Did you have any conversation with the local people
about their sufferings from environmental hazards/disasters?
What did you learn?
 Your observed Disaster resilient features in Cox’s Bazar and
Saint Martin’s island
 Effects of the tourism in coastal Bangladesh
Chapter Six:
Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55-60
 Lesson learnt from the industrial trip (in brief) and
how would it help you to improve your academic knowledge
as a student of Environmental Science and Disaster Management?
 What are your suggestions to maintain the sustainability of
the biodiversity and coastal environment of Bangladesh?
Table:
1)Tour plan------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

2) Production Items & Capacity Per Day---------------------------------------------------5

3): Buyer of their products-------------------------------------------------------------6
4)ECA of Bangladesh------------------------------------------------------------------53
 Chapter One: Introduction

 Aims and objectives of the industrial trip

Study tour is one of the important part of education. It is not only interesting but also instructive.
Management as a profession can’t be taught merely in the four walls of classrooms. Only
theoretical knowledge is not sufficient to build competitive managers. If we learn by seeing and
doing, we can bear it in mind for a long time.The purpose of the trip is
usually observation for education, non-experimental research or to provide us with experiences
outside our everyday activities, such as going camping with teachers and our classmates. The aim
of this research is to observe the subject in its natural state and gained knowledge.
 The purpose of industrial training is to expose our self to the world of work so that they
can relate the theoretical knowledge with application in industry.
 To develop skills in the application of theory to practical work situation.
 To develop skills and techniques directly applicable to our careers.
 To enhance the ability to improve students creativity, skills and sharing ideas.
 To enhance leadership and managing ability.
 It really helps us to better realize the interaction between our chosen fields of study to
the rest of the world.
 Developing ability to critically analyze the situation.
 Developing the habit of time management.
 Our self-development and realizing self-actualization.
 It helps to enlarge our practical knowledge rather than descriptive method.

 Summary of the tour plan and locations

Itinerary
 25 February – 3 March

Table :Tour plan

Day Time Description

Day 1 5.30 pm We Started Our Journey from Our University
Started our journey from our university,Gopalgang at 5.30
pm.
1.00am We have completed our dinner at Chadpur Ferighat at 1.00
am

Day 2 We reached Chittagang

8.00am We reached Chittagang town at 8.00 am.
Then completed our breakfast at AK Pahartali Restaurant.
9.00pm Then started our journey & reached Patenga Sea Beach at
9.00pm
10.00pm Then we went the industry named Pacific Jeans Ltd. At 10.00
pm
Day 3 Then started journey for Sajek
12.00pm We reached Sajek at 12.00pm & stay at Tarrain Resort
3.00 pm At 3.00 pm we reached at Konglak Pahar & then back to the
Resort.
Day 4 10.00 am Started journey for Alutila
8.00 pm Reached Rangamati & stay at Shanghai Hotel

Day 5 9.00pm Started journey for Kaptai Lake

11.00pm Shuvlong Waterfall
3.00pm Hanging Bridge
Day 6 1.25 pm Reached Coxs Bazar & stayed at Ocean View Hotel &
completed dinner at Poushi Bangla Restaurant.
10.00 am
3.00 pm Sugandha Sea Beach
6.00 pm Inani Beach

Barmeze Market
Day 7 6.00 am Start journey
12.30 pm Reached Saint Martin & stay at the Resort & completed
lunch,diner & breakfast at Sea Find Restaurant.
Day 8 9.00am Reached at Chera dip
3.00am Arrieved the Resort of Saint Martin
6.00pm Started journey for Cox’s Bazar
1.00am After completing dinner from Ocean View Hotel at Cox’s
Bazar started Journey for Gopalganj.
1.00am Reached our University

Accomodation:
Chittagang-A K Khan Pahartoli Chittagang
Sajek Valley-Tarrin
Rangamati- Shanghai
Khagrachari-Hotel Mountain
Cox’s Bazar-Ocean View

Location:

Fig:Location of the industry

 Relevance of the places & industry you visited during the tour to your current
program (Environmental Science and Disaster Management)
Environmental Science & Disaster Management is a multidisciplinary subject.Recently we have
completed our tour including the industry named Pacific Jeans Ltd & the South- East region of
Bangladesh.
Our current program is so relevant to the visited places & industry.Some of the major courses
included in our syllabus are directly related to the industry & place we visited.Those relevant
courses are---
  Water related courses (Water &Waste Water Treatment, Intregated Water Resource
Management)
 Industry related courses :
 Industrial Ecology (IE)
 Environmental Health & Safety (EHS)
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Environmental Monitoring & Auditing
Visited Places: I have found similarities between my visited place & the following courses I
have read---
 Biodiversity
 Physial Environment
 Hydrology
 Toxicology
 Global Warming
 Meteorology & Climate Change
 Air pollution
 Energy & Environment
 Coastal Environment & Management
 Waste Water Treatment
 Water Management
 Waste Management
 Environmental Law,Protocol & Ethics
 National & International Convention,Treaty & Protocol
 Fig:Pacific Jeans Industry

Chapter Two:Industry Visit

Chapter Two: Industrial Visit

Chapter Two: Industrial Visit

Fig: Conference room of the visited industry

 Brief overview of the Company, its date of establishment, location, number of

employees, production rate, etc
Pacific Jeans Ltd. is a renowned casual wear manufacturer company based in Chittagong,
Bangladesh. The Company is a leading jeans design and manufacturing house in Bangladesh. It is
producing finest jeans products for men and women.
Pacific Jeans Limited has become leading suppliers of the global fashion retailers. The Company
has a design wing 'Pacific Jeans Innovation Centre' in partnership with premium design companies
and cooperation with leading foreign fashion designers; the Center has been working on value
addition and new product innovation based on upcoming fashion trends, market research and new
idea generation. Mr. S. M. Tanvir is the Director Pacific Jeans Limited.
Date of Establishment :Pacific Jeans was established in 1984.
Production: It is producing finest jeans products for men and women.The factories of Pacific
Jeans Group are producing about 1,25,000 pieces of jeans pant every day that will accumulate
about 36 million pieces of jeans in a fiscal year & exporting to more than fifty (50) countries for
foreign buyers.

Capacity: 36 M/Yr
Number of Employers: Pacific Jeans Limited has employed 29,000+ people.In addition, Around
60 foreigners are working in various positions in these company, most of whom render their
services at the innovation center.Besides, Every year hundreds of new workers are joining.
Specially designed training sessions identify the needs of those fresh workers in particular areas
and train them accordingly.

Production Items & Capacity Per Day:

Table:2 Production Items & Capacity Per Day

Items Units
Men’s, ladies & boys 5pockets jeans 32,000
Cargo pants/shorts/mens carpenters 10,000
Chions 10,000
Overallshorts 4,000
Mens/ladies/kids 4,000
Total 60,000
 Fig:Different item production capacity

Production Sectors:
 Cutting
 Sewing
 Dry Process
 Wet Process
 Finishing
 Quality Assuarance
 Testing Laboratory
Production Unit:5
 NHT Fashion
 Jeans
 Causals
 Accessories
 Knitexs
Raw Materials
Chemicals:Usually chemicals are vary from textile to textile.Generally following
chemicals are usable in all types of textiles---------------------
Puric Acid (Turkish)
Enzyme
Enzyme stone
Bleach
Dye:Blue,Black,Orange,Green
 Organic (main)
Hard

Overall Flowchart of Manufacturing Process (UNIT):

 Vision or goal of the industry

Included in the new seasonal wash developments introduced by Pacific Jeans at this edition of
Denim by Premium Vision were
Heavy RIP & repair treatments
Patch & embellished effects
Localized embellishments & colour bloc effects
Garments dye & tit treatments for mens & womens denim
Be a global Lifewear solution company.

 Type of the visited industry (Red, Orange or Green?)

Fighting pollution gets renewed thrust with government releasing new ‘colour’ codes for industries
based on their pollution load factor.

On 5 March 2016, Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change (MoEFCC), Prakash Javadekar released the four colour categorizations for industries as
per the following Pollution Index (PI) score between 0 and 100:
 Industries with Pollution Index score of 60 and above: Red category
 Industries with Pollution Index score of 41 to 59: Orange category
 Industries with Pollution Index score of 21 to 40: Green category
 Industries with Pollution Index score including and upto 20: White category

Fig:Colour Category of the Industry

Pollution Index: Pollution Index (PI) measures the level of ‘emissions’ that cause air pollution,
‘effluents’ that contaminate water, ‘hazardous wastes’ which includes dangerous chemicals and
‘consumption of resources’ which excessively use natural resources.
Based on the pollution levels, a PI score is assigned. A higher level of pollution will reflect a higher
score. The Index was derived after extensive consultation with various pollution control and
monitoring bodies like CPCB, SPCB along with MoEFCC.
Observing the PI & the color code of the listed industry we found that our visited industry was fall
in Orange B Category.

 Buyer of their products:

Pacific Jeans can be able to fulfill regional demands besides it has a great market demand
on the world wide like UK,Europe.Pacific Jeans Ltd. Can expand their business & product
line to meet the broader range of customer needs in the foreign market.
Major Buyers of Pacific Jeans Limited are given below:

Table3: Buyer of their products

Buyers Estimated percent to utilize production
capacity
GAP 20%

C&A 15%

UNIQLO 30%
 H&M 10%

CHARIES VOGELE 8%
TOM TAYLOR 6%
OLD NAVY 6%
OTHER 5%

 Role of the industry in maintaining Environmental Sustainability

Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs. The concept of sustainability is composed of three pillars:
Economic
Enironmental, and
Social
Also known informally as profits, planet, and people respectively.

Fig: Environmental Sustainability of the industry

Economic:Economic criteria includes for evaluating sustainable manufacturing performance of
industry is given below:

Inventory cost
Labor cost
Material cost
Raw material substitution
Product delivery
Environmental: Environmental criteria includes for evaluating sustainable manufacturing
performance of industry is given below:

Air emission
Energy consumption
Fuel consumption
Material consumption
Social: Social criteria includes for evaluating sustainable manufacturing performance of industry
is given below:
Accident rate
Labor relationship
Occupational health & safety
Training & education

 Measures taken for the maintaining Environmental Sustainability

Denim companies need to measure their environmental footprint to protect the environment as the
answer to the call of sustainable jeans at the same time benefit from the business.Our visited
industry named Pacific Jeans Ltd is a world class casual wear manufacturing company known for
its state of the art production facility,has extensive & unique research & develop centre,also high
skilled human resources.It maintains all rules & regulations & environment is sustainable.

Fig:Sustainable Manufacturing Process

For this purpose they use Eco-friendly machine named Brongo Machine.This machine is capable
to reduce environmental impact.Besides can be able to reduce energy consumption & need less
manpower altemately reduce the overall manufacturing cost.
For example: other machines require steam power approximately 80% but these Italian Brongo
Machine require 40% steam which save approximately 40% steam as well as save energy.In this
way it also capable of saving water.
This industry also use Combined ETP Plant for waste water treatment.In addition,it ensures
operational safety & personal health safety. For being to maintain workers use PPE like musks,
aprons, hand glaves, glasses & so on.
Environment:
 Actively Participating & submitting HIGG Index FEM 3.0 & social module.
 Actively Participated CP & PAcT Programme to reduce energy & water consumption to
ensure Environmental Sustainability.
 Sustainable Wash Programe for different buyers which help us to reduce water & energy
consumption,manpower & chemical.
 Participating H2O water programme of buyer GAP Inc.
 ETP modification /automation done to get more sustainable result with less chemical &
energy consumption.
 BEPI: All factories are submitted self assessment in BEPI.
 ZDHC: All factories are registered in ZDHC (Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals)
Gateway & conducting the waste water test in a year through 3rd party (Bereau Veritas) as
per standards/guideline of ZDHC.
 Clean Chain: All factories are registered in clean chain & uploading the chemical
inventory.
 In House accredited testing lab.
Water/Energy/Emission
Water:
 Rain water harvesting
 Installed RO with UV Lamp for Clean Drinking Water for workers.
 Installed water flow meter in the outlet & inlet of production process & others areas for
proper monitoring of water consumption.
 Reduced water consumption by spraying Enzyme in machine instead of conventional way.
Energy:
 70 KW/H Solar Power Plant installed for lighting in the production floor.
 100% LED lights installed in the factories.
 Installed Servo Motors in the sewing machines to reduce energy consumption.
 Installed modern boilers with economizer & auto blow down system to reduce energy
consumption.
 Installed cogeneration boiler running with exhaust of gas operator generators. So no energy
used at all for this boilers which also is reduced air emission.
 Installed condense steam recovery system .
 Use low curing temperature resin for Wrinkle, 3D to save energy.
  Use cold enzyme to reduce steam.
Emission:
 Recycling material in production
 Moving towards paperless office.
 Planting tress /adopted gardens etc.
Chemical Managements:
 Most of the chemicals using by the factory are approved by as per as ZDHC MRSL as well
as buyer MRSL/RSL.
 Also do screening & communicating with Chemical Suppliers to ensure that 100% of
chemicals will be purchashed from the suppliers that are registered in the ZDHC gateway.
 Joined roadmaps towards ZDHC.
 Moved from regular dyestuff to Avitaradyes which consume less energy or dye.
 Replace dye stuff chemicals with ETAD certified dye stuff chemicals.
 Use zero formaldehyde resin for wrinkle 3D production.

Labor Practice :
Incentives & Benefits:
 Provident Fund
 Festival Bonus
 Paid Maternity Leave
 Group Insurance
 Production Incentive Bonus
 Attendence Bonus
 Yearly Earn Leave Enchasment
 Transport Allowance
 Food Allowance
 Wages Payment through Bank
Facilities:
 Subsidized transportantion/Pick up & Drop service
 Subsidized Tiffin.
Well Being:
 Health care facilities
 Medical Facilities
Social Responsibility:
 Arrange Parsonal Advancement & Carrer Enhancement Programmee.
 Writing skill development programme for female workers those who can read but
don’t know how to write.
 HER health programme.
 Comprehensive internal trainings/ skill development programmes.
 Workers Health & Welfare:
 Pacific Jeans joined “Pathways for Promise” Programme of Asia University for
Women (AUW) for Ready-Made –Garments Workers.
 Blood Donation Programms.
 Medical Facilities.
 Pacific Foundation also providing financial supports to the employees for
expensive medical treatment.
Workers Children Welfare

 Washing Department
Whenever we visited the industry, the Senior Executive Officier Dipto Das described briefly about
their washing procedure.He told that they use Brongo L5200 washing machine.These Brongo
Machine has two parts---
1)Traditional Part
2)Sustainable Part

Fig:Washing Machine (Brongo Machine)

This machine is so much Eco friendly & also sustainable & made in Italy.It is able to provide
services continuously 20hours service per day.
Machine Model:L5200
Capacity: Its total capacity is 5200 liter.
Procedure:
Advantage:
This machine has so many advantage like it is able to save---
 Water
 Energy
 Chemical
 Manpower
From an example it can be clear that this machine is realy good & eco friendly………..
Normally to wash ASTOR needs 700 liter water but using this machine water requires 250/300
liter.Here we see that this machine is able to save approximately 50% water.

 Operation of Effluent Treatment Plan (schematics/layout of the plant, functions of

the different sections of the ETP)
Whenever we visited the industry , Dr. Niuz the Consultant of that industry described us so facilely
all the proceeses & features briefly.He told that they use Combined ETP Plant for waste water
treatment.In this plant they do both chemical & biological treatment at a time.At first they do
chemical treatment than do biological treatment .They folow this procedure to remove the colour
of water.
Capacity of the Combined ETP Plant: 120 cubic liter/hour
 Fig:ETP schematics diagram

Screening:
At first all debries are removed by screening.If debris are not removed in first step then those will
create troublesome in pulping & create unnecessary problem in equalization tank.
Lamella Clarifier:
This is used for removing sediment.Then water flows into the equalization tank.
Equalization Tank:
The temperature is reduced here.Hydrolic retention period of this tank is 8 hours.
DAF:
Dissolved Air Floatation is denoted as DAF.Added nutrient before sending water into DAF.
Nutrients include FeSO4 ,Lime , polimer & tonic.By using jar test select that which tonic is more
effective.
Into this DAF flow air from outside to make the sludge activated.
FAP:
Secondary Treatment:
Here BOD, COD reduced .Then water comes into the secondary clarifier .
Nutralization Tank:
Fresh water come here & added nutrient (urea & DAP).The ratio is DAP : Water : Urea = 100: 5:
1.
Final Water Tank:Here BOD , COD removed completely.
Tertiary Tank: Then water comes in the tertiary tank.
DM: Dual Media Filter is denoted as DM. After passing this filter water released into the
environment.
Water quality is tested into the lab .

 Drawbacks and your suggestion to improve environmental sustainability

To develop more sustainable societies, industries need to better understand how to respond to
environmental, economic and social challenges and transform industrial behaviour.
Sound Problem
Must use Natural “Green” dye instead of organic dye
Avoid bleach
Advanced Technology
In my point of view I would like to suggest that the company should use more advance technology
that have sound reduction capacity.Because those machinery use in present are produce a massive
sound that can hamper workers hearing capacity.
Besides they should replace bleach types chemicals with other environmental friendly
chemicals.Because bleach release toxins into the air through the ventilation & other exhausted
processes.Some parts of the Chlorine ,along with other by products stay in the air, creating more
pollution. The bleaches by products in the air eventually reach the Earths Atmophere & Ozone
layer as well.

In addition, using Green dye instead of organic dye will be able to reduce the use of toxics since
starting materials are environmentally benign with associated benefits in terms of waste disposal
& occupational safety.Besides, after extraction of the dye the biomass can be used for energy
generation.

Chapter Three: Physical Environment of the SE Region of Bangladesh

 Physiography of SE Bangladesh

The southeastern region of Bangladesh known as Chattogram Division borders the Bay of
Bengal in the south, India and Myanmar in the east and the locally largest river, the Meghna
 River (based on water discharged), in the north and west. Geographically, it is the largest
administrative division of Bangladesh out of eight, with 33,904 sq. km (13,090.41 sq. mi)
land surface and a population of 29.15 million consisting of a density of 884 persons per
sq. km. The geographical location of the area is 22◦400 N to 24◦100 N and 90◦450 E to
92◦400 E.

Fig:Physiography of SE Bangladesh

Northern & Western Portion:

The northern and western portions are listed as low-lying alluvial floodplains of the Meghna
River that are less than 10 m above sea level, comprising 37.6% of the region. However, the
remaining southern and eastern portion, where the elevation exceeds 200 m, comprises 62.4%
of the area, mostly with a south–north distributed hilly nature.
Eastern Portion:
The eastern portion hilly regions are mostly covered by dense forest with a variety wild life.
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC):
Physiographically, the South-East Region is the combination of 8 different types of lands
according to the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) of the government.
Wetlands (Basin)
Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain
Middle Meghna Floodplain
Lower Meghna Floodplain
Ganges Tidal Floodplain
Coastal Plain Land
 Terrace Land
North Eastern Hills

The major portions of this region are occupied by the northeastern hills in a tertiary formation
of lower Tibetan plateau. The vast areas of plain lands are mainly alluvial river floodplains,
estuarine floodplains, wetlands, tidal floodplains and coastal plains in nature. Additionally, a
small portion of terraced land was also found here.

Climate:
Generally can be categorized as having a humid tropical climate with the south eastern corner
having a tropical rainforest climate.
LSTs in the southeastern region of Bangladesh were found to be mostly increasing except in some
specific regions. Overall, approximately 63% of the total area has an increase in LST during the
period from 2001 to2016. A range of highly increased LSTs were identified in the northwestern
active floodplain region; in the river basin and wetlands areas of Brahmanbaria; and in Chandpur
and the upper portion of the Comilla districts as well. At the same time, the hilly and mountain
areas of Khagrachari, Bandarban, and some other portions of the Cox’sBazar and Rangamati
districts were also marked as having increased LSTs. The highest temperature increases (2.01–5.0
◦C/16 years) were recorded at Teknaf and Ukhia of Cox’sBazar and Faridganj of Chandpur. The
changing trends of LSTs were mostly stable at the southern coastal belt areas of Chattogram and
Cox’s Bazar districts and some islands in the Bay of Bengal, as well as in the foothill and valley
regions of the study. On the other hand, in the tidal floodplain of Noakhali district, the old Meghna
estuarine floodplains of Comilla district, and coastal plain lands of Chattogram and Feni districts,
temperatures were identified with trends of decreasing ranges (LST < −1 ◦C/16years). Overall,
during the period of study (2001–2016), an approximately 0.2 ◦C increase in temperature has
occurred.

 Physiography of Saint Martin’s Island

 Fig:Saint Martin

The whole St. Martin’s Island lies between the latitude 20°34´ and 20°39´N; and the longitude
92°18´ and 92°21´E. There are five distinct physiographic areas within the island :
Uttar Para is the northern part of the island with a maximum length, along the
north south axis, of 2,134 m, and a maximum width of 1,402 m.
Golachipa is a narrow neck of land connecting Uttar Para with Madhya Para.
Madhya Para, directly south of Golachipa is 1,524 m long and 518 m wide at its
maximum.
Dakhin Para, lies next to the south and is 1,929 m long.
Southeast :With an additional narrow tail of 1,890 m towards the southeast, and
at its maximum is 975 m wide.

Fig:Physiography of Saint Martin

St. Martin's Island is only 8 km2 dumb-bell shaped sedimentary continental island located in the
northeast part of the Bay of Bengal and about 9 km far from the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf peninsula
tip, and the southernmost part of Bangladesh. Contrary, it is about 8 km west of the northwest
coast of Myanmar at the mouth of the Naf River. In a simple word, the island’s location is on the
getaway in Bangladesh. It is the surrounding coral reef off the island.

Fig:Coral
Though there are some developments are on their way to meet the full standard as a tourist spot,
nothing compares to the beauty of the beach. As if it compensates for all the lacking there is.
The blue water surrounding the sandy beach with lines of coconut trees.

Chhera Dwip:
Chera Dwip, the southernmost tip of the island and extending south-east from Dakhin Para is a
rocky reef that is about 1.8 km long and between 50 m and 300 m wide.
Chhera Island, also called Chhera Dwip, Cheradia Island or Cheridia Island, is an uninhabited
island and extension of St. Martin's Island at the mouth of the Naf River in the Bay of Bengal,
within the Chittagong Division of southeastern Bangladesh.
The area of the island itself is about 5.9 km2 whereas with the rocky platforms extending into the
sea the total area of the island is about 12 km2 . It was connected to the mainland of the Teknaf
peninsula as-recently-as 6,000-7,000 years ago.
The meaning of “Chera” is “separation” as it does from the main island during tide.During high
tides it is divided from St. Martin's Island by the sea. During low tides, the island can be reached
by walking for about 2½ hours from St. Martin's Island.
The most popular travel mode to it is by local motorboat or tourist boat services.
Washed up corals can be found on the island's beaches. It has an area of shrub and palm tree
vegetation. No permanent settlement is established on the island.

Climate:
Although, it lies within the tropical belt, the climate of the island is heavily influenced by the
subtropical monsoonal climate that prevails over Bangladesh. The island land height is almost
similar to mean sea level. From October to February the weather is mild with low rainfall.
However, the hot season extends from March to May and the monsoon during which the most
rains are concentrated extends from June to September. In addition, it is surrounded by sea and
further south than Cox’s Bazar and hence, the humidity remains relatively high throughout the
year.

 Observed rock/depositional features

A rock is a natural substance made up of solid crystals of various minerals that were fused
into a solid lump together. The solid mineral material that is part of the earth's surface and
other similar planets that is exposed on the surface or underlying the earth.
There are three main rock groups:
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Rocks are of great resource value like minerals, some directly, and some as mineral constituents.
Rock is regarded as a natural mineral grain aggregate connected by strong and permanent
cohesive force. National Geographic defines rock as,
"A rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of various minerals fused into a solid
lump for geologists. At the same time, the minerals may or may not have been formed. What
matters is that they were all glued together by natural processes.”
Our visited place were
Coxs Bazar (Patenga, Sugandha Sea Beach, Himchari, Inani Beach)
Rangamati (Sajek, Konglak Pahar)
Khagrachari (Alu tila)
Saint Martin (Saint Martin,Chera Dip)

Some rocks such as Coral, Coquina, Sandstone concretion were collected from Cox’s Bazar and
Saint Martin’s Island.Our observed rocks were mainly Sedimentary rocks.
Cox’s Bazar and Teknaf:

Sandstone Concretion (Sedimentary rock)

Properties:
Color: Black, Dark Brown, Grey, Blue
Texture: Clastic, Granular, Rough
Grain size: Coarse or Fine
Grained Hardness: 6~7.
Density: 2.2~2.8 g/cm3
Rangamati:
According to geological history of Bangladesh, Rangamati was started to form at
Tertiary Period of Cenozoic Era. Specially it was formed at the Oligocene and
Miocene Epoch.

We observed the Rock’s Layer of Tertiary Period in Rangamati. The rocks are mostly
metamorphic rock. For many years the weathering processes are continuing. So, these rocks are
breakable by small force. They are at the nearest stage to convert into soil. We also found clay
rock.

Fig:Tertiary Period Rock

Soil is mainly yellowish-brown to reddish-brown loams which grade into broken shale or
sandstone at a various depth (between 30- 120 cm). The valley soil is mainly acid loams and
clays subject to seasonal flooding. The humus composition is high but its degree of accumulation
varies from place to place depending on topography. Usually more deposition is found on flat
land and on the bed of channel (chhara) and less on the undulating hills.
Shale (Sedimentary rock)
Properties:
Color: Black, Brown, Buff, Grey
Texture: Clastic, Splintery.
Grain Size: Very fine-grained.
Hardness: 3.
Density:2.4~2.8 g/cm
Saint Martin’s Island
 Coquina (Sedimentary rock)
Properties:
Color: Tan
Texture: Clastic.
Grain Size: Coarse
Grained Hardness: 1~2
Density: 2.8~2.9 g/cm3
 Coral (Sedimentary rock)
Properties:
Color: White, Red, Orange, Black.
Texture: Rough, Clastic
Grain Size: Fine
Grained Hardness: 3-4
Density:1576 kg/m3

Chapter Four: Biodiversity of the SE Bangladesh

 Floral and faunal diversity of the visited places- Rangamati, Cox’s Bazar, Saint
Martin’s island (with relevant photos)
Flora means all the plant life that is present on this island and fauna means all the animals that
live here. Below a list of plants, trees, birds, butterflies, fish, sharks and snails that live on these
areas or in the immediate surrounding waters.
 Rangamti
It is called the city of Lake as this place is located on the bank of the beautiful Kaptai Lake.
Rangamati, the largest District of Bangladesh located amongst the green hills, lots of beautiful
lakes and rivers of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The rich natural resources, diverse flora and fauna
makes Rangamati a Bangladesh Eco-Tourism destination.

Flora:The hills,Rivers & Chaffs are covered with dense bamboo breaks tall trees & creeper
jungles. The valleys are covered with thick forest. Besides, the hilly area is occupying
approximately 648 hectares of natural forest covers.Some of them are given below with their
local name:

 Local name: Horina shak.

 Local name: Ol kachu
 Local names: Barodaga, Gandubi kachu.
 Local name: Gajpipul
 Local names: Bish kachu, Ek dajja kachu
 Local names: Kanduli, Kureli, , erect herb
 Local names: Mutha, herb
 Local names: Burma bans, Pharua bans. A tufted bamboo.
 tufted grass.
 Local names: Dubba har, Durba ghas
 Local names: Baranda, Dhani ghas
 Local names: Kaichha, Kash, Khagra
 Local names: Banaspati ghas, Kauni.
 Local name: Jharu phul.
 Local name: Bara swati,tall annual grass
 Local name: Deshi chhoto elachi.
 Fig: Different kinds of Flora

But the dominant tree species of this area were

 Teak/Segun (Tectona grandis)
 Gamari (Gmelina arborea)
 Koroi (Albizia procera)
 Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
 Mahogony (Macrophyla mahogoni)
 Sisso (Dalbergia sissoo)
 Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)
 Chapalish tree (Artocarpus chaplasha)
 Rain tree (Albizia lebbeck)

Flora
 Fig: Various kinds of Flora (Rangamati)

Fauna: The fauna mainly includes

 Monkey
 Fox
 Jungle cat
 Fishing cat
 Wild boar & land turtle
 King cobra
 Reticulated Python
 Rat Snake
 Other non poisonous snakes together with large number of species lizards & amphibians
like frog & toad & tree frogs.

Birds:
In addition, the bird life of here is wonderfully rich & more than 60 families of birds are
found.There are bongos including
 The Greater
 Racket-tailed
 Lesser
 Racket-tailed
 Hairy crested Drogues
 Mynas
 Magpies
 Many species of minivets
 Cuckoo
 Shrikes etc.

Fishes:Varieties of fishes are available including

 Chapila
 Kanpona
 Phassa
 Chital
  Pholo
 Ruhu
 Ghonia
 Logu
 Mrigal
 Titputi
 Chela
 Boal etc.

Fig: Different kinds of Fauna

(Rangamati)

Coxs Bazar & Teknaf:

Flaura:

The beach is the main attraction of the town. In the forests and on the hillsides, are varieties of
tall trees, a huge number of migratory birds. Extremely rich and diverse, nearly 8000 in number,
make up cox’s bazar flora and fauna. The nature of the forest is tropical evergreen and rich with
Garjan, Boilam, Telsur, and Chapalish along with herbs, shrubs, and creepers.
 Fig: Flora (Rubber)

Fauna: Elephant, Tigers, Capped Langur, Gibbon, Rhesus Macaque, Dhole, Sloth Bear, Hirundo
Rustica, Indian Muntjac, Wild Boar, Cypsiurrus Parvus Leopard Cat, Jungle Cat, Fishing
Cat, and Acridotheres.

Fig:Fauna (Seagull)

Besides sea life creatures including jellyfish, starfish, numerous fish species in abundance can be
found and also two different types of rare sea turtles.

In addition, birds including Seagulls,migratory birds attracts the tourists & increasing the beauty
of nature.

Saint Martin:
Fauna: Different types of sea fishes & sea creatures are found in both saint martin & coxs bazar
like
 Rupchada
 Crabs
 Turtles
 Piranha
 Starfish
 Jelly Fish etc

Fig:Different kind of Fauna

Specally Bony fishes , Cartilaginous fishes , Shrimp ,Crab Lobster ,Oyster , Mollusc, Algae ,
Corals, sea turtles like olive ridley turtle, Hocksbill turtle, leatherback turtle and loggerhead turtle.
are available in Saint Martin.
The island is an important nesting area for marine turtles, and a wintering area for migratory shore
birds.
Cuban Tree Frog, Red-snouted Tree Frog, Red-Footed Tortoise, Green Iguana, Common Iguana
etc also found here.

Flaura:
Halodule uninervis has been reported from the sandy littoral zone around St.Martin’s Island [15],
an eurythermal and euryhaline species.In the coastal region generally sea fronts of newly formed
islands and some low-lying coastal areas are found to be carpeted with seagrasses.
Keya, Khalshi, Kirpa, Horgoza and Jhao. Planted trees are also there with coconut, battle nut ,
bamboo, mango and other local vegetation.
 Fig : Different kind of Flora in Saint Martin

 In your observations what are the threats (natural, manmade) to the biodiversity of
the visited area
Rangamati
The fish biodiversity of the largest man-made reservoir in Bangladesh, Kaptai Lake, has been
threatened due to dramatic increase of undesirable clupeid and other small fish species. As a result,
indigenous major carp and other commercial fish species have been greatly declined.
Currently, researchers have critically identified the potential major causes of rapidly declining fish
biodiversity in Kaptai Lake:
i) natural habitat and fish breeding ground degradation because of gradual deterioration of
aquatic ecosystem
ii) reduction of optimum depth of the wetland
iii) increased turbidity of water
iv) heavy siltation and erosion on reservoir basin
iv) heavy fishing pressure by using illegal and banned fishing crafts and gears
v) disrespecting the fishing ban period by local fishers
vi) excessive growth of undesirable clupeid and other species.
Birds:
The introduction of wild life preservation act- 2012, open hunting and selling birds have decreased
significantly in the country but that does not make us a sense that birds are completely free from
all kinds of threats, rather they are being exposed to enduring dire challenges. The causes of
disappearing of bird population are many.
Manmade:

 Indiscriminate use of fertilizers and insecticides in farming has a catastrophic impact on

birds' existence.
 Due to this, in most cases they have to meet a short life span than they are supposed to be.
On top of that, urbanization is destroying their nestling places.
 They are exposed to be more vulnerable due to plastic pollution causing millions of deaths
every year.
 People are indiscriminately cutting down trees and risking the biodiversity along with the
life of thousands of birds every year.
 Also, to meet the necessity of the mankind many ponds, streams and wet lands are filled
up every day that result in a decline of overall extinctions of bird population.

Natural:
Every year in winter these guest birds fly to our land escaping the freezing points from as far as
the Himalayas and Siberia. They provide winter entertainment to the nature lovers and the bird
watchers.But now a days the number of migratory birds decreses due to climate change .

Cox’s Bazar
A total of 4,300 acres of hills and forests were razed down to make temporary shelters, facilities
and cooking fuel in Ukhia and Teknaf of Cox's Bazar, threatening the biodiversity of the three
ecologically-critical areas of the country.
Manmade:
 A joint study in September 2018, titled 'Environmental Impact of Rohingya influx'
conducted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UN Women, with
support from Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change unveiled that a total
of 4,300 acres of hills and forests were razed to make temporary shelters, facilities and to
provide cooking fuel in Ukhia and Teknaf of Cox's Bazar, which now puts biodiversity of
the area under threat.
 The critical biodiversity areas in Cox's Bazar were Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary, Himchari
National Park and Inani National Park. All of them were in grave danger due to high-level
of human interventions following the Rohingya influx, according to two recent studies.
 Cox's Bazar sea beach, the longest natural sea beach in the world, is getting polluted fast
for lack of proper waste management which is also creating public nuisance in an otherwise
unspoiled natural setting.Besides this pollution creates threatened situation for fishes &
other aquatic species.
 found that all types of wastes including plastic bottles, polythene bags, coconut remains,
biscuits and chips packets floating on the seawater at the beach.
 2,000 ha of forestland has disappeared due to refugees cutting trees for firewood.
 Due to extreme level of deforestation the areas biodiversity has been jeopardized.
Natural:
 Soil erosion,landslide.
Saint Martin Threat:
Natural:
Scientists have said that St. Martin’s is getting smaller every year instead of growing geologically
as it should. The increasing cyclones and erosion of coral are held responsible. If St. Martin’s
vanish what will happen to its population we do not know. As sea turtles die in numbers it is an
indication that all is not well.

Manmade:
Coral reefs are particularly susceptible to human activities because most corals reefs occur in
shallow water near shore where human impacts are the greatest.

Threats from human activities include:

1. Oil pollution and heavy metal pollution
2. Sewage and chemical pollution from fertilizer runoff lead to coral destruction. At present most
sewage from hotels is piped into the sea.
3. Constructions of buildings and hotels.
4. Algae and sea grass removal
5. Mangrove, sand dunes and hills are being cut down and destroyed.
6. The island dependent on generators produces heavy pollution and continuous loud sound which
threaten marine life.
7. Over fishing, destructive fishing practices including use of cyanide and dynamite. The sea is
often invaded by foreign fishing trawlers. The fishing net catches turtle and instead of freeing them
which is cumbersome the turtles are killed.
8. Coral extraction under sea for building materials and for souvenir trade
9. Ocean warming and rising carbon dioxide. Global warming increases temperature in the sea and
harms zooxanthellae algae on which hard corals depend.
10. Loss of habitat and sanctuary for marine life dependent on the island’s ecosystem.
11. Scarcity of drinkable water for local people and fresh water for ecosystem survival
12. Sedimentation due to construction, farming and deforestation blanket the coral reefs,
smothering the coral resulting in blocking the sunlight required for photosynthesis by the symbiotic
algae.
13. Trash in water cause destruction of the reefs by blocking sunlight. Sea turtles and other marine
animals may eat plastic taking it for jelly fish eventually die. Discarded fishing nets snag on the
reefs and strangle thousands of marine life.

 Impact of the tourism on regional biodiversity (specially hill tracts and in Saint
martin’s island)

Impact of the tourism on regional biodiversity in Saint Martin

Saint Martin Island is located in the northeast of the Bay of Bengal, about 9 km south of the Cox's
Bazar, Bangladesh. During the tourist season an average of 3500 people visit this island daily,
which is beyond the carrying capacity of this small marine island. For the last few years Saint
Martin's Island, which is the only coral-bearing island in Bangladesh, has been facing an ecological
disaster due to excessive tourism activities. This island is under threat from unlimited and
environmentally irresponsible tourism activities.
 Fig: Impact of the tourism on regional biodiversity in Saint Martin

 Tourism activities on extreme level have brought ecological disaster on this one and
only coral-bearing island in Bangladesh.
 Due to the eco-unfriendly mass tourism and unmonitored tourism activities huge
amount of sewage and waste are being disposed in the island resulting a heavy burden
on the island.
 Moreover, the tourist hotel and resort built at the west beach of the island has directly
linked its sewage line to the seawater which contaminates the ground water and badly
affects the bio-diversity of the island.
 Besides that, hotels are also liable for making lighting hazard in the nearby sandy
beach, which was previously used as a nesting ground by the turtles.
 The collection of corals and shells as souvenirs by the tourists is posing a threat to the
island’s ecosystems.

Impact of the tourism on regional biodiversity in Hill Tract:

Since the beginning of the twentieth century it has been be observed that tourism is one of the most
remarkable socio economic phenomena. While in the first half of the last century tourism was an
activity for only a small group of often wealthy people.
While domestic tourism basically involves a regional reallocation and redistribution of national
income, the international one has now become the world’s largest source of foreign exchange
receipts and is therefore an essential part of global trade. According to the latest figures compiled
by the World Tourism Organization, in 2003 international tourism receipts represented
approximately 6 per cent of worldwide exports of goods and services (in US$).
To tackle these vast range of tourist demand & also profit local & non local people , organization
do various activity that influence directly or indirectly on hilly regions biodiversity including
 Deforestation
 Destroy birds nesting
 Cut down sponteniously hilly tracts
 Pollute water
 Destroy wildlife & their livelihood
 Create unsuitable environment for aquatic species and so on .The overall activity influence
on climate change greatly

Suggestion to improve the conditions/problems

 Currently, in hilly areas there are about 314 VCFs in Chittagang region, 129 of them in
Rangamati, 75 in Khagrachhari , according to Shining Hill, an NGO working for improving
lives of people.
 One of the suggested remedies is to conserve Kaptai Lake threatened fish biodiversity
through adopting a comprehensive reservoir-management plan.
 To protect & conserve the biodiversity Bangladseh government plans to start reforestation
on Cox’s Bazar & for these purpose start to shift refugees on the new island Bhashan Char.

Chapter Five: Coastal Environment of Bangladesh

Chapter Five: Costal Environment of
Bangladesh
 Costal Environmental features of Cox’s Bazar,
Chapter Bangladesh
Five: Costal Environment
of Bangladesh
Coxs Bazar is about 150 km from Chittagong & is connected to the port city by bus, air & steamer
services. It is a district town & also headaquartrs of the Coxs Bazar forest division.
The area lies between 21023'16" to 21046'26" N latitude and 91050'34" to 92007'50" E longitude
with an area of 512.8 km2. About 24.67 percent of the total population of Bangladesh lives in
coastal areas and 2.22 percent of the coastal population lives in the study areas.
Mainly sandy beach area.Seven marginal livelihood groups including Farmers, Fisherman, Fry
(shrimp) collectors, Salt farmers, Dry fishers, Forest resource extractors, and Daily wage labourers
are identified.
Here diversified flaura & fauna exists that attracts tourists community.

 Livelihoods of the coastal people of Cox’s Bazar, Saint Martin’s island.

Livelihoods in rural Bangladesh are diversifying. According to Edward and Frank (2001), a
livelihood comprises :
‘‘The assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital/resources), the activities, and
the access to these (mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living
gained by the individual or household’’.
Livelihoods have differed as to their environmental, social, and institutional settings and often
vary in terms of resource base, production relations, and marketing. In the coastal area---
 Some people work independently (e.g. fry collector)
 Some work as lessees or share croppers (e.g. salt farmers, shrimp farmers)
 Some are contracted labourers.
 Some people make a living from the exploitation of natural resources (e.g. salt farmers, fry
collectors, fisherman, honey collectors)
 Some live on skill-based human resources (e.g. boat-building carpentry, net making).

Coxs Bazar
Farmer:
Agricultural products i.e. paddy, vegetables, and shrimp farms
Round the year
Fisherman
Estuary, open sea (The Bay of Bengal)
Round the year
Dry fisher
Fish captured from the sea and other sources
Seasonal (6–months in a year)
Salt farmer
Salt cultivation in the coastal area
Seasonal (6 months in a year)

Fig: Salt Cultivation

Fry collector
Estuary, coast line of the Bay of Bengal
Round the year
Saint Martin
Currently, there are about 6,000 people amidst approximately 3,700 inhabitants live primarily from
fishing while the other staple livelihood sources are tourism,agriculture, and day labour. Besides,
between October and April, the fishermen from neighbouring areas bring their caught fishes to the
island's temporal wholesale market. Contrary, chicken, meat and other foods come in island from
the mainland and Myanmar. The centre and the south are mainly farmland and temporal huts, most
of the permanent structures are around the far north of the island .
Cultivating seaweed:
Experimental cultivation of two species of seaweed first began at Saint Martin’s Island in
2010. And since 2016, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) has been
cultivating seaweed in the coastal areas of Cox's Bazar. Farmers have achieved success
while cultivating seaweed in the coastal areas of Cox's Bazar. Seaweed grows in both saline
and semi-saline water and can be easily cultivated. As a result, there is ample opportunit y
for seaweed to be used locally as well as for export.
 What is peninsula? Description of Teknaf peninsula.
Peninsula derives from Latin paeninsula from paene that means "almost" and insula means
"island") .A peninsula is a landform surrounded by water on the majority of its border while
being connected to a mainland from which it extends.
 The surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named
as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such; one can also be referred
to as a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, fork, or spit. A point is generally
considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than
a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also sometimes said to form a
"peninsula" within the (almost closed) loop of water.
Teknaf peninsula:
Bangladesh is a biodiversity hotspot with a number of internationally recognised areas of
significance. It is also one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Specific guidelines
are needed to manage local demand for resources and prevent the degradation of key ecosystems.

In 1995, the Government of Bangladesh declared specific areas in Bangladesh as Ecologically

Critical Areas (ECAs) as a result of the Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act. Out of
12 ECAs, two were in Cox’s Bazar, located on the extreme south-east corner of Bangladesh.

Biodiversity in these Cox’s Bazar ECAs, Teknaf Peninsula is under severe threat as a result of
rapid and unplanned commercialisation and tourism development. Further, being located on the
seafront makes these areas very vulnerable to climate change impacts.

Through the 'Community-based adaptation in the ecologically critical areas of Cox’s Bazar:
Teknaf Peninsula and Sonadia Island – through biodiversity conservation and social
protection' project, IUCN is working with vulnerable communities in the area to increase local
resilience to climate change impacts, promote conservation of biodiversity and diversify livelihood
options.

 What do you understand by ECA (Ecologically Critical Areas)? List out the ECAs of
Bangladesh. How many ECAs fall in your visited places? Describe their present
conditions.

Ecologically Critical Areas is denoted as ECA.In Recent years Bangladesh has demonstrated
increased determination & commitment to ensure sustainable use & conservation of its natural
resources including its biodiversity.
A number of specific policies,laws, action plans & strategies have been developed in this
regard.For effective implementation of the 1995 Environment Conservation Act, which includes a
key provision providing the Department of Environment (DoE) with broad powers for
conservation of sites that it determines to be Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs).
In the context of implementing this project, DoE has taken the crucial step of nominating the first
six ECAs, all within the country’s highly significant coastal, marine & freshwater wetland
ecosystems.
Table:4:ECA of Bangladesh
No. Name of the Type of Location Area Year of
ECA Ecosystem (ha) Declaration

01. Cox’s Bazar- Coastal Cox’s Bazar 20,373 1999

Teknaf Peninsula Marine
02. Sundarbns(10KM Coastal Bagerhat,Khulna, 292,928 1999
Landward Marine Barguna,
periphery) Pirojpur,Satkhira
03. Saint Martin Marine Teknaff 1,214 1999
Island Island with Upazilla,Cox’s
Coral Bazar
Reefs
04. Hakaluki Inland Sylhet,Moulavibazar 40,466 1999
Fresh
Water
05. Sonadia Island Marine Mohashkhali,Cox’s 10,298 1999
Island Bazar
06. Tanguar Haor Inland Tahirpur,Sunamganj 9727 1999
Fresh
Water
Wetland

Two ECAs fall in our visited places.Those are given below:

 Cox’s Bazar- Teknaf Peninsula
 Saint Martin Island
A social forestry (SF) program was started in Bangladesh in 1981 under the community
forestry program of the Forest Department (FD). The first formal SF program was initiated in
the north western districts of Bangladesh in 1981 & 1982 with the assisstance of the Asian
Development Bank & the United Nations Development Program.The program was started to
protect the forest from encroachment & to encourage local people to participate in conservation
activities.After the success of the project, it was disseminated to other regions of Bangladesh.
The need for forest conservation on the Teknaf peninsula has been emphasized inn past years
because of the importance of forests to biodiversity & local residents livelihoods.The
 government promoted to create the Teknaff Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS) in 2009. In 2003/2004
the FD started a SF palnation in the cleared buffer zoe sorrounding the TWS.
However the forest degradation continued unabated.
Mangroves are highly productive wetland ecosystems & extremely important coastal resources
providing a variety of environmental goods & services,which are vital to our socio-economic
development.
In past 30 years there has been planted about 1460 ha of euryhaline mangroves undr different
management regimes. The catch of finfishes, shrimps & prawns, crabs, molluscs etc. from the
mangroves area contributes value to the small scale fisheries.In particularly, it means that
environmental goods & services provided by the Teknaf paninsula mangroves are rarely
produced independently & multiple interdependencies involved in providing such
environmental supports.
Saint Martin:

Fast growth in tourism and widespread use of plastic packets and other non-biodegradable products
such as nylon ropes, one-time use cups and plates, PET bottles, etc are harming the environment
and bio-diversity of the island, an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA), the organisation said in the
memorandum.

It also made a 9-point recommendation and demand to the authorities concerned regarding taking
steps to conserve the environment and bio-diversity of Saint Martin's, a coral island and popular
tourist attraction. The 9-point demand and recommendation are:

 Enforce legal actions complying with the Environmental Control Act against restricted
activities at Ecologically Critical Area (ECA). Saint ---- Martin's island is an ECA.
 Ban use of plastic in the island.
 Ensure proper disposal and management of other non-biodegradable wastes in the island.
 Restrict tourists against behaviours and activities that are detrimental to the environment
and bio-diversity.
 Ban tourism in Chhera Dwip.
 Stop construction of hotels and resorts in the island without environmental clearance
certificate.
 Ensure safe water source in the island.
 Formulate an action plan for conservation of environment, bio-diversity in the island and
livelihood of the residents.
 Implement the verdict on a writ petition (writ case no. 6848/2009) filed by Bangladesh
Environmental Lawyers' Association.
  Formation of Saint Martin’s island and its major environmental features.
Saint Martin Island is a small island located in the south of the border of Bangladesh and the north-
east part of the Bay of Bengal. It is located on the entire Bangladesh border. The only coral island
of St. Martin in Bangladesh is located 120 km from Cox’s Bazar and 9 km from Teknaf.
Myanmar’s terrain is seen from the St. Martin’s beach on the Naf River estuary. Saint Martin
Island is one of the most interesting and popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh.
There is no specific information about when the Saint Martin Islands is detected, but some Arab
merchants initially named the island as Zinzira. When the merchants traveled from Chittagong to
south-east Asia, the island used to rest. During the British rule, it was renamed St. Martin’s Island
after the name of Christian Saint Martin. Later on, which is known to everyone as Saint Martin
Island.
Formation
 A sequence of marine sedimentary rocks is exposed on the Island, ranging in age from Late
Miocene (around 11.6 to 5.3 million years before present) to Recent.
 The base rock is grey to bluish-grey Girujan Clay Shale (Pliocene - 5.3 to 2.6 million years
before present) inter-bedded with subordinate sandstone.
 Above this is a layer of St. Martin Limestone (Pleistocene - 2.6 million to 12,000 years
before present), which is coquinoid1 , dirty white, coarse grained, bedded and partly
consolidated along with cream coloured coral clusters, and includes the fossil bearing
Dakhin Para formation.
 This is overlain by the Holocene (from 12,000 years before present till today) coquina bed,
which is continuation of the St. Martin Limestone formation.
 The surface deposits (Holocene) of beach sand, which is medium to coarse grained, and
light grey to grey with recent shell fragments, lie above the limestone.
 With the gradual relative increase in sea level, dead shell fragments were thrust toward the
shore of the Island by wave action and finally heaped up as a narrow ridge forming the
coquina horizon along the present southeast border of the island.
 Coquina is also known as shelly limestone, and it is best exposed in a 6.5 m high cliff of
166 m length along the eastern coast of Dakhin Para. It is composed entirely of broken and
crushed shells of molluscs, small crustaceans (Ostracoda), Foraminifera2 , and corals held
together by a calcareous cement.
 Within this rock tiny shells are often found unbroken, while the rock overall is brown with
a grey weathered surface, and is crossbedded, loose and friable. Many of the shells within
the rocks are similar to those currently found strewn over the beach.
 Micro-palaeontological investigation of samples of coquina has revealed the presence of
Foraminifera including: Elphidium crispum, and Amphistegina radiate.
 Radiocarbon dating of a 3 m notch of the coquina limestone cliff located in the central
coast of Dakhin Para indicates an age of about 450 years at the base and 292 years at the
top. From this coquina cliff the present mean rate of uplift of the island can be calculated
as 19 mm/year.
 Fig:Saint Martin

Major Environmental Features:

 The Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting
places in the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as
being a flyway and wintering site for migratory birds of the East Asian and Australasian
region.
 The average height of St. Martin’s Island from the sea level is 3.6 meters.Saint Martin’s
Island have got rocky substratum, sandy beach, a lagoon, marshes and coral clusters as well
as favourable ecological parameters.
 St. Martin’s Island is not only significant for its biodiversity value, but also important for
Bangladesh in defining its Exclusive Economic Zone and delineating its sea boundary in
accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

 In your observation, did you find any implementation of the Coastal Zone Policy
2005, Bangladesh in your visited coastal places?
The Coastal Zone Policy, formulated by the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR), intends
provide a general guidance to all agencies and institutions concerned for the management and
development of the coastal zone in a manner that provides a secure and conducive environment
for coastal communities to pursue their life and livelihoods. Amongst several objectives it
identifies the following:
 The creation of sustainable livelihoods
 Intensifying the coverage of safe drinking water facilities
  Reducing vulnerabilities (including to climate change)
 Closing the gender gap.
The adoption of the 2005 Coastal Zone Policy and strategy in Bangladesh was a significant step
towards implementing ICZM. The Coastal Zone Policy (CZP) of 2005 was adopted with the
overall goal to create conditions in which the reduction of poverty, development of sustainable
livelihoods and the integration of the coastal zone into national processes can take place. CZP
aimed to provide a general guidance to all concerned for management and development of the CZ
in a manner so that coastal people are able to pursue their life and livelihood.
Some development initiatives have recently been taken and some are in the process of being
initiated in different sectors, namely shipping, fisheries, environment, research, etc. to either boost
economic growth or to manage the capital resources more sustainably. Recently Bangladesh
oceanographic research institute founded for coastal and oceanic research of all kinds. Several
Ecologically Critical Areas (ECA) have been enforced in various coastal ecosystems to maintain
critical habitats, biodiversity, marine turtle breeding and conservation, and mangrove restoration
and growth. Mangrove afforestation in newly accreted intertidal areas has been going on for
decades now.

 Hazards and disasters of coastal Bangladesh

Climate change brings a significant coastal hazards. Bangladesh is one of the country’s most likely
to suffer adverse impacts from anthropogenic climate change. Although Bangladesh emits less
than 0.1% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It is one of major coastal risks in Bangladesh
because it is associated with other natural hazards in a complex way. A 1 m rise in sea level would
submerge a full 18% of the total land area in Bangladesh. A research showed that deeply flooded
area (depth above 100 cm, duration more than 9 months) would increase by 29% (from the base
year 2000) due to 88 cm SLR salinity affected land in Bangladesh was 83.3 million hectares in
1973, which had been increased up to 102 million hectares in 2000 and the amount has raised to
105.6 million hectares in 2009 and continuing to increase.
 Fig : Coastal hazard/disaster in BD

With 50% of the land less than 8 m above sea level, and a coastline of some 600 km, coastal
flooding is a common problem.
Bangladesh is especially vulnerable to tropical cyclones with around 718,000 deaths from them in
the past 50 years .
The western coastal zone is particularly vulnerable to surge flooding due to its low-lying land and
very poor defiance against surge waves.
A total of 1183 km2 of land has eroded with rate 118.3 km2 /year from 1995 -2005 and 1194 km2
from 2005 to 2015 around central part of Bangladesh coastal zone. Major erosions occurred in the
areas of Meghna estuary and along the coasts of major islands such as the eastern coast of Bhola,
the northern coast of Hatiya and the south-western coast of Sandwip. The future vulnerability in
the coastal region of Bangladesh will be significantly higher than present condition.
Natural disasters such as cyclone, storm surge, floods, and drought will be more frequent and
intense in the future. The climate vulnerability will be enhanced in the coastal region of Bangladesh
due to
Geographic settings
Dense population
Poverty.
Central and western part of coastal areas are more vulnerable because western part mostly covered
Sundarbans but it is low lying land areas, other central part is more dynamic part of the coastal
zone of Bangladesh.
  Did you have any conversation with the local people about their sufferings from
environmental hazards/disasters? What did you learn?
I got oppurtunity to talk with the local people about their sufferings from environmental
hazards / disasters.They told that they fall troublesome situation during disaster almost every
year.Even after the disaster ,it has an effect on their life.These disasters not only cause
devastating destruction on the environment but their life.
 Sometimes they lost their house , agricultural land because of landslide.
 Whenever they go to the shelter centre they fall here some troublesome
situation,specially women & chidren.
 In some cases pregnant women & elderly people cannot go to the shelter centre due
to travel problems, as a result they become more vulnerable.
 They also face water, food & sanitation problem.
I learnt here that Government ,Non Government organization should work cooparatively &
effectively for these vulnerable communities.
 Your observed Disaster resilient features in Cox’s Bazar and Saint Martin’s island
Hyogo Framework of Action (UNISDR, 2005b, 4) defines Disaster resilient as,
‘The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by
resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and
structure’.

Fig:Disaster Resilence

Disaster resilience is part of the broader concept of resilience – ‘The ability of individuals,
communities and states and their institutions to absorb and recover from shocks, whilst
positively adapting and transforming their structures and means for living in the face of long-
term changes and uncertainty’.
Whenever I visited Cox’s Bazar I observed here some disaster resilence features,which are
given below:
Disaster Resilence Features in Cox’s Bazar & Saint Martin:
 Public awareness
 Knowledge about it & skills
 Capacity building activity done by local people
 Upgrading shelters quality
 Market-based livelihood opportunities and enhance business capacities of
existing cooperatives in Cox's Bazar, promoting greater financial inclusion of
women, youth and persons with disabilities.
 These new disaster-resilient shelters and accompanying livelihoods support will
empower host communities and boost t he local economy, making those
communities more resilient to crisis in the future.

 Effects of the tourism in coastal Bangladesh

 A major problem resulting from tourism is uncontrolled and inadequate waste
management.
 Uncontrolled and inadequate waste management is create threat not only the wildlife
species but also the aquatic species as well as the overall environment.
 Untreated sewage is piped directly nto the sea, or stored in open ponds, adversely
affecting marine and ground water quality.
 Thus the existing pattern of tourism in the peak season is considered to be
unsustainable and far beyond the carrying capacity of the area.
 Recent hotel construction has damaged natural habitat and negatively impacts
threatened wildlife of the coastal areas.
 These coastal zone has a good potential for responsible ecotourism, but there is
currently only mass tourism. Hence the growth of tourism on the coastal area
contributes to economic development on the Island but it seriously damages natural
resources.

Chapter Six: Conclusion

  Lesson learnt from the industrial trip (in brief) and how would it help you to improve
your academic knowledge as a student of Environmental Science and Disaster
Management?
A bulk number of courses are relavent to this industrial trip. Recently we visited a very reknowned
industry named Pacific Jeans Limited which produces denim jeans & jeans wears for both men &
women.At present it is one of the premium jeans manufacturers exporting to over 50
countries.With continuous focus on quality improvement & value addition , adoption of updating
denim processing technology,commitment towards maintaining safe & healthy work place for the
workers & strict adherence to customers compliance requirements,this group has

become one of the most preferd suppliers of the leading global fashions retailers.Altogether it uses
eco friendly machine & ETP plant for sustainability.
We have already completed industrial environment,health,safety,ecosystem relavent courses
like---
 Industrial Ecology (IE)
 Environmental Health & Safety (EHS)
 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
 Environmental Monitoring & Auditing
From those courses we learnt theoricaly about IE,EHS,EIA.From Industrial Ecology we can gather
knowledge about the Key Concepts of IE: System Analysis, Material and Energy Flows and
Transformations etc.Besides know about System Tools to support IE: Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA), Components and Applications, different types of modules etc.Altogether learn about Life
Cycle Design and Management & Environmental Accounting including Internal costs-
conventional, hidden, liability, less tangible costs; external costs; Cost allocation; Life-Cycle
Costing: Purchase, ownership, disposition, Private and social costs etc.
Similarly from Environmental Health & Safety (EHS) courses we learnt about Environmental
Management System (EMS),Environmetal Management Plan (EMP),Environmental
auditing,health & safety.From our academic curriculam we have just able to acquire knowledge
theoriticaly not practically.
In addition,from EIA course we learnt theoretically about key componenets of it,necessity,which
stage we need to implement EIA,how we can do ,through which procedure we should go for
complete the procedure etc .
Besides we have some water relevant courses like
 Water Management
 Water &Waste Water Treatment
 Intregated Water Resource Management
From those courses we learnt vastly & theoritically about water,waste water ,how to treat waste
water ,processes etc.Besides know about ETP plant,its different stages, which stage is preferable
for which type of waste treatment etc.
To sum up ,I can write that from academic curricula we just able to acuire deep theoretical
knowledge.But we know that without practical knowledge it becomes useless.By giving
opportunity to visit the industry our honorable teachers help us to create opportunity to observe
proximately all industrial activity.
I have had the good fortune to learn with proximately that which machichine is eco-friendly,how
to produce products commercially without harming environment & ecosystem,how to assess
environmental impact & which stage it requires,how to treat waste water by using ETP plant in
industrial sector.Besides how to do all of these activity by maintaining & securing workers health
& safety.

Visited Places:Our visited places mainly remained The South East region of Bangladesh,
specifically in Chittagang Region.More specifically we visited the following places---
 Coxs Bazar (Patenga, Sugandha Sea Beach,Inani Beach)
 Rangamati (Sajek,Alu tila, Konglak Pahar)
 Saint Martin (Saint Martin,Chera Dip)
In our academic curricula we learnt some courses including
 Biodiversity
 Physial Environment
 Hydrology
 Toxicology
 Global Warming
 Meteorology & Climate Change
 Air pollution
 Energy & Environment
Through those courses we learnt bookish knowledge & gather knowledge about different regions
of Bangladesh,its physical constitute,biodiversity etc.Besides,beauty loving people travel to
different parts of Bangladesh to enjoy the natural beauty.But due to the negligence of those tourists
the environment is being severly damaged which directly or indirectly influence the overall
environment,causing pollution,trigger global warming ,climate change as well.
Though visitig those places we could able to obsereve not only the devine beauty of those places
but also different kinds of rocks,their depositional features,other physical constitutes etc.
Waste
  Waste Water Treatment
Wastewater is Everywhere .wastewater contains many harmful substances and cannot be released
back into the environment until it is treated. If not correctly handled, water can carry diseases.
That’s why it’s essential that water is treated properly before it’s reintroduced into our usage. Our
lives revolve around water, and proper treatment can be a health concern for all of us.Thus,
the importance of wastewater treatment is twofold:

To restore the water supply and

To protect the planet from toxins .

We learnt more but theoretically about waste water, type, importance, neccecity, processes,
procedure, phases,ETP plant etc.But through this industrial tour our honourable teachers gave us
opportunity to observe ,learn as well as gain vast & practical knowledge.

By visiting industry we could able to see the commertial process of waste water treatment.Here
present honorable (……………….) who described & presented all the procedure & phases in front
of us so much facilely.

 Waste Management
Due to our Academic curriculam we gained theoretical knowledge about it, its procedure,
importance etc. but whenever we visited those tour spots, we actually realized the nececcity of
waste management.Waste management courses have gained importance. In the coming years, the
need for waste management is very high.
Coastal Environment:
 Coastal Environment & Management
Here we learnt about the concept of coastal ecosystems,coastal forces & processes,critical
management issues,Coastal resources & livelihood etc. based on theoriticaly.But because of tour
we had opportunity to see & observed all of this phenomena very closely.
Law
 Environmental Law,Protocol & Ethics
 National & International Convention,Treaty & Protocol
In our academic curricula we acquired knowledge about law which are relatable to the
environment.Some of them are internationally granted. Our Bangladesh Government is also very
concern about the environment.Besides very strict to maintain it.But some of tourists As well as
people are careless about it.As a result they break down all rules & regulations creating devastating
activity specially on tourists spots,coastal areas as well which causes great impact on those areas
,those areas ecosystems as well as the overall environment.
To sum up,I would like to say that, in the present context the importance of practical knowledge
is in no way less than theoritical knowledge.Besides
 Helps to new experiences and can increase interest and engagement in this field.
 Result in affective gains such as more positive feelings toward a topic
 Are experiences that can be recalled and useful long after a visit
 Understand the natural environment & its relationhip with human activity very closely.
 Helps to learn professionalism
 Helps to work in a team cooperatively with team members.
 Capacity to intregate knowledge & to analysis ,evaluate & manage different situation
 Increase the capacity to obtain ,analysis & communicate others.
 Traveling is a way to keep you mentally and physically healthy.
 Traveling is a great way to acquire knowledge.
 Traveling is very important for the sound of mind.
 Critical management systems sometimes invite huge communications or missed
communications that result in tours.
 To acquire basic knowledge of functioning of the agricultural sector
 A healthy familiar relationship is an important issue for each group included tour.Knowing
the perceptions and perspectives of tourists is important for a successful trip.
 For further clarity, communication plays a major role in the transparency of thinking.

 What are your suggestions to maintain the sustainability of the biodiversity and
coastal environment of Bangladesh?

.
 It was noted that buying and selling land has pushed the price of limited land up. Valuable
mangrove and hills have been cleared and cut down for holiday cottages or hotel purpose.
Recent environmental requisites have not been well coordinated or explained to the people.
While Shipping ministry and Tourism ministry tend to encourage tourism, the government
now needs to come up with special policy for St. Martin’s and implement it.

 Tourism is important for many island states because it is a source of foreign exchange. But
the local people are less beneficiary of Tourism in St. Martin’s Island. Some measures must
be taken and some existing measures should be modified.
 Creating awareness among the tourist about beach pollution and its effects on the
environment. It must be done all year round. To execute this, mass media (e.g. TV, Radio,
and Newspaper etc.) can be an effective tool.
 Regular display of Television (TV) on the ship about their activities and how their activities
pollute the marine environment.
 Regular monitoring of tourist activities. Tourist shouldn’t feed birds.
 Tourist shouldn’t throw non-biodegradable components (e.g. plastic materials) into the sea.
 Using CCTV and implement punishment (e.g. compensation of money) on a regular basis
 After reaching St. Martin Island, ship authority must amass the plastic materials in some
safe place instead of discharge into the sea. Every ship must be punished with a high
amount of money as compensation for discharging wastes into the ocean.
 On the beach, there must be a lot of portable dustbins, and basket
 Use given and taken policy. If someone (only local people) give plastic materials, they will
be gifted.
 Upcycling the oceans on a regular basis. The collected plastic will be recycled to
manufacture clothes, shoes and bags.
 Instead of a dog, use CCTV. Dog bites tourists and local people and it is very difficult
getting vaccine here. Moreover, the turtle could not come to the beach for laying an egg.
They are attacked by dogs frequently.
 Use multimedia presentation in every tourist crowed point about their activities (what can
they do and what can’t).
 On spot, punishment must be implemented and for this should use the mobile court.
 Restriction on the entrance on the rock where seaweed and coral inhibit.
 Residence close to the beach should not use a light after 10 p.m. since turtle face disturb in
coming to the beach and lay an egg.
 All kind of sound system (e.g. DJ party, singing song etc.) and Fanus also should be banned
especially at night.
 Provide an easy loan to local people and ownership of the business in every tourism
activities. Restrict outside people business here to improve the socio-economic condition
of the local community.
 Overall, strict law enforcement must be ensured.
 The role of Coast Guard is to defend the sea and to implement UN Law of the Sea
Convention which Bangladesh has signed and ratified. To defend the last frontier of
Bangladesh and to uphold Bangladesh’s right to deep sea, St. Martin’s has to be saved, it
 was emphasised. The Coast Guard should be strengthened and given more power to
implement the clauses in the Convention.

 Our ultimate aim is to try to preserve coastal marine biodiversity, adaptation to climate
change, keeping destructive human interventions at a minimal, reduction of poverty of the
people and preserving its ecosystems and biodiversity for our future.

 The government should take legal measures to save the island as well as coastal areas and
to regulate tourism and ensure coordination among various ministries and agencies.

 CARDMA is a member of IUCN which was founded in 1987, and endeavours to promote
sustainable and integrated development and the conservation of marine and coastal
ecosystems.

 Volunteers of some organisations carried out clean-up programme in the island or coastal
areas and collect plastic and non-biodegradable wastes littered by tourists in those areas.

 By volunteering activity,we can create awareness among local people & tourists.Similarly
can encourage them to do environment friendly behavior with these areas.

For this purpose during on the Kuakata tour our honorable teachers conducted a cleaning
program & we participated along with our teachers to create awareness among people.

Fig: Beach cleaning programme

 In this way other other university students, youth members or volunteers can organize programms
to create awareness among people & helips to maintain the sustainability of the biodiversity and
coastal environment of Bangladesh.

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