Science

Key terms:
Characteristic:
Feature of an
Organism.

Classification:
Arranging things into
Groups according to
Similarities and
Differences.

Variation:
Differences
Between
Characteristics

What is a kingdom?
Kingdoms are the biggest groups that scientists use to classify organisms.

Vertebrates are animals with backbones, but invertebrates are the opposite.

Mammals: Have hair – Give birth to live offspring – Produce milk.

 Reptiles: Have dry sales – lay leathery eggs.

Fish: Have slimy scales – lay jelly-coated eggs in water.

Amphibians: Have thin, moist skin – lay jelly-coated eggs in water.

Birds: Have feathers – have a beak – lay hard-shelled eggs.

In the 18th century, a Swedish scientist called Carl Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)
developed a system for separating living things into smaller and smaller
groups based on variation in their characteristics. This was called the
binomial system.

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order King Philips came over for grapes secretly.
Family
Genus
Species

What are Species?

A species is a group of very similar organisms that can reproduce to produce
fertile offspring.

Key terms:
Fertile: An organism that can reproduce and have offspring.
Hybrid: Offspring produced by reproduction of two different species.
Infertile: An organism that is not able to reproduce and have offspring.
Viruses

 A virus can make copies of itself when it is only in a living cell, this living
cell is called the host cell, and when the virus gets in it takes over.

 The strand of genes are instructions for the cell to make it start
producing new particles. This process is called replication.

 Viruses can’t move all or part of themselves and need other things to
move them.

 We don’t know if they can detect changes, but not likely because they
are simple structures.

 They don’t grow bigger and need respiration from the host cell to supply
energy for replication.

 They don’t excrete and rely on the food substances inside the host cell to
build the new particles.

 There is no virus kingdom, but types of viruses can be put into smaller
and smaller group.

 Scientists think that the combination of the virus and host cell forms a
living virus.
Key terms:

Host cell: the cell that viruses need to get into for it to replicate.

Replication: the process in which a host cell makes copies of a virus that has
got into it.

Dichotomous key: series of choices between two alternative features – used

for identifying things.

Types of viruses:

Adenovirus

Influenza

Rabies virus
Rotavirus

Arthropod- They are invertebrates with jointed legs.

 Chemistry

Making Compounds:

Key terms:
Reactant:
Substance that
Word equation: changes in a
What happens in a chemical reaction, with reactants chemical
On the left of an arrow and products on the right. reaction.

Product:
Substance
made during
a chemical
reaction.

E.g.:

Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride

Reactants Product
Rule: When reacting two substances, such as a metal and a non-metal, the
ending of the non-metal changes to ide. Like in the example of Sodium
Chloride.

More E.g. of ide:

Lithium + Bromine Lithium Bromide

Reactants Product

Iron + Sulphur Iron Sulphide

Reactants Product

Rule: The product or the compound of the chemical reaction has different
properties than its elements.
E.g.: Magnesium is a gas and oxygen when mixed, they form a solid.

A Particle diagram is useful because it gives you more information about a

chemical reaction than a word equation, but it is more difficult to use.
In a chemical reaction, no atoms are lost, and no atoms are produced.

Conversation of mass:
In chemical reactions, the elements you begin with are the ones you end the
reaction with. Nothing is added or taken away. This is known as the
conversation of mass.

How do you know if a gas has occurred?

 The Temperature changes.

 Colour change.

 Change of Properties.

 Preciptate.

How can you identify an unknown gas?

Hydrogen- A lighted splint at the mouth of the test tube makes a pop sound.

Oxygen- Glowing splint relights inside the test tube.

Carbon Dioxide- Bubble gas through limewater, solution turns milky/ cloudy.
What is meant by soluble?
Substance that can dissolve to form a clear solution.

What is meant by insoluble?

Substance that doesn’t dissolve.

How to form Solution:

Solute- The substance that gets dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Solvent- The substance that dissolves other substances.

Solution- A solution is a mixture formed from dissolving a solute in a solvent.

Neutralisation

What is neutralisation?
Neutralisation is a chemical reaction between an acid and an alkali which
produces a neutral solution.

What is the word equation for neutralisation?

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water.

2 ways in we which use neutralisation in everyday life:

 Wasp- Its sting is alkaline and it can be neutral by rubbing something
acidic like vinegar.
 Bee- A bee sting is acidic, and it can be neutral by putting something
alkaline.
 Astronomy
The planets and the Solar system

Our Solar System:

 We live on Earth, a rocky planet with large areas of land and water on its
surface.

 One of the eight planets that move around the nearest star, following
orbit that is almost circular. (Sun).

 Each planet has its year. (The time it takes to make one of the Sun), and
day. (The time a planet takes to spin once on its axis).

 Other objects orbit the Sun, including dwarf planets (such as Pluto),
large pieces of rock (asteroids), and comets.

 The Solar System is the name given to the Sun and all the objects that
orbit it.

 The Earth has one large moon orbiting it, which we call ‘The Moon’.

 Many other planets in the Solar system have their own moons. Jupiter
has at least 79 moons.
Key terms:
Dwarf planet: Object that orbits a star, but it is not large enough.
Mass: The amount of matter in an object – it is measured in grams or
kilograms.
Moon: Natural object that orbits a planet.
Orbit: Circular or nearly a circular path around an object.
Planet: Object that orbits a star and which is large enough.
Solar System: The Sun and all the other objects that orbit or move around it.

What is an axis?
An invisible line around the Earth, which an object rotates or spins.

How does day and night happen?

When the Earth is rotating on its axis. The part that is facing the sun is day, and
the other part is night.

How long does Earth take to revolve around the Sun?

365days=1year.

How long does Earth take to rotate its axis?

24hours=1day.

How does seasons happen?

When the Earth is tilted on its axis.
What is an orbit?
Circular or nearly circular path around an object.

Umbra- Complete shadow formed.

Penumbra- Partial shadow formed.

What happens during a Solar eclipse?

During a Solar eclipse, the Moon blocks the Sun's ray from reaching part of
the Earth.

What happens during a Lunar eclipse?

During a Lunar eclipse, the Earth blocks the Sun's light from reaching the
Moon.

Why are Solar eclipses rare?

Simply because the moon's orbit is tilted 3 degrees compared to the orbit of
the Earth around the Sun.

Order of the Planets:

 Mercury
 Venus
 Earth
 Mars
Asteroid belt
 Jupiter
 Saturn
Comet
 Uranus
 Neptune

The Sun has the strongest mass in our galaxy (Milky Way).

Venus is the hottest planet in our Solar system.

 Mercury, Venus, Mars and Earth are terrestrial planets which means
they are rocky planets.
 Ice giants are Uranus and Neptune.
 Dust giants are Jupiter and Saturn.

What is mass?
Mass is different from weight!

Mass is a measurement of how much of something there is.

Mass is measured in grams and kilograms.

What is weight?
Weight is a measurement of force.

Force is always measured in Newtons. (N)

Weight (N)= Mass (kg) x Acceleration of gravity.

E.g.:
Dinosaur (1000) x 9.8m/s = 9800N.

Acceleration of gravity in each planet for a Dinosaur:

Moon: Gravity = 1.6 x 1000= 1600N.
Saturn: Gravity= 10.4 x 1000= 10400N.
Mars: Gravity = 3.7 x 1000= 3700N.
Venus: Gravity = 8.8 x 1000= 8800N.
Jupiter: Gravity= 24.9 x 1000= 24900N.
Neptune: Gravity = 11.5 x 1000= 11500N.

The effect of gravity:

Gravity is a force that pulls objects towards the center of the earth, that is why
your feet are on the floor.

Gravity everywhere:
Gravity pulls everything into the center of the earth no matter where you are!

Defying Gravity?
When you jump or throw a ball in the air, you are not defying gravity but just
exerting a force greater than gravity for a short time. Gravity always wins
because you will always land!

Gravity: force between two objects that is due to their mass.

Discovering Planets:
Humans have not always known about the existence of planets and their
moons.

It was thought
that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were discovered by ancient
Babylon, between 2000 and 1000 BCE.

Scientists who study the stars and planets are called astronomers, by studying
the movement of planets.

Polish priest and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 developed a

hypothesis that the planets orbit the Sun.

It was very controversial at that time because they thought that the Earth was
not just in the center of our solar system, but the center of our galaxy.

A big step was made by the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei in 1016.
Invented the telescope, and used lenses to make the images he saw larger. He
discovered the fourth-largest moon of Jupiter. Used his observations to
support Copernicus's theory.
A lot of astronomers developed telescopes to observe the planets and turns
out Galileo and Copernicus was correct.
Tycho Brahe recorded the most detailed data yet about Planets. By this data,
Johannes Kepler developed his law of planetary between 1609 and 1619.

Christiaan Huygens and Giovanni Cassini discovered the fifth-largest moon of

Saturn between 1655 and 1686.

In 1687, Isaac Newton published his law of gravitation, explaining Kepler’s law
so they could calculate how the planets orbit the sun.

In 1781, William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus. The first new planet
to be discovered since the time of the Babylonians.

In 1846, Johanne Galle used Urbain Le Verrier to discover what now we call
Neptune.

The formation of Planets

 Our Solar system started out as dusts

and gases, which we call solar nebula.
The gas was mostly hydrogen.

 The effect of gravity pulled them

together creating a lump in the center
of the earth.
 The lump grew larger, the effect of
gravity caused it to spin.

 The rest of the dust and cloud was

pulled along to start orbiting the
centre, forming a disc.

 Over millions of years, enough dust

and gas pulled to form a ball.

 As more gas was pulled inwards, the

particles of gas squashed together to
cause a nuclear reaction. This ball is
now our sun.

 Some scientist think it was about 4.6

billion years ago.

 Some areas started to form together

to form a spinning ball.

 The balls were smaller than the sun

and couldn’t produce their own
energy.

 In time, gravity squashed the particles

to form cooler rock, liquid, and gases
that eventually became the planets.

 Over time, gravity pulled the 5 planets

nearest the sun to be small and rocky.

 The four planets further formed large

cold worlds made mostly of ice and
gas.
What are satellites?
Sattellites are important devices that orbit Earth.

We use satellites for communication and to observe space itself.

2 types of satellites:
 Leo satellite
 Geo satellite
A famous satellite is Sputnik, and it is a Soviet Union satellite launched
in 1957.

Hubel scope- Used to take amazing photos of the solar system.

 Moon takes 28 days to orbit the earth.

Phases of the moon:
1st) New moon. Its dark because no light is hitting it.
2nd) Waxing crescent. The surface of the moon we see is getting bigger.
3rd) First quarter. The moon is ¼ of the way. It is half-lit.
4th) Waxing gibbous. The moon is moving towards a full moon.
5th) Full moon. We can see the face of the moon.
6th) Waning gibbous. The surface of the moon seems to get smaller.
7th) Last quarter. ¾ of the way around the earth.
8th) Waning crescent.

29.5 days is one lunar month.

Tides
Tides: Tides are the rise and fall of ocean water that occur twice a day.

What is going on?

As distant as the moon may seem, its gravitational pull on Earth plays a huge
role in the formation of tides.

When you see the tide roll in or out, what is really happening is the distribution
of our planet earths ocean.

Tides because of the moon

This happens because the moon's gravity affects the entire Earth, pulling every
point on our planet.

Tidal bulge: Area of the ocean, where the water level is higher due to
gravitational force of the moon.