Name:-Gautam Auddy

Academic Qualification:-

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Msc(Geography,CalcuttaUniversity),B.ed (David Hare Training College).
Earthquake:-

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Sudden Shaking of the surface of the Earth is known as Earthquake.
Seismology:-

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●The study of the Earthquake.
Focus /Hypocentre:-
It is a point of the origin of earthquake inside the earth.The depth of focus of earthquake
associated with the constructive plate boundary ranges between 25 to 35 km.

✓Plutonic earthquake:-
A deep focus earthquake in Seismology is an earthquake with a Hypocenter depth
exceeding 300 km.
•Shallow focus earthquake:- 0 to 70 km.
•Intermediate:- 70 to 300 km.

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•Deep earthquake:- 300 to 700 km.
Epicentre:-

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The area on the Earth's surface above the focus is called Epicentre.
Richter scale :-
●It was invented by Charles Richter in 1935.It is used for the magnitude of the
earthquake.It has range between 0 to 10.
●An earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times

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that of an earthquake that registered 4.0.
Mercalli scale:-
●It measures the intensity of the earthquake.This scale has range from 1 to 12 .The
Mercalli Intensity Scale was developed by Italian volcanologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1884.
●The modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's
Mercalli intensity scale of 1902 by Adolfo Cancani is a seismic intensity scale used for
measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an Earthquake.

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●It was modified again by Harry Oscar Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931.
Isoseismal line :-
An isoseismal (line) is a contour or line on a map connecting points of
equal intensity relating to a specific earthquake and confining the
area within which the intensity is the same.
 🌀Homoseismal line :-
Line on the Earth's surface connecting points where the seismic wave
arrives, generated by an earthquake, at the same time.
🌀 Seismograph:-
From the focus of the Earthquake the waves travel in all direction.The time of arrival and
impact of these waves at a particular station are recorded by an instrument called
Seismograph or seismometer.

🐬Seismogram :-
●It was invented by John Milney in 1880.
●The time of arrival and the intensity of the earthquake waves are recorded in the form of
a graph drawn on a paper fixed to a rotating drum which completes one

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rotation in 24 hours .Such a graph produced by the Seismograph is called seismogram.
Earthquake waves:-

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1)Body waves:- ( P wave and S wave )
P wave:-
✓Other name :- Push wave / Longitudinal /
Primary wave / Compressional wave /
Pressure wave.
✓They can pass through Solid , Liquid , Gaseous.
✓Avg speed :- 6 km/ Second
✓Origin:- Focus
✓Extension:-Crust ,Mantle ,Core.
✓Wavelength:- Small and Medium.
✓The P Waves are also the fastest among the three main types of waves .

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✓It is similar to :- Sound wave.
S wave :-
✓Other name:- Transverse wave /Secondary wave /Stress wave/Distortional waves.
✓Avg speed:- 3.5km/Second
✓Origin:- Focus
✓It has medium velocity to reach the surface after p wave.
✓Extension:- Crust and Mantle
✓Wavelength:- Small and Medium
✓S waves can travel only through solids and they cannot traverse liquid media .
✓It is similar to :-They are analogous to Water ripples or Light waves.
2)Surface wave or L wave :-
✓Origin:- Epicenter
✓Extension:- Crust
✓Avg speed:- 2 km/second
✓It is the last to report Seismograph and has slower velocity but has higher destructive
capacity.
✓ Wave length:- Large

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✓ Type:-
Rayleigh wave:- It is moves both vertically and horizontally in a vertical plane pointed
in the direction in which the waves are traveling.

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●Most of the Shaking and Damage from an earthquake due to Rayleigh wave.
Love wave:- It's motion is essentially that of S waves that have no vertical
displacement,it moves the ground from side to side in a horizontal plane.Love wave
generally travel faster than Rayleigh wave.

🌏The Emergence of Shadow zone of P - Waves and S- waves.

● S-waves do not travel through liquids (they are attenuated).
●The entire zone beyond 103° does not receive S-waves, and hence this zone is identified
as the shadow zone of S-waves. This observation led to the discovery of the liquid outer
core.
●The shadow zone of P-waves appears as a band around the earth between 103° and
142° away from the epicentre.
●This is because P-waves are refracted when they pass through the transition between
the semisolid mantle and the liquid outer core.
●However, the seismographs located beyond 142° from the epicentre, record the arrival
of P-waves, but not that of S-waves. This gives clues about the solid inner core.
●Thus, a zone between 103° and 142° from epicentre was identified as the shadow zone
for both the types of waves.

● The seismographs located at any distance within 103° from the epicentre, recorded the
arrival of both P and S-waves.
🌊Tsunami:-Tsunami is Japanese word meaning Harbour waves.sumatra Tsunami occur
in 2004,26th Dec . Earthquake of the Magnitude of 9 on Richter scale.The deep oceanic

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Earthquake was caused due to sudden subduction of Indian plate below the Burma plate.
Earthquake Prone Zones in India:-

✓Earthquake is the violent shaking of the ground due to the release of accumulated
stress of the moving lithospheric or crustal plates.

✓Over 59 % of India’s land area is under threat of moderate to severe earthquakes.

✓Bureau of Indian Standards, based on the past seismic history, divided the country into
four seismic zones, viz. Zone II, III, IV and V.

✓The regions away from the Himalayas and other inter-plate boundaries were
considered to be relatively safe from damaging earthquakes.

✓However, occurrence of the Killari earthquake in Maharashtra (1993) resulted in

revision of the seismic zoning map in which the low hazard zone or Seismic Zone I was
merged with Seismic Zone II. Thus Zone I does not appear in mapping.

✓Zone V is the most seismically active region, while zone II is the least active region.

✓The zones are divided on the basis of Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity, which measures
the impact of earthquakes.

✓The area covered under different seismic zones include,

Zone II:

●It falls under a low intensity zone.

●It covers 40.93% area of the country.

●It comprises major parts of peninsular region and Karnataka Plateau.

Zone III :

●It falls under a moderate intensity zone.

●It covers 30.79% area of the country.

●It comprises of Kerala,Goa,Lakshadweep

islands, remaining parts of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal, Parts of Punjab,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra
(Mumbai),Andhra Pradesh,Bihar,Odisha
(Bhubaneswar),TamilNadu(Chennai).

Zone IV :

●It falls under a severe intensity zone.

●It covers 17.49% area of the country.

●It comprises of remaining parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh(Shimla),

Uttarakhand (Almora, Dehradun, Nainital,
Roorkee),National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, Sikkim(Gangtok),Northern Parts of
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar (Patna, Barauni),
West Bengal ( North Bengal, Sundarban),
Rajasthan, Haryana (Ambala), Punjab
(Amritsar, Ludhiana), Chandigarh,
Parts of Gujarat, Small portions of Maharashtra near the west coast.

Zone V :

●It falls under a very severe intensity zone.

●It covers 10.79% area of the country.

●It comprises of the entire Northeastern India, Parts of Jammu and Kashmir
(Srinagar), Himachal Pradesh (Mandi), Uttarakhand, Rann of Kutch in Gujarat,
Bhuj in Gujarat, AndamanNicobar islands,
Part of North Bihar (Darbhanga).
🌊Major Earthquake in India:-
✓Kutch(Gujarat):-1819-7.7 to 8.2
✓Cachar(Assam):-1869-7.4
✓Assam Earthquake:-1897-8
✓Kangra valley (Hp):-1905-7.8
✓Dhubri earthquake:-1930-7.1
✓Anjar(Gujarat):-1956-6.1
✓Koyna(MH):-1967-6.6
✓Kinnaur(Hp):-1975-6.8
✓Uttarkashi:-1991-6.8
✓Lattur Earthquake (MH):-1993-6.3
✓Jabbalpur(Mp):-1997-5.8
✓Chamoli(Uttarakhand):-1999-6.6
✓Bhuj(Gujarat):-2001-7.7
✓Kashmir Earthquake:-2005-7.6
✓Andaman Islands:-2009-7.5
✓Sikkim(Gangtok):-2011-6.9

MCQ
1.Seismic gaps are
(a) parts of plate boundaries in oceans where tsunamis occur frequently.
(b) sections of plate boundaries that have ruptured repeatedly in the
recent past.
(c) sections of plate boundaries that have not ruptured in the recent past.
(d) plate boundaries having no volcanic activity.

2.An earthquake is also known as

(a) Teacher
(b) Tremor
(c) Temper
(d) None of these

3.Which of the following statements relating to earthquakes is/are

correct ?
1. The point of origin of an earthquake is called the epicenter.
2. The lines joining the places which were affected by earthquake at
the same point of time are called homoseismal lines.
Select the correct answer using the code given below,
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

4)Which among the following matches of the city and their earthquake zone are correct?
1. Srinagar- Zone 5
2. Guwahati- Zone 5
3. Delhi- Zone 4
4. Chennai- 5 Zone
Choose the correct option from the codes given below :
A)1 and 2
B)1,2,3
C)1,3,4
D)1,2,3,4

5)The reason behind Earthquake is

A)Land Cruises
B)Rotation of Earth
C)Tectonism
D)Denudation

6)Coromandel coast is under which Earthquake zone?(2021 Mains)

A)Zone 1
B)Zone 2
C)Zone 3
D)Zone 4

7)The scale used for measuring the intensity of the earthquake is(2020 Prelims)
A)Metric Scale
B)Quake scale
C)Richter scale
D)Epicenter scale

8)Seismograph is :(2013 Prelims)

(A) An instrument for photographing clouds
(B) An instrument for recording earthquake tremors
(C) An instrument for measuring depths of water in the sea
(D) A device for recording changes in the atmospheric pressure

9)"The epicenter of an earthquake is the ________

A. Point where P-waves touch the surface

B. Nearest point to the surface from the focus perpendicular to the earth's surface

C. Point of intersection of P and S wave fronts

D. Antipodal point.

10)"Earthquakes occur due to ________

A. Frequent occurrence of cyclones

B. Movement of plates of earth, which float on the hot volcanic mantle below the earth's
surface

C. Too much pressure on land

D. Underground nuclear explosions