Origami Meets Lighting: Development and Evaluation of an Origami-Inspired

Ceiling Light Diffuser and its User's Manual

Chapter I

THE INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the nature and importance of the study, objectives,

hypothesis of the study, and significance of the study, time and place of the study, scope

and limitation of the study and definition of terms used in the study.

Nature and Importance of the Study

A concept is a fundamental principle that guides the design process, aiding in the

systematic organization of various elements within a project. In the field of architecture,

it helps the designer to make decisions about the form, function and aesthetics of space.

Origami-inspired architecture is an increasingly popular trend in the realm of

building design that draws inspiration from the traditional Japanese art of paper folding.

This practice involves the creation of geometric shapes using only a single sheet of paper.

This approach allows architects and architecture students to make complex forms and

structures that are visually appealing and functional. It enables the efficient use of

materials and construction techniques since flat panels may be folded and joined to create

threedimensional structures. (Megahed, 2017)

Origami concepts are being used in interior design nowadays in a variety of ways.

One of the most popular methods to incorporate origami into interior design is through

furniture. The concepts of folding, geometry, and transformation of origami can be

employed to create unique and visually appealing designs that are both useful and

aesthetically pleasant. Furniture with an origami aesthetic frequently has straight lines,

geometric shapes, and surprising folds. Any room can benefit from the refinement and

modernity that this kind of furniture can bring.

By infusing origami techniques into ordinary furnishings, designers are able to

create wonderfully whimsical features that appear to be curved and shaped in meticulously

detailed ways. From minimalist origami lights to folded frame seating and foldable

cardboard furnishings, these origami-inspired designs will definitely add a creative touch

to any interior decor. (Makmanee 2023)

Lighting plays a vital role in interior design, creating a mood, and transforming

spaces. By understanding the science behind lighting and its impact on texture, color, and

mood, homeowners and designers can make informed choices when selecting light fixtures

and creating lighting plans for different spaces. When thoughtfully executed, lighting can

take a room from ordinary to spectacular, making it a standout space in your home. (Foyr

Neo, 2023)

From the workers’ perspective, poor lighting at work can lead to eye‐strain, fatigue,

headaches, stress and accidents. On the other hand, too much light can also cause safety

and health problems such as “glare” headaches and stress. Both can lead to mistakes at

work, poor quality and low productivity. (International Labour Organization 2019)
 A light diffuser is a device used to scatter and soften light. It is placed in front of

the light source to reduce glare, giving a warmer feeling to room spaces. (Diffuser

Specialist, 2015)

Interior lighting without light diffusers can have several negative effects such as

glare, direct light from un-diffused sources like ceiling lights can create harsh shadows

and glare, making it difficult to see details and causing eye strain. Unnatural lighting

distribution, without diffusers, light tends to be concentrated in specific areas, creating

uneven illumination throughout the room. Reduced aesthetic appeal, undiffused lighting

can make a room feel cold, sterile, and uninviting. Diffusers help to soften direct light,

eliminate harsh shadows and glare, and distribute light more evenly throughout the space.

This can significantly improve the overall quality of the lighting environment and enhance

the overall aesthetic of the room.

Maximizing the concept of origami and bringing it to interior design will be a good

developmental study to help homeowners and architects to be safe, have quality and

unique design and eliminate factors affecting interior design and its users. It not just gives

safety but also gives homes a unique and pleasing interior design.

With this perspective, Origami-Inspired Ceiling Light Diffuser and Its User Manual

will be developed with the application of origami kinetic concept to manipulate light

diffusion. This origami concept is used as the main manipulator of the ceiling light which

is controlled through a rotary switch. The light diffuser can be manipulated by the user to

its wants with these features; dim light for intimate, cozy and warm vibe and avoid eye

strain. Light distribution for scattered light, even illumination and movable orientation of
light. Design, through its concept of origami, can be a great way to add interest and drama

to a room. They can be used to create a variety of effects, from soft and diffused lighting

to bold and dramatic statements.

Hence, this study is proposed to develop and evaluate the performance of

origami-inspired ceiling light diffuser.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the performance of the Origami-Inspired

Ceiling light Diffuser and its User Manual.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. Design and develop origami-inspired ceiling light diffuser and its user's manual.

2. Determine the performance evaluation of the respondents in the concept of origami

inspired ceiling light diffuser in terms of variables based from Sitelogiq lighting design

consideration.

A. Style

B. Ease of Use

C. Lighting Distribution

D. Lighting Control & Flexibility

E. Cost of Implementation

F. Maintenance
 3. Determine the significant difference on the product and user's manual evaluation

of the respondents.

4. Estimate the total cost of the production of developed origami-inspired ceiling light

diffuser.

5. Gather comments and suggestions offered by the respondents on the develop

product.

Hypothesis of the Study

This study tested the following null hypothesis below:

1. There is no significant difference between the evaluation of two groups of respondents

in the development of origami-inspired ceiling lights diffuser in terms of style, ease of use,

lighting distribution and brightness, lighting control and flexibility, cost of

implementation, and maintenance.(Sitelogiq lighting design consideration).

Time and Place of the Study

This study was conducted in the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024.

Product development took place at Mindoro State University Calapan City Campus.

Product evaluation was facilitated at Oriental Mindoro.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study was limited to the development and performance evaluation of origami

inspired ceiling light diffuser. The study is focused on the performance evaluation of the

developed product in terms of style, ease of use lighting distribution and brightness,

lighting control and flexibility, cost of implementation, and maintenance based from
Sitelogiq lighting design consideration). The testing of the product will be conducted at

MinSU Calapan City Campus.

The respondents of the study are the ten (10) Licensed Architecture and thirty (30)

Home Owners.

Definition of Terms Used in the Study

For better understanding of this study, the following terms were defined operationally:

Origami - It refers to the concept used in the study to manipulate the light. It also serves

as the light diffuser to change light intensity.

Light Diffuser - It describes the manipulation of light sources to control the

level of brightness.

Ceiling Lights- It is the main subject of implementing the concept of origami-inspired

light diffuser.

Push Button- It is a device being used to control the function of the light.

Rotary Switch- It is a device being used to control the function of origami-inspired ceiling

light diffuser.

User Manual- It serves as operational guide in using the origami-inspired ceiling light

diffuser.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literatures and studies

A number of literature and studies have been reviewed but only those which are

directly relevant to the present study are presented here under

Review of Related Literature

Local Literature

Guilherme V. Rodrigues (2022) introduced origami-inspired systems and

structures, covering its modeling, applications, and principles. It has been demonstrated

that the age-old craft of paper folding served as the model for numerous inventive

engineering creations in a variety of industries, including biomechanics, robotics,

architecture, aerospace structures, and many more. Adaptive morphing structures are

becoming more and more dependent on the relationship with smart materials.

This implies that origami-inspired systems and structures offer immense potential

for innovation in various fields. The integration of smart materials further enhances their

adaptability and functionality. Continued research in this area will likely lead to the

development of even more advanced and versatile origami-inspired designs.

Rodrigo Luis Pereira Barreto (2021) Multiloop Origami Inspired Mechanisms

(MOISM) are a novel class of mechanisms introduced in this paper. With the advantages

of more complex kinematic chains, this new class of mechanisms retains the useful
qualities of origami mechanisms. Well-known origami theorems are used in the design

and enumeration of mechanisms. Sets of viable graphs are produced by applying McKay's

algorithm. The angles between the revolute joints' axes are then computed.

This implies that Multiloop Origami Mechanisms (MOISM) represent a significant

advancement in the field of origami-inspired mechanisms by introducing more complex

kinematic chains while retaining the advantages of traditional origami mechanisms. The

design and enumeration of these mechanisms are based on well-established origami

theorems and graph theory, making them a promising solution for a wide range of

engineering applications.

Foreign Literature

Asi Architectural (2022) stated the contribution of origami in architecture.

Architects have been using designs inspired by origami to create cutting edge designs that

give both the interiors and exteriors of new buildings a modern feel that offers structural

benefits as well as aesthetic ones. The geometric shapes and patterns that exemplify

origami folding techniques are incredibly useful in architecture. They are strong and

visually appealing. Architects have long used origami to create 3D models of buildings

and structures. More recently, they have begun to incorporate all that origami has to offer

into the finished designs of these structures as well.

This implies that architects have been using origami as inspiration for their designs

for years, but it is only recently that they have begun to incorporate origami into the

finished designs of their structures. Origami's strength and visual appeal make it a valuable
tool for architects, and it is likely that origami will continue to play an important role in

architectural design in the future.

Petrov (2023) defines a diffuser as a device that is placed in front of a light source,

such as a lamp or ceiling light, to scatter the light in different directions. This helps to

create a more even distribution of light and reduces harsh shadows. Diffusers come in a

variety of shapes and sizes, and can be made from various materials. Some common

materials include plastic, glass, and fabric. A diffuser is a simple and effective way to

improve the lighting in your home office. By creating a more uniform and comfortable

lighting environment, you can increase productivity and reduce eye strain.

This implies that diffusers are essential tools for enhancing the quality of light in

your home office. By scattering light evenly and reducing harsh shadows, diffusers

contribute to a more comfortable and productive work environment. Their versatility in

terms of shape, size, and material allows them to seamlessly integrate into various décor

styles. Investing in a diffuser is a worthwhile decision that will significantly improve your

home office experience.

Patel, 2021 said that manuals are crucial for ensuring the proper and safe usage of

any product. Whether for a new kitchen appliance, a piece of software, or a piece of

machinery, User manuals are an excellent resource for learning about and making the most

of the device in question. An important factor in the success of a business is the level of

client satisfaction they are able to achieve. Access to thorough and understandable
instructions is highly valued by consumers since it gives them faith in their ability to utilize

the product and cuts down on their need for customer service.

This implies user manuals play a critical role in fostering customer satisfaction and

business success. By providing clear, comprehensive instructions, businesses can

empower their customers to effectively utilize their products, reducing the need for

customer support and fostering a sense of confidence in the product. Moreover, well-

crafted user manuals contribute to positive user experiences, which can lead to customer

loyalty and repeat business. Therefore, businesses should invest in creating high-quality

user manuals as an essential element of their overall customer satisfaction strategy.

Kyu-Jin Cho (2019) We studied soft origami, which adds more functionality to

constructions inspired by origami by taking advantage of the softness of the materials.

Overall energy profiles could be altered by varying the origami's degree of flexibility.

Twomode expansion and snap-through motion are among the extra features provided by

the updated energy profile. The origami block module and the soft deployable structure

with unique functionalities integrated into the structure can be created using soft origami.

We have established from the findings that the soft origami structure has uses beyond

simple framing. We plan to explore future possibilities of combining several functions into

one single component. Different functional parts, like a frame, joint, damper, and spring,

are typically needed for a robotic system. Single-component integration of several

functionalities will allow for multi-functional systems with straightforward actuation. In

addition to lowering production costs and enabling scalability, mechanical simplicity can

improve system robustness.

This implies that research on soft origami demonstrates the potential for creating

more functional and versatile structures by leveraging the softness of materials and

manipulating the energy profiles of the structures. The findings of this study have the

potential to enable the development of more sophisticated and multi-functional robotic

systems, with potential applications in fields such as robotics, biomedical devices, and soft

matter engineering.

Review of Related Studies

Local Study

According to the study of Larissa M. Fonseca (2019) An origami wheel driven by

shape memory alloy actuators is the subject of this paper's dynamical study. A one-degree

of freedom model with reduced order is suggested to depict the dynamics of the system

based on the symmetry hypothesis. The spring behavior is explained by the homogeneous

phase transformation hypothesis, whereas the thermo-mechanical behavior of the SMAs

is described by a polynomial constitutive model.

This implies that paper provides a simplified modeling approach for the analysis

of origami-inspired wheels actuated by Shape Memory Alloy SMAs, which can be useful

for the design and control of miniature robots and others portable device. The proposed
model can be used to predict the behavior of the system under different loading conditions

and to optimize the design of the wheel and the SMA strips for specific application.

According to the study of David S. Almarez (2020) Liceo de Cagayan

UniversityMain Campus was found to be mostly in violation of the lighting standards

established for classrooms as well as those for labs and libraries when it came to evaluating

compliance with the lighting standards for school workspace. Based on observations, the

evaluation's conclusion was mostly caused by four causes. The design comes first; the

quantity of daylight entering the workspace is greatly influenced by the size, arrangement,

and number of windows. Positioning the workspace in relation to any building that blocks

daylight is the second factor. The illumination of a particular area in the workplace is

determined by its orientation in relation to the windows, which brings us to our third point:

spatial orientation. The artificial lighting that has been installed is unable to enhance

daylight in order to attain the required level of light intensity, which brings us to our fourth

concern: lighting. However, the tests conducted on restrooms and passageways primarily

produce findings that support standard compliance. Regarding illumination in the latter

two workplaces, the amount of daylighting was considered the single most significant

factor. The effect of spatial direction on illuminance was also determined in this

investigation. To be more precise, the measured lux value is greatly influenced by the

region that is located in relation to the window. As mentioned elsewhere, there is a

noticeable difference in the illuminance readings obtained close to the windows and those

taken further away. Lastly, it was determined that even if the workspaces in the same class
have identical designs and are housed in the same building, the amount of lighting varies

greatly due to the previously described factors, either alone or in combination.

This implies that study also found that even if workspaces in the same class have

identical designs and are housed in the same building, the amount of lighting varies greatly

due to the previously described factors, either alone or in combination. This highlights the

importance of considering these factors when designing and positioning workspaces to

ensure compliance with lighting standards.

Foreign Study

Marco Meloni (2021) studied the use of origami-based designs in space structures,

biomimetic engineering, architecture, robotics, biomedical engineering, fold-core

structures, and metamaterials was examined in the current review. Engineering challenges

of many kinds and sizes have been demonstrated to be resolved by designs based on

origami. Though there are many uses for this technology, there are a few universal

problems that are present in all fields of application: fabrication-related limitations, lack

of optimal design tools, and complexity of design procedures. No formalized design

processes exist among the origami community, according to a thorough analysis of a large

body of study findings.

This implies that review highlights the wide range of applications for origami-

based designs in various fields of engineering. While origami has shown great potential in

solving engineering challenges, there are still some universal problems that need to be
addressed, including fabrication-related limitations, lack of optimal design tools, and the

complexity of design procedures. By addressing these challenges, origami-based designs

can further advance and find even more applications in the future.

In the study conducted by Luan Le-Thanh (2021) A kinetic shade mechanism was

thought to be a practical way to enhance the building's daylight performance. The folding

method of an origami paper fan served as the inspiration for our innovative dynamic

shading technology, which we described in this work. By combining the parameter-free

optimization algorithm Balancing Composite Motion Optimization BCMO with 3D

modeling software and the daylight simulation tool DIVA, a simulation-based

optimization process has been created to verify the efficacy of the suggested design.

This implies that study demonstrates the potential of using a kinetic shade

mechanism inspired by origami folding to improve the daylight performance of buildings.

The combination of the Balancing Composite Motion Optimization BCMO algorithm, 3D

modeling software, and the daylight simulation tool DIVA allows for an effective

optimization process to be carried out, leading to a more efficient and effective design.

In the study conducted by Johan Nordén (2020) In a pilot research, a method for

measuring the experience of lighting goods analytically using a trained analytical sensory

panel was developed. Data from the assessments were statistically correlated to physical

measures.

Both the physical and sensory characteristics of the various luminaires showed

notable variances. The initial step towards applying sensory technique in new fields of
application is this research project. The result suggests that sensory approaches can be

used to objectively and analytically evaluate luminaires through analysis. However,

additional research is needed to validate the techniques. It should be mentioned that there

are situations in which there is a difference between the sensory results and the physical

measurements. Thus, it can be said that a concept of light quality must consider the

perceived as well as the physical aspects of illumination.

This implies that research contributes to the development of a more holistic

understanding of light quality by introducing a novel approach to evaluating the

experience of lighting goods. The study highlights the importance of considering both

perceived and physical aspects of illumination and paves the way for future research in

the field of lighting engineering

In the study conducted by Yasemin Ince Guney (2020) Paper folding using an

interdisciplinary approach allowed the relationship between mathematics and architecture

to be realized. Origami studies were conducted with second-year architecture students at

the department of architecture. Examining the influences of origami on architecture, the

goal is to show students how geometry and architecture are related in terms of both

structure and attractiveness. Symmetry types were used to collect and classify architectural

samples for the project. Furthermore, the table created by the researchers outlines its

connection to origami. Architecture students have produced various design products, such

as three-dimensional design and symmetry, using origami as a tool.

 The study implies that paper folding, or origami, is not just an art form but also an

interdisciplinary tool that can help students understand the relationship between

mathematics and architecture. By studying origami, architecture students can gain a deeper

understanding of geometry, symmetry, and spatial reasoning, which are essential skills for

architects. Moreover, origami can help students develop their visualization and design

skills, allowing them to create complex.

In the study conducted by Ashgar et al., (2019) titled “Adaptive biomimetic

facades: Enhancing energy efficiency of highly glazed building” it explores the

application of adaptive biomimetic facades for highly glazed buildings in the hot and

humid regions. Facades are the first line of defense against extreme climate conditions.

For highrise commercial buildings and offices, especially in the hot and humid

environment, building envelopes that can reduce energy consumption without decreasing

the visual comfort (i.e., indoor lighting levels and visibility to the outer environment) are

desired. In this work, we present an adaptive facade that reduces solar heat gain and hence

the energy consumption of the building, with minimal reduction in visual comfort of the

users. The designed facade can fold in both horizontal and vertical positions. The design

enables shading under both high and low sun angles, without blocking visibility to the

outdoor environment. For the design of the facade, we take inspiration from the Oxalis

oregana leaf and mimic its abilities of tracking sun path and changing its angle/position

accordingly.

This study implies the proposed adaptive biomimetic facade presents a promising

solution for enhancing the energy efficiency of highly glazed buildings in hot and humid
regions. By mimicking the sun-tracking capabilities of the Oxalis oregana leaf, the facade

effectively reduces solar heat gain without compromising visual comfort. This innovative

design has the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and contribute to

sustainable building practices in challenging climatic conditions. Further research and

development could focus on optimizing material selection, control mechanisms, and

integration with building automation systems to maximize the impact of this biomimetic

approach.
 Chapter III

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This chapter consists of the methods of research used in the study, sources of data,

data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, materials and procedures and

statistical treatment of data.

Methods of Research

The study utilized descriptive and developmental methods of research that assess the

acceptability of origami-inspired ceiling light diffuser and its user manual. The researcher

utilized development and descriptive methods of research and acquired reliable and

dependable outcomes.

Developmental research, focus upon a given instructional product, program, process

or tool. They reflect an interest in identifying either general development principles or

situation-specific recommendations. It addresses not only product design and development

but evaluation as well. At times they may validate a particular design and development

technique and tool. (Nelson et al., 2004)

Descriptive method of research uses content analysis as well as observation and

interview as the key instrument of data collection. It is designed for investigators to gather

information about present conditions and with what is prevailing. (De Castro, 2017)

Both methods were used to evaluate the performance of origami-inspired ceiling

light diffuser and its user manual in terms of style, ease of use, lighting distribution and
brightness, lighting control and flexibility, cost of
implementation, and maintenance.(Variables

Based from Sitelogiq lighting design consideration) and as perceived by Licensed

Architects and Homeowners.

Sources of Data

The main source of data of this study were an evaluation checklist which contains

feedback of the respondents about the acceptability and evaluation of origami-inspired

ceiling lights diffuser and its user manual. The respondents are the ten (10) License

Architecture from

Oriental Mindoro and thirty (30) Homeowners from Mindoro State University, Calapan

City Campus.

TABLE 1.

Distribution of Respondents in Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

GROUP OF RESPONDENT NUMBER OF RESPONDENT

Licensed Architecture 10

Home owners 30

Total 40
Data Gathering Instrument

An evaluation checklist was used as the research instrument of this study which

was validated by the expert. The checklist deals with the items to evaluate the performance

of origami inspired ceiling lights diffuser in terms of style, ease of use, lighting distribution

and brightness,lighting control and flexibility, cost of implementation, and

maintenance.(Variables Based from Sitelogiq lighting design consideration).

Likert scale rating system is used in the design questionnaire to measure people’s

attitudes, opinions and perceptions. Subjects were chosen from a range of possible

responses to specific questionnaire statement purposes typically concluded “strongly

agree”, “agree”, “neutral”, “disagree” and “strongly disagree”. Often the category

response is coded numerically in which case, the numerical value must be designed from

that specific study. The Likert Scale is named after the American social scientist, Reinsis

Likert who developed it in 1932.

Likert scale is widely used in social educational research. When using Likert Scale

the researcher must consider the issue such as categories of response. (Value in the Scale)

size of the scale, direction of the scale, ordinal nature of the Likert scaled-derived data

derived data and appropriate statistical analysis of such data.-(Jamieson, 2017)

The Likert Scale with the Descriptive Value is presented in table 2.

TABLE 2

Likert Scale

Rating Scale Range Descriptive Rating

4 3.50-4.49 Agree

3 2.50-3.49 Neutral

2 1.50-2.49 Disagree

1 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher personally administered and retrieved the checklist to ensure the

high return percentage of the form. After gathering the checklist data gathered will be

table, tabulated and statistically treated for analysis interpretation.

Materials and Procedures

The tools and equipment , materials in assembling the Origami-Inspired Ceiling Light

Diffuser and its User's Manual.

 Table 3.

Materials

Acrylic Plastic Sheet Ceiling light

Metal Joints Wires

Button Controller Control Station box set, (one push

button and

one rotary switch )

Table 4.

Tools

Soldering Iron Extension

Soldering Stand Power Supply

Screw Driver Plies

Multi Tested
Procedure

The following are the procedure in assembling Origami-Inspired Ceiling Lights Diffuser

and its User’s Manual.

Step 1. Billing of Materials Needed in the Project

Step 2. Laying Out and Circuit Designing

Step 3. Sketching/3d modeling of product

Step 4. Mounting Components

Step 5: Assembling parts

Step 6: Testing and Calibration

Statistical Treatment of Data

This study utilized weighted mean and Kruskal-Wallis H test as a statistical tool.

Weighted Mean. This is use to determine the perception of the respondents about the

Origami Meets Lighting: Development and Evaluation of an Origami-Inspired Ceiling

Light Diffuser and its user's manual in terms of style.