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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Gamayot, MG | 3MT02
ACTIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Natural exposure in response to an infection or
natural series of infections
You are given an antigen
You are the one who produces the antibody
Long term immunity as long as the cell is alive
and can produce antibody
Slow response
PASSIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Infusion of serum of plasma containing high
concentration of antibody or lymphocytes from
an actively immunized individual
You are given an antibody
Short term immunity since antibody can get
consumed
Immediate effect
Rabies vaccine, snake anti-venom
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
Active – includes the type of immunity that
develops during convalescence from an infection
o Chicken pox infection will give you
immunity from possible chicken pox
infection in the future
Passive – develops after the placental passage
of Ab from mother to fetus (colostrum from
breast milk, IgG)
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
Active – immunity obtained from vaccination w/
antigens
Passive – immunity obtained after injection of
gamma globulin for the induction of an immune
state (snake anti-venom)
o Snake antivenom
o Convalescent plasma (COVID-19)
LYMPHOID ORGANS
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Bone marrow
Thymus
Central lymphoid organ
Site of differentiation and maturation
Important in immunity
Bone marrow – site of maturation of B cells
Thymus – site of maturation of T cells
Bone marrow
Pluripotent stem hematopoietic stem cell
Largest tissue of the body
All blood cells originated from the bone marrow
Bursa of Fabricius – counterpart of bone
marrow
Thymus
For T cells
Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax or
chest cavity, right below the thyroid gland and
overlying the heart
As we age, the thymus decreases its size and
activity
T cells further develop in the bone marrow
Virgin/Naive lymphocytes – lymphocytes that is
not yet exposed to an antigen
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGAN
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer s patch
Adenoid
Mucosal-Associated lymphoid Tissue
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
Skin-associated lymphoid tissue
Functions of secondary lymphoid organs
Trapping site of pathogens
Stand-by areas of T cells, B cells and phagocytes
Place of encounter for pathogens and the cells
Production of antibodies where it is produced by
plasma cells (B cells → Plasma cells) and
cytokines (produced by T cells) and phagocytosis
(phagocytes)
Antigenic depended lymphopoiesis
Spleen
Largest secondary lymphoid organ
Characterized as a large discriminating filter as
it removes old and damaged cells and foreign
antigen from the blood
Detect antigen found in the blood
Graveyard of blood cells
Red pulp – destroys RBC
White pulp – destroys WBC
o Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
Main site of Ab production
Lymph Nodes
Detects antigen in the tissue fluid
Central collecting points for lymph fluid from
adjacent tissues
Function: filtration of interstitial fluid from around
cells in the tissues

Provide an ideal environment for the generation
of B-cell memory
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It collects most of the body s lymph fluid and
empties it into the left subclavian vein
B cell – mature in bone marrow; in charge w/
humoral immunity
T cells – mature in thymus; in charge w/ cell-
mediated immunity

Parts: Outer cortex, paracortex, medulla

Paracortex – contains T cells that are mainly
localized
Medulla – less densely populated than the
cortex but also contains some T cells
Cortex – contains macrophages, aggregates of B
cells in the primary follicles
Lymph fluid – flows slowly through spaces
(sinuses)
Sinuses – lined by macrophages, important in
phagocytosis
Afferent lymphatic vessels – where
lymphocytes and any foreign antigens present
enter nodes
Secondary follicles – contains of antigen and
consists of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells
Germinal cells – interior of secondary follicles,
where transformation of the B cells takes place
Efferent lymph vessels – where fluid and
lymphocytes exit

T-cells are found on:

Perifollicular and paracortical regions of
lymph nodes
Medullary cords of the lymph nodes
Periarteriolar regions of spleen
Thoracic duct of the circulatory system
B cells are found on:
Follicular and medullary (germinal centers) of
lymph nodes
Primary follicles and red pulp of spleen
Follicular region of GALT
Follicular regions of lymph nodes
Summary
The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic
vessel in the body