MEIOSIS

Tuesday, October 17, 2023 05:37 PM

Meiosis (haploid)
- Produces half of the chromosomes of the parent cell
- Four daughter cells
- Occurs in sex cells
- During fertilization, gametes fused to form diploid offspring
- is a special type of cell division that produces cells with half chromosomes of the parent cell
- Occurs only in specialized cells, such a the cells of testes and ovaries in humans

 Humans have 46 chromosomes (each parent cell shows only one pair of homologous
chromosomes, homologs, that carry genes for the same characters)
 Chromosomes are duplicated before meiosis begins
 Meiosis I: homologs are separated
 Meiosis II: sister chromatids are separated

• Fertilization
- unites a sperm and egg, re-establishing pairs of homologous chromosomes, with both
paternal and maternal genes
- Male and female germ cells undergo one round of meiotic cell division

• Homologous Chromosome
- are paired chromosomes/sister chromatid that contains the same gene sequence, loci,
centromere location, and chromosomal length but different in alleles
• Sister Chromatids
- pair of chromatid
• Non-homologous Chromosome
- are different pair of chromosomes, different gene sequence, loci, centromere location, etc.
• Non-sister Chromatid
- one chromatid
• Meiosis I
- Division results in reducing the number of chromosomes
• Meiosis II
- Similar to mitotic division except that the number of chromosomes is reduced to half
• Prophase 1
- Disappearance of nuclei
- breaking down of nuclear membrane
- Formation of spindle fiber and movement of centrosomes

• Metaphase 1
- Homologous chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate called independent assortment
- recombination occurs
- both chromatids of one homolog are attached to kinetochore microtubules
• Anaphase 1
- Breakdown of proteins that are responsible for synaptonemal complex cohesion along
chromatid arms allows homologs to separate
- Synaptonemal complex breaks down
- Sister chromatid cohesion persist at centromere
- Homologs move toward the opposite poles
• Telophase I/Cytokinesis
- cell are now haploid
- Each chromosomes is composed of two sister chromatids with regions of non-sister
chromatids
• Prophase 2
- Spindle apparatus forms
Late Prophase
- Chromosomes composed two sister chromatids are moved by microtubules towards
metaphase plate
 • Metaphase 2
- Chromosomes position at the metaphase plate
- Sister chromatids are not genetically identical
• Anaphase 2
- same with Anaphase 1
- SC cohesins breaks down
• Telophase 2/Cytokinesis
- Nuclei form, chromosome decondense
- Produces four daughter cells that are genetically distinct from one another and from the
parent cell

Mitosis Meiosis
one nuclear division Two nuclear division
No synapsis and crossing over Has synapsis and crossing over
For growth and repairs of damaged For reproduction (produces sex cells)
and worn-out cells
2 daughter cells with the same 4 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes (n)
number of chromosomes as parents
(2n)
Genetically the same with parents Genetically different from parent and other cells
and other cells
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction