Chapter 1 - Human Organism

Because learning changes everything.
Chapter 01
The Human Organism

Seeley’s
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Thirteenth Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte, Jennifer
Regan, Andrew Russo
© 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.
Lecture Outline
The human body is a

complex system. The
structures in the body
work in concert to
maintain homeostasis,
a balance in the body's
internal environment.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 2

1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: scientific discipline that

investigates the body’s structure,
such as the size and shape of a
bone.
Physiology: scientific investigation

of the processes or functions of
living things.

Practice Question
Anatomy is
A) the study of function.
B) a branch of physiology.
C) the study of structure.
D) the study of living organisms.
E) the study of homeostasis.
ANSWER:
C) the study of structure.

Practice Question
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine

how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on
digestion is most likely to be a/an_________.
A) neurologist
B) anatomist
C) engineer
D) physiologist
E) histologist
ANSWER:
D) physiologist
Topics of Anatomy
Gross: structures examined
without a microscope.
• Regional: studied area by area.
• Systemic: studied system by

system.
• Surface: external form used to
visualize deeper structures.
Structures so small they require

aid of microscope.
• Cytology: cellular anatomy.

• Histology: study of tissues.
Practice Question
Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs

that function together?
A) Regional
B) Developmental
C) Systemic
D) Histology
E) Surface anatomy
ANSWER:
C) Systemic

Practice Question
The study of the external form of the body and its relationship
to deeper structures is_________.
A) systemic anatomy
B) regional anatomy
C) molecular biology
D) microbiology
E) surface anatomy
ANSWER:
E) surface anatomy

Practice Question
The study of the body's organization by areas is_________.

A) systemic anatomy
B) regional anatomy
D) microbiology
E) surface anatomy
ANSWER:
B) regional anatomy

Practice Question
The study of tissues is_________.

A) cytology
B) histology
D) microbiology
E) surface anatomy
ANSWER:
B) histology

Practice Question
The study of the structural features and functions of the cell

is_________.
A) cytology
B) histology
D) microbiology
E) surface anatomy
ANSWER:
A) cytology

Anatomical
Imaging

X-ray
• X-ray: electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed

on photographic plate; creates radiograph.
Imaging Technique Clinical Examples
X-ray This extremely shortwave electromagnetic

radiation moves through the body, exposing
a photographic plate to form a radiograph
(RAY-dee-oh-graf). Radiographs create flat,
two-dimensional (2D) image.
Omikron/Science Source

Practice Question
A major limitation of radiographs is that they

A) can only visualize bone.
B) give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the
body.
C) are old technology that do not give good
results.
D) have very few applications.
ANSWER:
B) give only a flat, two-dimensional image of
the body.
Ultrasound
• Ultrasound: sound waves pass into body and bounce back to

receiver; visualized as a sonogram.
Ultrasound Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound

waves, which strike internal organs and
bounce back to the receiver on the skin.
Among other medical applications,
ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate
the condition of the fetus during pregnancy.
Bernard Benoit/Science Photo Library/Science

Source

Practice Question
An anatomical image created from sound waves is

a/an_________.
A) radiograph
B) CT scan
C) MRI
D) Sonogram
ANSWER:
A) sonogram

Computed Tomography (CT)
• Computed Tomography (CT): computer-analyzed x-ray images.
Computed Tomography (CT) Computed tomographic (TOH-moh-GRAF-

ik) (CT) scans are computer-analyzed x-ray
images (a). Some computers are able to take
several scans short distances apart and
stack the slices to produce a 3D image of a
body part (b).
RGB Ventures/SuperStock/Alamy Ribotsky D.P.M./Custom

Stock Photo Medical Stock Photo

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): similar to a CT scan but uses

a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas.
Digital Subtraction Digital subtraction angiography (an-jee-OG-

Angiography (DSA) rah-fee) (DSA) is one step beyond CT
scanning. A radiopaque dye is injected into the
blood, which allows for enhanced differences
when compared to a noninjected scan.
Living Art Enterprises, LLC/Science Source

Practice Question
Which technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image

of blood vessels?
A) Digital subtraction angiography
B) Magnetic resonance imaging
C) Dynamic spatial reconstruction
D) Positron emission tomography
ANSWER:
A) Digital subtraction angiography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): radio waves directed to

patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected and
analyzed by computer.
Magnetic Resonance Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Imaging (MRI) directs radio waves at a person lying inside
a large electromagnetic field. An MRI is
more effective at detecting some forms of
cancer than a CT scan.
MriMan/Shutterstock

Practice Question
Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of

A) electrons in a magnetic field.
B) carbons in a magnetic field.
C) protons in a magnetic field.
D) cells in a magnetic field.
ANSWER:
C) protons in a magnetic field.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET): radioactively labeled

glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic
state.
Positron Emission Positron emission tomographic (PET)

Tomography (PET) scans can identify the metabolic states of
various tissues. This technique is
particularly useful in analyzing the brain.
Radiation pinpoints cells that are
metabolically active.
Science Source

Practice Question
The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study

the metabolism of tissues is called_________.
A) MRI
B) PET
C) DSA
D) DSR
ANSWER:
B) PET

Topics of Physiology
Goals of studying physiology include how
the body responds to stimuli and how it
maintains stable internal conditions in a
constantly changing environment.
Considers operations at many levels.

• Cell physiology: examines
processes in cells.
• Systemic physiology: functions of

organ systems.
• Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system.
• Cardiovascular physiology: the heart and

blood vessels.
Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology are

studied together because they are
interwoven and changes in one will
affect the other; structure and
function are interdependent.
• Pathology: structural and

functional changes caused by
disease.
• Exercise Physiology: changes

in structure and function caused
by exercise.

1.2 Biomedical Research
Shared characteristics between

living things drive research.
• Single-celled bacteria = cell.
• Mammalian research furthers

human surgery and medicine.
• Strict laws govern research to
minimize suffering.
• Current knowledge is constantly

being updated through research
in anatomy and physiology.

Practice Question
With regard to the validity of biomedical research in physiological studies,

which statement is correct?
A) Although the general homeostatic mechanisms

may be the same in some animal species, the
individual variables are often very different.
B) Although the individual variables may be the
same in some animal species, the general
homeostatic mechanisms are often very
different.
ANSWER:
A) Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the
same in some animal species, the individual variables are often
very different.
1.3 Structural and Functional Organization of the Human
Body 1
• Chemical level: interaction of atoms and molecules

• Cell level: structural and functional unit of living
organisms. Combinations of molecules for structures
called organelles that carry out specific functions.

Practice Question
An organelle is
A) a small structure within a cell.
B) a structure composed of several tissue types.
C) the basic structural unit of all living organisms.
D) a group of organs with a common set of
functions.
E) a group of cells with similar structure and
function.
ANSWER:
Practice Question
A cell is
A) a small structure within a molecule.
C) the basic structural unit of living organisms.
functions.
E) a group of atoms with similar structure and
function.
ANSWER:
C) the basic structural unit of living organisms.
Body 2
• Tissue level: group of similar cells and the materials

surrounding them. Four tissue types – epithelial,
connective, muscular, and nervous.
• Organ level: two or more tissues functioning together.

Practice Question
A tissue is a
A) structure contained within a cell.
B) lower level of organization than a cell.
C) group of organs that performs specific
functions.
D) group of cells with similar structure and
function.
E) structure that contains a group of organs.
ANSWER:
D) group of cells with similar structure and function.
Practice Question
An organ is
D) a group of molecules with a common set of
functions.
function.
ANSWER:
Body 3
(baby girl) BJI/Blue Jean Images/Getty Images
• Organ System level: group of organs functioning

together. (The following slides present an overview of the
human organ systems.
• Organism level: any living thing, whether composed of
one cell or many.
Practice Question
An organ system is
functions.
function.
ANSWER:
D) a group of organs with a common set of functions.
Practice Question
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the
most complex?
A) Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach,

adipocyte (fat cell)
B) Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective

tissue, stomach
C) Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein,

adipocyte (fat cell)
D) Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue,

mitochondrion
E) Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell),

mitochondrion
ANSWER:
B) Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective
tissue, stomach
Major Organs of the Body

Organ Systems of the Body 1
• Integumentary System
• Provides protection,
regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, and
helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of skin, hair,
nails, and sweat glands.

Practice Question
The integumentary system

A) regulates body temperature.
B) breaks down food into small particles for
absorption.
C) controls intellectual functions.
D) produces body movements.
E) coordinates and integrates body function.
ANSWER:
A) regulates body temperature.
• Skeletal System
• Provides protection and
support, allows body
movements, produces
blood cells, and stores
minerals and fat. Consists
of bones, associated
cartilages, ligaments, and
joints.

Practice Question
Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?

A) Cardiovascular
B) Skeletal
C) Digestive
D) Nervous
E) Endocrine
ANSWER:
B) Skeletal
Practice Question
Which body system would be affected by degeneration of

cartilage in joints?
A) Muscular
B) Nervous
C) Cardiovascular
D) Skeletal
E) Lymphatic
ANSWER:
D) Skeletal
• Muscular System
• Produces body
movements, maintains
posture, and produces
body heat. Consists of
muscles attached to the
skeleton by tendons.

• Nervous System
• A major regulatory system
that detects sensations
and controls movements,
physiological processes,
and intellectual functions.
Consists of the brain,
spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors.

• Endocrine System
• A major regulatory system
that influences
metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and many
other functions. Consists
of glands, such as the
pituitary, that secrete
hormones.

• Cardiovascular System
• Transports nutrients,
waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout
the body; plays a role in
the immune response and
the regulation of body
temperature. Consists of
the heart, blood vessels,
and blood.

Practice Question
Which of the following systems carries necessary

compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
A) Nervous
B) Cardiovascular
C) Urinary
D) Lymphatic
E) Respiratory
ANSWER:
B) Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic System
• Removes foreign
substances from the blood
and lymph, combats
disease, maintains tissue
fluid balance, and absorbs
fats from the digestive
tract. Consists of the
lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, and other
lymphatic organs.

Practice Question
Which of the following statements best describes research focused on
the physiology of the lymphatic system?
A) Dr. Ali studies the signaling that occurs between defense

cells and abnormal cells of the body.
B) Dr. Johnson's research focuses on the factors that

regulate blood pH.
C) Dr. Salak is interested in the chemical signaling that
maintains normal blood glucose levels.
D) Dr. Woods is interested in the development of cell

communication junctions associated with memory.
ANSWER:
A) Dr. Ali studies the signaling that occurs between
defense cells and abnormal cells of the body.
• Respiratory System
• Exchanges oxygen and
carbon dioxide between
the blood and air and
regulates blood pH.
Consists of the lungs and
respiratory passages.

• Digestive System
• Performs the mechanical

and chemical processes
of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination
of wastes. Consists of the
mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and
accessory organs.

Practice Question
The gallbladder, liver, and stomach are all part of

the_________ system.
A) endocrine
B) cardiovascular
C) skeletal
D) respiratory
E) digestive
ANSWER:
E) digestive
• Urinary System
• Removes waste products
from the blood and
regulates blood pH, ion
balance, and water
balance. Consists of the
kidneys, urinary bladder,
and ducts that carry urine.

• Female Reproductive
System
• Produces oocytes and is
the site of fertilization and
fetal development;
produces milk for the
newborn; produces
hormones that influence
sexual function and
behaviors. Consists of the
ovaries, vagina, uterus,
mammary glands, and
associated structures.

• Male Reproductive
System
• Produces and transfers
sperm cells to the female
and produces hormones
that influence sexual
functions and behaviors.
Consists of the testes,
accessory structures,
ducts, and penis.

1.4 Characteristics of Life 1
• Organization: condition in which
there are specific interrelationships
and functions among the parts of an
organism.
• Metabolism: the ability to used

energy to perform vital functions; all
chemical reactions of the body.
• Responsiveness: ability to sense

changes in the interior and exterior
environment and adjust; cell-to-cell
communication is necessary
• Growth: increase in size and/or

number of cells.
Practice Question
An increase in the number of cells is_________.

A) reproduction
B) growth
C) differentiation
D) metabolism
E) organization
ANSWER:
B) growth
Practice Question
Which of the following statements provides an example of

responsiveness?
A) Sandra began to shiver while she walked from her lab to

her dorm room, through the freezing rain.
B) James finally saw the results of working out as the

sleeves on his t-shirt were tighter around his biceps.
C) Jarrod was happy to see that the wound he received
from falling on the sidewalk was almost completely
healed.
D) None of the choices are correct.

ANSWER:
A) Sandra began to shiver while she walked from her
lab to her dorm room, through the freezing rain.
Practice Question
An organism's ability to use energy in order to swim is an
example of_________.
A) metabolism
B) responsiveness
C) organization
D) maturation
E) development
ANSWER:
A) metabolism
Practice Question
Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to
changes in the environment. This is an example
of_________.
A) respiration
B) digestion
C) movement
D) filtration
E) responsiveness
ANSWER:
E) responsiveness
1.4 Characteristics of Life 2
• Development: changes in an
organism over time.
Differentiation: change from
general to specific.
Morphogenesis: change in
shape of tissues, organs, or the
entire organism.
• Reproduction: formation of
new cells or new organisms for
growth and development;
allows organisms to pass on
their genes to their offspring.

Practice Question
The changes an organism undergoes through time is
called_________.
A) organization
B) metabolism
C) reproduction
D) growth
E) development
ANSWER:
E) development
1.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis: maintenance of relatively constant internal

environment within the body.
• Values of variables (conditions) fluctuate around the set
point (ideal normal value) to establish a normal range of
values.

Practice Question
Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis?
A) As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to

cool the body.
B) When a person drinks large quantities of water,

urine output decreases to raise blood volume.
C) Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin
secretion to decline.
D) Decreases in blood pressure cause a

corresponding decrease in heart rate.
E) As blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart

decreases.
ANSWER:
A) As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body.

Feedback Loops
Homeostasis is regulated by feedback
loops that allow for a process to be
adjusted by the outcome.
The two types of feedbacks loops are
negative feedback and positive
feedback.
Components of a feedback loop:
• Receptor: monitors the value of

some variable by detecting a
stimulus (a change in the variable)
• Control center: establishes the

set point and receives input from
the receptor.
• Effector: generates the response
which can change the value of the
variable.

Negative Feedback
• Regulates most systems in

the body.
• Counteracts a change in a
variable (for example, body
temperature) by decreasing
the change to help maintain
homeostasis by returning to
the set point.

Negative-Feedback Mechanism: Body Temperature

Practice Question
In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the
effector
A) reverses the original stimulus.
B) enhances the original stimulus.
C) has no effect on the original stimulus.
D) is usually damaging to the body.
E) creates a cycle that leads away from
homeostasis.
ANSWER:
A) reverses the original stimulus.
Practice Question
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body
temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the
skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat
is lost. This is an example of_________.
A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) dynamic equilibrium
D) integration control
E) set point adjustment
ANSWER:
Negative-Feedback
Control of Body
Temperature

Changes in Blood Pressure During Exercise
During exercise, muscle tissue demands more oxygen. To

meet this demand, blood pressure (BP) increases, resulting
in an increase in blood flow to the tissues. The reset range is
higher and broader than the resting range. After exercise
ceases, the range returns to the resting condition.

Practice Question
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing
oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of
negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will
produce which of the following types of responses?
A) A decrease in heart rate
B) An increase in the respiratory rate

C) An increase in physical activity
D) Unconsciousness
E) Both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the

respiratory rate will occur.
ANSWER:
B) An increase in the respiratory rate
Practice Question
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the
pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and
stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus
reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of_________.
ANSWER:
Positive Feedback 1
When a deviation occurs,
the response is to make
the deviation greater.
• Unusual in normal,
healthy individuals,
leads away from
homeostasis and can
result in death.
• Examples of normal
positive feedback:
childbirth, lactation,
blood clotting.

Positive Feedback 2
• Example of harmful
positive feedback: after
hemorrhage, blood
pressure drops and the
heart’s ability to pump
blood decreases.
• Effectors continue the
response beyond the
set point until the
original stimulus is
removed.

Practice Question
Imagine the following scenario: Blood pressure decreases

below normal levels. → Blood flow to the heart decreases →
Heart is unable to pump as much blood.→ Blood pressure
decreases even more.
This is an example of _________ feedback.
A) positive
B) negative
ANSWER:
A) positive

Practice Question
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her
cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin
travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor
contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled.
This is an example of_________.
ANSWER:
Practice Question
Which of the following is not a function of the control center

within a feedback mechanism?
A) Receives and processes information
B) Controls effectors
C) Establishes a set point
D) Detects a change in the value of a variable
ANSWER:
D) Detects a change in the value of a variable

Practice Question
This figure illustrates changes in blood pressure when

_________ feedback mechanisms are in control.
A) positive
B) negative
ANSWER:
A) positive
1.6 Terminology and the Body Plan 1
Anatomical Position.
• Body erect, face forward, feet together,
palms face forward.
Other Body Positions.
• Supine: lying face upward.
• Prone: lying face downward.
Directional Terms.
• Superior (Cephalic) versus Inferior
(Caudal) toward or away from the
head.
• Medial versus Lateral relative to the
midline.
• Proximal versus Distal used to
describe linear structures.
• Superficial versus Deep relative to the
surface of the body.

Practice Question
A term that means "toward the attached end of a limb"

is_________.
A) medial
B) lateral
C) superficial
D) distal
E) proximal
ANSWER:
E) proximal
Practice Question
Cephalic means
A) toward the middle or midline of the body.
B) away from the surface.
C) closer to the head.
D) closer than another structure to the point of
attachment to the trunk.
E) toward the back of the body.
ANSWER:
C) closer to the head.
1.6 Terminology and the Body Plan 2
Directional Terms (cont.).

• Anterior (Ventral) versus
Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is
forward; posterior is toward the
back.

Directional Terms for Humans
TABLE 1.2 Directional Terms for Humans

Term Etymology* Definition Example
Right Toward the right side of the body Right ear
Left Toward the left side of the body Left eye
Superior L. higher A structure above another The chin is superior to the navel.
Inferior L. lower A structure below another The navel is inferior to the chin.
Cephalic G. kephale, head Closer to the head than another structure (usually The chin is cephalic to the navel.
synonymous with superior)
Caudal L. cauda, a tail Closer to the tail than another structure (usually The navel is caudal to the chin.
synonymous with inferior)
Anterior L. before The front of the body The navel is anterior to the spine.
Posterior L. posterus, following The back of the body The spine is posterior to the
breastbone.
Ventral L. ventr-, belly Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior) The navel is ventral to the spine.
Dorsal L. dorsum, back Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) The spine is dorsal to the breastbone.
Proximal L. proximus, nearest Closer to the point of attachment to the body than The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
another structure
Distal L. di- plus sto, to stand Farther from the point of attachment to the body The wrist is distal to the elbow.
apart or be distant than another structure
Lateral L. latus, side Away from the midline of the body The nipple is lateral to the breastbone.
Medial L. medialis, middle Toward the midline of the body The nose is medial to the eye.
Superficial L. superficialis, toward Toward or on the surface (not shown in figure The skin is superficial to muscle.
the surface 1.10)
Deep O.E. deop, deep Away from the surface, internal (not shown in The lungs are deep to the ribs.
figure 1.10)
*Origin and meaning of the word: L., Latin; G., Greek; O.E., Old English.

Practice Question
Which of the following describes the position of the nose?

A) Inferior to the chin
B) Superior to the forehead
C) Posterior to the ears
D) Lateral to the eyes
E) Superior to the mouth
ANSWER:
E) Superior to the mouth
Practice Question
In the expression "Let your fingers do the walking," which of

the following anatomical terms could be substituted for
"fingers?"
A) Tarsals
B) Manuals
C) Digits
D) Carpals
E) Metatarsals
ANSWER:
C) Digits
Practice Question
A person lying with his/her face down is said to be in what

position?
A) Supine
B) Prone
C) Anatomical
D) Reverse
ANSWER:
B) Prone
Body Parts and Regions 1

Body Parts and Regions 2

Subdivisions of the Abdomen

Planes Through the Body 1
Sagittal divides body into left
and right portions.
• Median is a sagittal plane

down the midline of body.
Frontal (coronal) divides

body into anterior and
posterior sections.

Planes Through the Body 2
Transverse (horizontal)
divides body into superior
and inferior sections.
Oblique: Other than at a right

angle.
(a, b, c) McGraw Hill

Planes Through an Organ
• Longitudinal: cut
along the length of an
organ.
• Transverse (cross):
cut at right angle to the
length of the organ.
• Oblique: cut at any but

a right angle.

Body Cavities
The body contains dorsal and
ventral body cavities.
Dorsal body cavity:
• Cranial cavity houses the
brain.
• Vertebral canal houses the
spinal cord.
Ventral body cavity contains
majority of viscera; divisions
include:
• Thoracic cavity, which is
further divided into pleural
cavities, each enclosing a lung,
and a medial mediastinum,
which contains the heart, some
major blood vessels, thymus,
trachea, esophagus.
Body Cavities
• Abdominopelvic cavity,
consisting of the abdominal
cavity and pelvic cavity.
• Abdominal: contains many
digestive organs (for
example, stomach,
intestines, liver) and spleen.
• Pelvic: contains urinary
bladder, urethra, rectum,
reproductive organs.

Practice Question
Which of the following is most inferior in location?

A) Pelvic cavity
B) Mediastinum
C) Diaphragm
D) Pleural cavity
E) Pericardial cavity
ANSWER:
A) Pelvic cavity
Trunk Cavities

Serous Membranes
• Cover the organs of body cavities and line the cavity.

• Fist represents an organ.
• Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane that covers
the organ.
• Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane line lines the
cavity.
• Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that
is produced by the membranes.

Location of Serous Membranes
• Pericardium surrounds
the heart; contains
pericardial fluid.
• Pleura surrounds the
lungs and lines the
thoracic cavity; contains
pleural fluid.
• Peritoneum surrounds
many abdominal organs
and lines the
abdominopelvic cavity; Ltd./McGraw Hill Education
contains peritoneal fluid.

Peritoneum
• Mesentery – regions of double-
folded visceral peritoneum that is
attached to certain points to the
posterior abdominopelvic wall.
• The mesenteries provide a

pathway for nerves and blood
vessels to reach the digestive
organs.
• Retroperitoneal – behind the

peritoneum; organs or parts of
organs that only have peritoneum
on their peritoneal cavity side;
includes the kidneys, ureters,
adrenal glands, part of the
pancreas, parts of the large
intestine, and the urinary bladder.
Inflammation of Serous Membranes
Inflammation due to
infection, can be very
serious.
• Pericarditis –
inflammation of the
pericardium
• Pleurisy –
inflammation of the
pleura
• Peritonitis –
inflammation of the
peritoneum
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Chapter 1 - Human Organism

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Chapter 1 - Human Organism

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Because learning changes everything.

The Human Organism

The human body is a

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Anatomy: scientific discipline that

Physiology: scientific investigation

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An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine

• Regional: studied area by area.

• Systemic: studied system by

Structures so small they require

• Cytology: cellular anatomy.

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs

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The study of the body's organization by areas is_________.

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The study of tissues is_________.

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The study of the structural features and functions of the cell

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• X-ray: electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed

Imaging Technique Clinical Examples

X-ray This extremely shortwave electromagnetic

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A major limitation of radiographs is that they

• Ultrasound: sound waves pass into body and bounce back to

Imaging Technique Clinical Examples

Ultrasound Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound

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An anatomical image created from sound waves is

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• Computed Tomography (CT): computer-analyzed x-ray images.

Imaging Technique Clinical Examples

Computed Tomography (CT) Computed tomographic (TOH-moh-GRAF-

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• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): similar to a CT scan but uses

Imaging Technique Clinical Examples

Digital Subtraction Digital subtraction angiography (an-jee-OG-

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Which technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image

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• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): radio waves directed to

Imaging Technique Clinical Examples

Magnetic Resonance Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of

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• Positron Emission Tomography (PET): radioactively labeled

Imaging Technique Clinical Examples

Positron Emission Positron emission tomographic (PET)

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The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study

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Considers operations at many levels.

• Systemic physiology: functions of

• Cardiovascular physiology: the heart and

Anatomy and physiology are