Reading

 Active and Passive Voices

 Form of a passive-voice sentence
 How to identify the passive-voice
 Auxiliary Verbs
 The structure of the auxiliary verbs
 Gerunds or infinitives
 Active and Passive Voices
Form of a passive-voice sentence

 Sometimes the phrase by + agent is omitted.

 Verb tenses in active and passive voices are compatible.
 Active and Passive Voices
How to identify the passive voice
 An object follows the transitive verb in a sentence => active sentence
 No object follows the transitive verb in a sentence => passive
sentence
 The passive structure can be followed by a preposition + noun
structure, adverb, or to-V.
 Active and Passive Voices
How to identify the passive voice
Example:
1. This lecture note will be sent to you after the class is finished.
2. The items from India must be handled carefully.
3. Guests are invited to attend an annual company party.
 Active and Passive Voices
Practice:
Practice 1 – page 12
 Auxiliary Verbs
The structure of the auxiliary verbs
Aux + V (bare )
 Note: If the sentence is a passive one, change the verb to the passive
voice.
Aux + be + V (past participle)
Example:
1. The train will leave at 3:00 P.M. at the station.
2. Mr. Smith will attend the conference instead of me.
3. Your check must be sent to the head office before the deadline.
 Gerunds or Infinitives
Keys to remember:
 Gerunds (V + -ing) and infinitives (to + V) function as nouns. =>
They can be used as subject or object in the sentence.
 Gerunds and infinitives can follow the main verb of the sentence.
 The choice between the gerund or the infinitive depends on the main
verb. => It means that some verbs are followed by gerunds and some
are followed by infinitives.
 Gerunds or Infinitives
Positions of gerunds
 Before a verb => The gerund is used as a subject.
Ex: Meeting the needs of the customers is our biggest priority.
 After a main verb => The gerund is used as an object.
Ex: He enjoyed visiting the tourist attraction.
 After a preposition => The gerund functions as a noun or an
objective pronoun.
Ex: We are aimed at attracting more potential customers.
 Gerunds or Infinitives
Positions of infinitives
 After some transitive verbs => An infinitive is used as an object.
Ex: The team decided to finish the report.
 After an object => An infinitive is used as an object complement.
Ex: The president asked the stockbroker to sell his stock.
 Gerunds or Infinitives
Some of the most common verbs
See the PDF file named Gerunds and Infinitives - Verb List
 Gerunds or Infinitives
Practice:
Practice 2 – page 15
Further practice – Quiz named Gerunds and Infinitives – Further
Practice