*PHILOSOPHY*

Rules- is a set of guidelines/principles

Social Science- accepted set of behavior
Society- cultured set of belief
Social Philosophy- it is the study of social world
PHILIA-LOVE=UNDERSTANDING SOPHIA-WISDOM=KNOWLEDGE
UNDERSTANDING=FIRST TRUTH- The real, the good/or the truth itself
*OBJECTIVE=FACTS *SUBJECTIVE=PERSONAL/ OWN OPINION
SCIENCE- organize by the all knowledge/body of knowledge
*BEINGS= BODY= EXTERNAL/INTERNAL
SOUL= HAPPY/LONEY/HATRED
*EXISTING OBEJECTS= LIVING & NON-LIVING
*TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY*
EPISTEMOLOGY- Theory of knowledge
METAPHYSISCS- Theory of reality
ETHICS- Values/ normative filed
*ARTS=BEING CEATIVE; *AESTHITIES=ART OF BEAUTY
APPLIED PHILOSOPHY- The Holy/Morality: LOGIC- Critical Thinking
*Education philosophy
*Philosophy of literature
*Economic Philosophy
*Political Philosophy
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Scientific Method (Ways of Knowing Part 1)
The scientific method is a set of rules about how to establish rules. The use of the
scientific method is perhaps the most important tool you can have in studying social
science because it enables you not only to learn the lessons of the individual social
sciences, but also to go beyond and strive for an understanding of their synthesis.
Conditions Favorable to Scientific Inquiry
Scientific inquiry is possible only in a society in which certain attitudes are developed
or tolerated. Conditions Favorable to Scientific Inquiry Successful scientific investigation
requires from the investigator not only intelligence but certain mental attitudes as well:
1. Curiosity (Asks questions WHY and HOW)
2. Skepticism (makes people reexamine past explanations and reevaluate past
evidence.)
3. Objectivity (to seek impartially for the truth, to make every effort not to allow
personal preconceptions, prejudices, or desires to color the observed facts or influence
the interpretation of those facts.
METHOD OF SOCIAL SCIENCE:
Social scientists must observe carefully, classify and analyze their facts, make
generalizations, and attempt to develop and test hypotheses to explain their
generalizations. Their problem, however, is often more difficult than that of physical
scientists. The facts gathered by the social scientist—for example, those concerning
the cultures of different peoples—have similarities, but each fact may also be unique in
significant respects. Facts of this kind are difficult to classify and interpret. The
generalizations or laws that the social scientist can make are likely to be less definite
and certain than those of the physical scientist.

What is Social Science?

Human beings live in a society with other humans. The term society refers to the
system of interdependent relationships among human beings. A society can be a
city, village, migrant group, country, or other organized groups of people.
Social Science - is the broad term for any of the scientific studies of people and
society.
Social scientists study how societies work, exploring everything from the triggers of
economic growth and the causes of unemployment to what makes people happy. Their
findings inform public policies, education programs, urban design, marketing
strategies, and many other endeavors.

Social Science According to Notable Scholars

Frost and Rowland (1969)

- defined the subject as essentially studies of human relationship, like human to
human, human to institutions, human to physical environment and human
to value systems.
(This implies that the subject is one that encourages attention to be given to the
process of living and working together, using of the environment to meet basic human
needs, customs, institutions, values and life situations, cultural heritage and its
dynamic on-going characteristics.)

Good (1980)
- defines Social Sciences as the “branch of knowledge that deals with human, society,
characteristic elements such as family, state, race, and with the relations and
institutions involved in man’s existence, as a member of an organized community”. It
is a discipline in which subjects like Political Science, Economics, Geography,
Anthropology, Sociology and even Psychology are distinctively studied.

Quartey (1984)
- describes the subject as a “study that equips the youth with tools necessary
in solving personal and community related problems”.
(Thus defined, Social Studies will not mainly aim at giving out knowledge, but it will
equally emphasize on inculcating a certain distillate knowledge which will assist
humans in acquiring the tools necessary for life. Such tools are knowledge, values,
attitudes and skills. These tools are expected to assist the learner in solving both
personal and community related problems.)

The National Council for Social Studies in the United States of America
- Social Science helps promote civic competence and help young people develop the
ability to make informed and reasoned decisions as citizens of culturally diverse,
democratic society in an inter dependent world.
(NCSS 1992)
(This implies that the goal of Social Studies purely revolves around citizenship
education, education for cultural integration and sustainable living.)

BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE:

ANTHROPOLOGY
- It is the study of the relationship between biological traits and socially acquired
characteristics.
- Emphasizes human evaluation and systematic comparative analysis of socio-cultural
data of ethnic groups.
- concepts in anthropology avail Social Science students the opportunity to have key
insights into and understanding of, what it takes to be human. Concepts from this
discipline encourage Social Studies students to study all aspects of a culture system.
- Anthropology, therefore, allows Social Science students to collect data on all aspects
of culture in terms of its history, religion, geography, economy, technology and
language.

SOCIOLOGY
It is the systematic study of relationships among people.
Sociologists assume that behavior is influenced by people’s social, political,
occupational, and intellectual groupings and by the particular settings in which they
find themselves at one time or another.
Three theoretical perspectives in Sociology:
Theoretical Perspective is a set of assumptions about reality that inform the
questions we ask and the kinds of answers we arrive at as a result. In this sense, a
theoretical perspective can be understood as a lens through which we look, serving to
focus or distort what we see.
1. Functionalist Perspective
- The functionalist perspective also called functionalism, originates in the work of
French sociologist Émile Durkheim, one of the founding thinkers of sociology.
Durkheim's interest was in how social order could be possible, and how society
maintains stability.
- Society’s social institutions perform important functions to help ensure social stability.
Slow social change is desirable, but rapid social change threatens social order.
2. Interactionist Perspective
- The interactionist perspective was developed by American sociologist George Herbert
Mead. It is a micro-theoretical approach that focuses on understanding how meaning
is generated through processes of social interaction. This perspective assumes that
meaning is derived from everyday social interaction, and thus, is a social construct.
- This theory, focuses on how we use as symbols, like clothing, to communicate with
each other; how we create, maintain, and present a coherent self to those around us,
and how through social interaction we create and maintain a certain understanding of
society and what happens within it.
3. Conflict Perspective
- The conflict perspective is derived from the writing of Karl Marx and assumes that
conflicts arise when resources, status, and power are unevenly distributed between
groups in society.
- According to this theory, conflicts that arise because of inequality are what foster
social change.

One way to avoid and understand “conflict” is to use Sociological

Imagination
What is Sociological Imagination?
- refers to the ability to appreciate the structural basis for individual
problems.

GEOGRAPHY
- It is the study of the natural environment
- It allows Social Science students to draw upon social and physical sciences while the
students are studying distribution and spatial arrangements of natural and human
phenomena.
- The discipline of Geography can be described as one that is capable of helping Social
Science students to develop power of observation in field work and provides a context
for understanding regional inter-relationships in Social Studies content.

HISTORY
is the study of past events.
The subject matter of history is everything that has already happened. The study of
history involves:
■ Identifying
■ Classifying
■ Arranging
■ Patterning
It helps deepen and broaden people’s understanding of themselves and their changing
ways of living.

ECONOMICS
It is the study of scarcity and its implications for the use of resources, production of
goods and services, growth of production and welfare over time, and a great variety of
other complex issues of vital concern to society.
Its subject matter is often summarized as:
■Production
■Distribution
■Consumption
Some of the topics it includes are:
■ Supply and demand
■ Monetary and fiscal policy
■ Costs
■ Inflation
■ Unemployment
This concept enables you to see human behavior from a unique perspective.
This helps you understand how people try to satisfy their virtually unlimited
wants with limited resources

POLITICAL SCIENCE
• It is the study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within a given
society.
•It deals with government, and its interests are: Law, Politics, Administration, Theory
of the nature and functions of the state, international relations.
• It has both a philosophical and a practical base. It examines the theory of systems of
government, but also studies actual practices by which government: Taxes, Prohibits,
Regulates, Protects, Provides services.
• Integration of political science concepts in Social Studies provides you with the
chances of learning about how people’s attitudes, idiosyncrasies and value judgment
can be influenced.
• Basically, it helps you better understand the general principles on which government
can be carried out successfully