GROUP 1

PRESENTATION
STRUCTURALISM
AND
FORMALISM
 STRUCTURALISM
STRUCTURALISM IS A METHOD OF
INTERPRETING AND ANALYZING SUCH THINGS
AS LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND SOCIETY,
WHICH FOCUSES ON CONTRASTING IDEAS OR
ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND ATTEMPTS TO
SHOW HOW THEY RELATE TO THE WHOLE
STRUCTURE.
 FORMALISM

FORMALISM IS A SCHOOL OF LITERARY

THEORY AND CRITICISM THAT FOCUSES
MOSTLY ON A TEXT'S STRUCTURAL
OBJECTIVES. IT IS THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT
WITHOUT REFERENCE TO OUTSIDE FACTORS
 COMPARE
GIVEN THAT BOTH STRUCTURALISM AND FORMALISM FOCUSED ON
LITERARY STRUCTURE RATHER THAN SOCIAL OR HISTORICAL
MEANING, IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEE STRUCTURALISM AS A
CONTINUATION OF FORMALISM.

CONTRAST
FORMALISM EXAMINES A TEXT'S STRUCTURE BUT IGNORES OTHER
ELEMENTS LIKE AUTHORSHIP AND CULTURAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE,
WHILE STRUCTURALISM LINKS AN AUTHOR'S WORK WITH OTHER
WORKS THAT SHARE A SIMILAR STRUCTURE.
AUTHORS OF STRUCTURALISM

1. FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE:CONSIDEREDTHE FATHER OF MODERN

LINGUISTICS, SAUSSURE'S WORK ON STRUCTURAL
LINGUISTICSLAID THE FOUNDATION FOR STRUCTURALISM.

2. CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS: KNOWN FOR HIS WORK IN ANTHROPOLOGY, LÉVI-

STRAUSS APPLIED STRUCTURALIST PRINCIPLES TO THE STUDY OF CULTURE
AND SOCIETY.

3. ROLAND BARTHES: A PROMINENT FRENCH LITERARY THEORIST,

BARTHES APPLIED STRUCTURALIST IDEAS TO THE ANALYSIS OF
LITERATURE AND POPULAR CULTURE.
AUTHORS OF FORMALISM

1. VIKTOR SHKLOVSKY: A RUSSIAN LITERARY CRITIC AND ONE OF THE KEY

FIGURES OF FORMALISM, SHKLOVSKY EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF
DEFAMILIARIZATION OR MAKING THE FAMILIAR STRANGE IN LITERATURE.

2. ROMAN JAKOBSON: A RUSSIAN LINGUIST AND LITERARY THEORIST,

JAKOBSON MADE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO FORMALIST THEORY.

3. BORIS EIKHENBAUM: ANOTHER RUSSIAN FORMALIST CRITIC, EIKHENBAUM

EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ARTISTIC DEVICE IN LITERATURE.
 A DAY IN A COUNTRY
EXPOSITION:
BETWEEN EIGHT AND NINE O'CLOCK IN THE MORNING. A DARK LEADEN-COLOURED
MASS IS CREEPING OVER THE SKY TOWARDS THE SUN. RED ZIGZAGS OF LIGHTNING
GLEAM HERE AND THERE ACROSS IT. THERE IS A SOUND OF FAR AWAY RUMBLING. A
WARM WIND FROLICS OVER THE GRASS, BENDS THE TREES, AND STIRS UP THE DUST.
IN A MINUTE THERE WILL BE A SPURT OF MAY RAIN AND REAL STORM WILL BEGIN.

RISING ACTION:
WHEN DANILKA STUCK HIS HAND INTO A HOLE IN A TREE BECAUSE HE
WANT TO GET A CUCKOO'S EGG OUT OF THE HOLE FOR FYOKLA BUT
DANILKA CAN'T GET HIS HAND OUT OF THE TREE.
 CLIMAX:
AS SOON THE RAIN BEGINS, THE WIND DROPS. A FLASH OF LIGHTNING , SOME
FOURTEEN FEET LONG, GLEAMS ABOVE THEIR HEAD. THERE IS A LOUD PEAL
OF THUNDER. TERENTY AND FYOKLA'S FEET ARE COVERED WITH LUMPS OF
HEAVY, WET CLAY. IT IS DIFFICULT AND SLIPPERY TO WALK. BUT AT LAST
THEY GO INTO COUNT'S COPSE. THEY SEE DANILKA GAZING AT THE STORMY
SKY, AND NOT THINKING OF HIS TROUBLE.

FALLING ACTION:
TERENTY SNAPS OFF THE BROKEN PIECE, AND THE BOY'S
HAND, RED AND CRUSHED IS RELEASED. THE SUN APPEARS
FROM BEHIND THE CLOUDS AND FLOODS THE WOOD. THE
FIELDS AND THE THREE FRIENDS WITH IT'S WARM LIGHT.
 RESOLUTION:
THE CHILDREN FALL ASLEEP THINKING OF THE HOMELESS COBBLER,
AND IN THE NIGHT. TERENTY COMES TO THEM, MAKES THE SIGN OF
THE CROSS OVER THEM, AND PUTS BREAD UNDER THEIR HEADS. NO
ONE SEE HIS LOVE EXPECT TO THE MOON WHICH FLOATS IN THE SKY
AND PEEPS THROUGH THE HOLES IN THE WALL OF THE BARN.
THANK YOUU!!