Chapter Overview

1:: Evaluate definite integrals

,
, 2:: Find the area under a curve, between a
! 4𝑥 - 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 . + straight line and a curve or between 2 curves.
+
= 5. − 1.
"
"
! 4𝑥 # 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 $ ! = 5$ − 1$ = 624
= 624 ! 𝑦
𝑦 = 4𝑥 !

𝑥
1 5

3:: Use trapezium rule to estimate

area under a curve
Integration notation
The following notation could be used to differentiate an expression:
The 𝑑𝑥 here means
𝑑
5𝑥 / = 10𝑥
differentiating “with 𝑑𝑥
respect to 𝑥”.

There is similarly notation for integrating an expression:

∫ 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 ! + 𝑐

“Integrate…” “…with respect to 𝑥”

“…this expression” (the 𝑑𝑥 is needed just as it was needed in the
differentiation notation at the top of this slide)

This is known as indefinite integration, in contrast to definite integration, which

we’ll see later in the chapter.

It is called ‘indefinite’ because the exact expression is unknown (due to the +𝑐).
Examples
Fro Note: The brackets are required if
there’s multiple terms.

'
3(
Find ∫(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
+
3/
= −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐

Find ∫(6𝑡 / − 1) 𝑑𝑡 Note the 𝑑𝑡 instead of 𝑑𝑥.

= 2𝑡 - − 𝑡 + 𝑐

Find ∫(𝑝𝑥 - + 𝑞) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are constants.

1 .
= 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑐
4
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C1 May 2014(R) Q4b
Definite Integration
So far we’ve seen integration as ‘the opposite of differentiation’,
allowing us to find 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 when we know the gradient function
𝑦 = 𝑓# 𝑥 .

In practical settings however the most useful use of integration is that it

finds the area under a graph. Remember at GCSE for example when you
estimated the area under a speed-time graph, using trapeziums, to get

speed
the distance?
If you knew the equation of the curve, you could get the exact area! 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Before we do this, we need to understand how to find a definite integral: time

These are known as limits, which give the
values of 𝑥 we’re finding the area between.
We integrate as normal, but put expression in
square brackets, meaning we still need to evaluate 𝑦
𝑦 = 4𝑥 !
the integrated expression using the limits.
"
! 4𝑥 # 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 % !"
?
!
= 5% − 1%
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑥
1 5
= 624
Write … − (… ) and evaluate the expression for
each of the limits, top one first.
Another Example

# #
'
1 # We DON’T have a
! 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 constant of integration

&# 3 &#
when doing definite
integration. I’ll explain
why later.
1 #
1 #
= 3 +3 − −3 −3
3 3
Write out you working
= 12 − −12 EXACTLY as seen here.
The … − (… ) brackets
= 24 are particularly crucial
as you’ll otherwise likely
make a sign error.

“Use of Technology” Monkey says:

&
You can use the ∫% □ button on your calculator to
evaluate definite integrals.
But only use it to check your answer.
Example 2 page 154
"
Given that 𝑃 is a constant and ∫! 2𝑃𝑥 + 7 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑃' , show that there are two
possible values for 𝑃 and find these values.

" Remember: 𝑃 is a
"
! 2𝑃𝑥 + 7 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃𝑥 ' + 7𝑥 ! constant, so just treat it
! as a number.
= 25𝑃 + 35 − 𝑃 + 7
= 24𝑃 + 28
∴ 24𝑃 + 28 = 4𝑃'
𝑃' − 6𝑃 − 7 = 0
𝑃+1 𝑃−7 =0
𝑃 = −1 𝑜𝑟 7
Exercise 8A page 154
Exercise 8A page 154
Areas under curves
𝑦
𝒃
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Earlier we saw that the definite integral 𝒅𝒙 gives
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)
the area between a positive curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝒙-axis,
and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏.
(We’ll see why this works in a sec) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

Find the area of the finite region between the curve

with equation 𝑦 = 20 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 ' and the 𝑥-axis.
𝑦
Factorise in order to find roots:
𝟐𝟎 − 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒙+𝟓 𝒙−𝟒 =𝟎
𝒙 = −𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟒

Therefore area between curve and 𝒙-axis is:

𝑥 𝟒 𝟒
−5 4 𝟏 𝟏
8 (𝟐𝟎 − 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑
#𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 #𝟓
𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
= 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟖 − − −𝟏𝟎𝟎 − +
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐𝟒𝟑
=
𝟐
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C2 Jan 2013 Q9c
Exercise 8B
‘Negative Areas’
Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) (which expands to give 𝑦 = 𝑥 # − 3𝑥 ' + 2𝑥).
'
Now calculate ∫* 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥. Why is this result surprising?
𝑦 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
! 𝒙𝟑− 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 =𝟎
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎
So the total ‘area’ is 0!
𝑓(𝑥)
Integration ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is just the sum
of areas of infinitely thin rectangles,
where the current 𝑦 value (i.e. 𝑓(𝑥)) is
each height, and the widths are 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 i.e. The area of each is 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2
The problem is, when 𝑓(𝑥) is negative,
then 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑑𝑥 is negative, i.e. a
Fro Note: This explains the 𝑑𝑥 in negative area!
the ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, which effectively The result is that the ‘positive area’
means “the sum of the areas of from 0 to 1 is cancelled out by the
strips, each of area 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑑𝑥. So
the 𝑑𝑥 is not just part of the ∫ ‘negative area’ from 1 to 2, giving an
notation, it’s behaving as a overall ‘area’ of 0.
physical quantity! (i.e. length) So how do we resolve this?
Example
Find the total area bound between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) and the 𝑥-axis.

𝑦
Strategy:
Separately find the area between 𝑥 = 0
and 1, and between 1 and 2. Treat any
negative areas as positive.

𝑥
1 2
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
! 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟑 𝟐 =
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
! 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
=−
𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒

Treating both as positive:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = + =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C2 May 2013 Q6
Exercise 8C page 159
Exercise 8C page 159
Areas between curves and lines
𝑦=𝑥 How could we find the area
between the line and the curve?
Start with the area under

𝑥
4−
𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟒 − 𝒙 up to the
point of intersection, then

𝑥
=
subtract the area of the

𝑦
triangle to ‘cut it out’.

Example 6 page 160: Determine the area between the lines with equations
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

Find point of intersection: ! 0

Area of triangle = ' ×3×3 = '
𝑥 4−𝑥 =𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
0 0
Area under curve: ∴ Shaded area = 9 − =
' '
# #
1 #'
! 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 =9
* 3 *
Example 7 page 160

The diagram shows a sketch of the

curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 3
and the line with equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥.
𝑦=

Find the area of the shaded region

𝐶
𝑥 (𝑥

𝑂𝐴𝐶.
𝑥
−3

2
𝑦=
)

What areas should we subtract this time?

𝑂 𝐴 𝐵 Start with triangle 𝑶𝑩𝑪 and subtract the area
under the curve 𝑨𝑪.

First find points of intersection: "

𝟓
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙 → 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟓 '
1 # 3 ' 𝟐𝟔
When 𝒙 = 𝟓, 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 → 𝑪 𝟓, 𝟏𝟎
! (𝑥 − 𝟑𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 =
𝟑 3 2 # 𝟑
Also need to find the point 𝑨:
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 → 𝑨(𝟑, 𝟎) 𝟐𝟔 𝟒𝟗
∴ Shaded area = 𝟐𝟓 − =
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏
∴ Area of triangle 𝑶𝑩𝑪 = ×𝟓×𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓
𝟐
𝟓
Area under 𝑨𝑪: ∫𝟑 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 =
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C2 May 2012 Q5

Alternative Method:
If the top curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
and the bottom curve 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 , the
area between them is:
%
: 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
$
This means you can integrate a single
expression to get the final area,
without any adjustment required after.
Exercise 8D page 161
Exercise 8D page 161
Exercise 8D page 161
Area between two curves
𝑦 The areas under the two curves are
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 $ $
∫% 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and ∫% 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. It therefore
𝑦=𝑔 𝑥
follows the area between them (provided
𝑅 the curves don’t overlap) is:
% %
𝑅 = ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ! 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
& &
𝑥 %
𝑎 𝑏
=! 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Fro Tip: Ensure you have top &
curve minus bottom curve.

The diagram shows part of the curves 𝑦 = −2𝑥 ' + 8𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑦 = −2𝑥 ! + 8𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑥 ' + 4𝑥. The shaded region, R, is bounded by the two
curves. Use integration to find the area of 𝑅.

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

−2𝑥 ' + 8𝑥 = −𝑥 ' + 4𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑦 = −𝑥 ! + 4𝑥

)
𝑥
𝑅 = 8 [ −2𝑥 ' + 8𝑥 − −𝑥 ' + 4𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
(
) )
1
= 8 −𝑥 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 '
'
( 3 (
64 32
= − + 32 − (0) =
3 3
Exercise 8E page 165
Exercise 8E page 165
Exercise 8E page 165
Calculate the area bounded by the 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! − 4𝑥
curves 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2
and 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 + 2).

𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 ! + 4𝑥
Trapezium Rule
Sometimes finding the exact area
under the graph via integration is
difficult. Students who have taken
GCSE Maths may be familiar with
the idea of approximating the
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) area under a graph by dividing it
(𝑥$ , 𝑦$ )
into trapeziums of equal width.
𝑦( = 𝑓(𝑥( ) 𝑦, = 𝑓(𝑥, )

𝑦' = 𝑓(𝑥' ) 𝑦! = 𝑓(𝑥! )

(𝑥" , 𝑦" ) (𝑥! , 𝑦! )

(𝑥# , 𝑦# ) 𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟏 = 𝒉 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒚𝟏
𝑦$ 𝟐
𝟏
𝑦" 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟐 = 𝒉 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑦! 𝟐
1 2 3 𝟏
𝑦#
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟑 = 𝒉 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
𝟐

ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝑥" 𝑥# 𝑥! 𝑥$
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≈ 𝒉 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒉 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒉 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 ≈ 𝒉 𝒚𝟎 + 𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
𝟐
Trapezium Rule
In general: when approximating area under a curve over an
interval [a, b] using trapezium rule with n subintervals is
width of each trapezium
_
ℎ 𝑏−𝑎
! 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝑦` + 2 𝑦+ + ⋯ + 𝑦a3+ + 𝑦a , where ℎ =
^ 2 𝑛
Area under curve is approximately

Example We’re approximating the region bounded between 𝑥 = 1,

𝑥 = 3, the x-axis the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! , using 4 strips.
𝑏−𝑎 3−1
ℎ= = = 0.5 𝑥* 𝑥! 𝑥' 𝑥# 𝑥$
𝑛 4
𝒙 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
𝑥* = 𝑎 = 1
𝑥! = 𝑥* + ℎ = 1.5 𝒚 1 2.25 4 6.25 9
𝑥' = 𝑥! + ℎ = 2 ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ≈ 𝑦 + 2 𝑦! + 𝑦' + 𝑦# + 𝑦$
𝑥# = 𝑥' + ℎ = 2.5 2 *
𝑥$ = 𝑥# + ℎ = 3 0.5
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ≈ 1 + 2 2.25 + 4 + 6.25 + 9 = 8.75
2
Trapezium Rule
Edexcel C2 May 2013 (R) Q2

Fro Tip: You can generate table with Casio calcs . 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 → 3 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒). Use ‘Alpha’ button to key in X within the function. Press =

?
0.8571

𝟎. 𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 ≈
𝟐
? 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔
𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟗𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟎 + 𝟎.
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C4 June
2014(R) Q2 ?

?
Exercise 8F page 168

𝟎. 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏

𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝟑
Estimation in using Trapezium Rule
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

The estimation using the trapezium rule
is an overestimate since the estimated
area is larger then the real area.
Conclusion: if the curve is concave
upward then the estimation using the
trapezium rule is an overestimate
The estimation using the trapezium rule
is an underestimate since the estimated
area is smaller then the real area.
Conclusion: if the curve is concave
downward then the estimation using
the trapezium rule is an underestimate

Note that the opposite will be true if the graph is below the x-axis
Exercise 8F page 168

0.556 0.455 0.333

Exercise 8F page 168