Fundamentals of

Geography
GEOG 101

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Rocks
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 What are Rocks?
• A hard, consolidated,
compact and massive body
composed of an aggregate or
compound of minerals is
termed as rock.
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 What are Rocks?
• A solid mixture of crystals of one
or more minerals, that range in
all sizes from pebbles to
formations that are thousands of
kilometers long.

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 Types of Rocks
1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
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 Types of Rocks
• There are 3 main types of rocks:
1. Igneous - formed when molten
rock cools.
2. Sedimentary – formed by the
“cementing together” of small
grains of sediment.
3. Metamorphic – rocks changed by
the effect of heat and pressure.
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Igneous - formed when molten
rock cools

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Sedimentary – formed by the
“cementing together” of small grains of
sediment.

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Metamorphic – rocks changed
by the effect of heat and pressure.

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 Igneous Rocks
• Fire Rocks
• These are rocks formed by the cooling
of molten rock (magma.)
• Formed underground by trapped,
cooled magma
• Formed above ground when volcanoes
erupt and magma cools
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• Can be classify on 2 basis….. Igneous Rocks
1. Composition of lava/magma
1. Acid (Silica over 65%)
2. Basic (Silica less than 52%)
3. Intermediate (Silica between52-65%)
2. Mode of formation of lava or magma
1. Intrusive
1. Plutonic/Batholiths
2. Hypabyssal
1. Sill 3. Phacolith 5.
Laccoliths
2. Dyke 4. Lopolith
2. Extrusive
1. Lava Rocks
2. Pyroclastic
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Intrusive Igneous Rocks

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Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Lopolith
Plutonic/Batholith

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Extrusive Igneous Rocks

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 Characteristics
• Made from lava
• Crystalline rocks/ appear glassy
• Non stratified but have joints or
cracks
• Compact & hard
• Non fossiliferous rocks
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Granite ExamplesBasalt

Pyroclastic Rock
Lava Flow Obsidian

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 Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rock is a type of rock that is
formed by sedimentation of material at the Earth
's surface and within bodies of water
• Sedimentation is the deposition by settling of a
suspended material.
• Sediments=mineral or organic matter deposited
by agents of denudation i.e. water, air, or ice.
• In geology, denudation is the long-term sum of
processes that cause the wearing away of the
earth's surface
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 Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks are rocks formed
when particles of sediment build up and
are “cemented together” by the effect of
pressure.
• Wind, ice and water break down the earth
• Bits of earth settle in lakes and rivers
• Layers are formed and build up
• Pressure and time turn the layers to rock

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 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Organic
1.1 Calcareous (Limestone)
1.2 Carbonaceous (Coal)
2. Inorganic
2.1 Mechanically Formed
1. Arenaceous (Sandstone)
2. Argillaceous (Shale)
3. Conglomerates
2.2 Chemically Formed
1. Salt
2. Gypsum GEOG-101 24
 Examples
Conglomerates

Sand Stone

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Shale Rock Salt

Gypsum

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 Metamorphic Rocks
• In Greek language Meta means “change”
and morphosis means “form”
• Igneous, sedimentary and other
metamorphic rocks can change to become
metamorphic rocks
• Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect
of heat and pressure on existing rocks.
• This can greatly affect the hardness, texture
or layer patterns of the rocks.
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 Metamorphic Rocks
• Process of metamorphism can be
classified into two ways:
1. Contact/Local/Thermal Metamorphism
– affects rocks on a local scale, such as “baking”
sedimentary rocks next to magma or lava

2. Regional Metamorphism
– affects a large area and results from plate
tectonics or mountain building
movements GEOG-101 29
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Examples

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Examples

Coal Diamond
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Rock Cycle

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Rock Cycle

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